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This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in [[South Asia]]. It is generally rare outside of the [[South Asia]] but is common among the [[Romani people]], particularly the H-M82 subgroup.
This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in [[South Asia]]. It is generally rare outside of the [[South Asia]] but is common among the [[Romani people]], particularly the H-M82 subgroup.

==Origins==
==Origins==
It is a branch of [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup F]], and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). On the other hand, its presence in upper castes is quite rare (ca. 10%).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cordaux R, ''et al.'' |title=Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages |journal=Current Biology |volume=14 |pages=231–5 |year=2004 |pmid=14761656 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024}}</ref>
It is a branch of [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup F]], and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). On the other hand, its presence in upper castes is quite rare (ca. 10%).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cordaux R, ''et al.'' |title=Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages |journal=Current Biology |volume=14 |pages=231–5 |year=2004 |pmid=14761656 |issue=3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024}}</ref>
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In India, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition from southern India.<ref name="Hammer2006">{{cite journal |author=Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, ''et al.'' |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |year=2006 |pmid=16328082 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 }}</ref><ref name = "Karafet2005" /> Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.<ref name = "Sengupta2006" />
In India, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition from southern India.<ref name="Hammer2006">{{cite journal |author=Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, ''et al.'' |title=Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes |journal=J. Hum. Genet. |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=47–58 |year=2006 |pmid=16328082 |doi=10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 }}</ref><ref name = "Karafet2005" /> Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.<ref name = "Sengupta2006" />


In Sri Lanka, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition<ref name="Hammer2006"/><ref name = "Karafet2005" /> and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]].<ref name = "Kivisild2003">T. Kivisild, S. Rootsi, M. Metspalu ''et al.'', "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 72:313–332, 2003</ref>
In Sri Lanka, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition<ref name="Hammer2006"/><ref name = "Karafet2005" /> and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]].<ref name = "Kivisild2003">{{cite journal | last1 = Kivisild | first1 = T. | last2 = Rootsi | first2 = S. | last3 = Metspalu | first3 = M. ''et al.'' | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = | title = The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations | url = | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = 313–332| page = 2003 }}</ref>


In Nepal, one study has found Haplogroup H in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of [[Kathmandu]] (including 4/77 H1a-M82, 4/77 H1*-M52(xH1a-M82), and 1/77 H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)) and in 6% of a sample of [[Newars]] (4/66 H1a-M82).<ref name="Gayden2007"/>
In Nepal, one study has found Haplogroup H in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of [[Kathmandu]] (including 4/77 H1a-M82, 4/77 H1*-M52(xH1a-M82), and 1/77 H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)) and in 6% of a sample of [[Newars]] (4/66 H1a-M82).<ref name="Gayden2007"/>
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===Central Asia and the Middle East===
===Central Asia and the Middle East===
Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] from [[Dushanbe]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 6% (1/17) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] from [[Turkmenistan]],<ref name="Wells2001">{{cite journal |author=Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, ''et al.'' |title=The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=10244–9 |year=2001 |month=August |pmid=11526236 |pmc=56946 |doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11526236}}</ref> 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of [[Syria]]ns,<ref name="Semino2000">{{cite journal |author=Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, ''et al.'' |title=The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5494 |pages=1155–9 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11073453 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11073453 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155}}</ref> 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Uzbeks]] from Samarkand,<ref name="Wells2001"/> 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Iran|Iranians]] from [[Samarkand]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from [[Khwarazm Province|Khorezm]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 3% (1/38) H1a-M82 in a sample of [[Balkars|Balkarians]],<ref name = "Battaglia2008">Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery ''et al.'', "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008), 1 – 11</ref> 2.6% (3/117) H1a-M82 in a sample from [[demography of Iran|southern Iran]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ |title=Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration |journal=Hum. Hered. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=132–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16770078 |doi=10.1159/000093774 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=HHE2006061003132}}</ref> 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] from [[Kazakhstan]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 1% (1/92 H1a-M82)<ref name = "Battaglia2008" /> to 2% (1/50 H-M69)<ref name="Semino2000"/> of [[Ukrainians]], 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from [[Bukhara]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 2% (1/57) H1a-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks,<ref name = "Battaglia2008" /> 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the [[Fergana Valley]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of [[Serbs|Serbians]],<ref name="Perecic2005"/> 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of [[Turkish people|Turks]],<ref name = "Cinnioglu2004">Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Roy King, Toomas Kivisild ''et al.'', "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," ''Human Genetics'' (2004) 114 : 127–148
Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] from [[Dushanbe]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 6% (1/17) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] from [[Turkmenistan]],<ref name="Wells2001">{{cite journal |author=Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, ''et al.'' |title=The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=10244–9 |year=2001 |month=August |pmid=11526236 |pmc=56946 |doi=10.1073/pnas.171305098 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11526236}}</ref> 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of [[Syria]]ns,<ref name="Semino2000">{{cite journal |author=Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, ''et al.'' |title=The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective |journal=Science |volume=290 |issue=5494 |pages=1155–9 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11073453 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11073453 |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155}}</ref> 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Uzbeks]] from Samarkand,<ref name="Wells2001"/> 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Iran]]ians from [[Samarkand]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from [[Khwarazm Province|Khorezm]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 3% (1/38) H1a-M82 in a sample of [[Balkars|Balkarians]],<ref name = "Battaglia2008">Vincenza Battaglia, Simona Fornarino, Nadia Al-Zahery ''et al.'', "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2008), 1 – 11</ref> 2.6% (3/117) H1a-M82 in a sample from [[demography of Iran|southern Iran]],<ref>{{cite journal |author=Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ |title=Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration |journal=Hum. Hered. |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=132–43 |year=2006 |pmid=16770078 |doi=10.1159/000093774 |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=HHE2006061003132}}</ref> 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] from [[Kazakhstan]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 1% (1/92 H1a-M82)<ref name = "Battaglia2008" /> to 2% (1/50 H-M69)<ref name="Semino2000"/> of [[Ukrainians]], 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from [[Bukhara]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 2% (1/57) H1a-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks,<ref name = "Battaglia2008" /> 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the [[Fergana Valley]],<ref name="Wells2001"/> 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of [[Serbs|Serbians]],<ref name="Perecic2005"/> 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of [[Turkish people|Turks]],<ref name = "Cinnioglu2004">Cengiz Cinnioğlu, Roy King, Toomas Kivisild ''et al.'', "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia," ''Human Genetics'' (2004) 114 : 127–148
DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4</ref> and 0.5% (1/201) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Somali people|Somali]] immigrants to Denmark.<ref name = "Sanchez2005">Juan J Sanchez, Charlotte Hallenberg, Claus Børsting ''et al.'', "High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2005) 13, 856–866</ref>
DOI 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4</ref> and 0.5% (1/201) H1-M52 in a sample of [[Somali people|Somali]] immigrants to Denmark.<ref name = "Sanchez2005">{{cite journal | last1 = Sanchez | first1 = Juan J | last2 = Hallenberg | first2 = Charlotte | last3 = Børsting | first3 = Claus ''et al.'' | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 2005 | title = High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males | url = | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 856–866 }}</ref>


In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the [[United Arab Emirates]] (including 4/164 = 2.4% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H1a-M82),<ref name="Cadenas2008">{{cite journal |author=Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ |title=Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=374–86 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=17928816 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 }}</ref> approximately 2% of males from [[Oman]],<ref name="Luis2004">{{cite journal |author=Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, ''et al.'' |title=The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=532–44 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=14973781 |pmc=1182266 |doi=10.1086/382286 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)61870-9}}</ref> 1.9% (3/157) of males from [[Saudi Arabia]] (including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xH1-M52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H1a-M82),<ref name = "AbuAmero2009">Khaled K. Abu-Amero, Ali Hellani, Ana M. Gonzalez ''et al.'', "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions," ''BMC Genetics'' 2009, 10:59 doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59</ref> and 1.4% (1/72 H1a-M82) of males from [[Qatar]].<ref name="Cadenas2008"/>
In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the [[United Arab Emirates]] (including 4/164 = 2.4% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H1a-M82),<ref name="Cadenas2008">{{cite journal |author=Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ |title=Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman |journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=374–86 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=17928816 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 }}</ref> approximately 2% of males from [[Oman]],<ref name="Luis2004">{{cite journal |author=Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, ''et al.'' |title=The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=532–44 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=14973781 |pmc=1182266 |doi=10.1086/382286 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)61870-9}}</ref> 1.9% (3/157) of males from [[Saudi Arabia]] (including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xH1-M52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H1a-M82),<ref name = "AbuAmero2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Abu-Amero | first1 = Khaled K. | last2 = Hellani | first2 = Ali | last3 = Gonzalez | first3 = Ana M. ''et al.'' | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = | title = Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions | url = | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 2009 | issue = 10| page = 59 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-10-59 | pmid=19772609}}</ref> and 1.4% (1/72 H1a-M82) of males from [[Qatar]].<ref name="Cadenas2008"/>


The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of [[Greeks]].<ref name="Firasat2007"/>
The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of [[Greeks]].<ref name="Firasat2007"/>
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[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|H]]
[[Category:Human Y-DNA haplogroups|H]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]

[[ca:Haplogrup H del cromosoma Y humà]]
[[ca:Haplogrup H del cromosoma Y humà]]
[[de:Haplogruppe H (Y-DNA)]]
[[de:Haplogruppe H (Y-DNA)]]

Revision as of 16:06, 23 December 2010

Haplogroup H
Possible time of origin20,000-45,000 years BP
Possible place of originSouth Asia or Southwest Asia
AncestorF
Defining mutationsM69
Highest frequenciesRomani people & populations of South Asia

In human genetics, Haplogroup H (M69) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in South Asia. It is generally rare outside of the South Asia but is common among the Romani people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.

Origins

It is a branch of Haplogroup F, and is believed to have arisen in India between 20,000 and 30,000 years ago. Its probable site of introduction is India since it is concentrated there. It seems to represent the main Y-haplogroup of the indigenous paleolithic inhabitants of India, because it is the most frequent Y-haplogroup of tribal populations (25-35%). On the other hand, its presence in upper castes is quite rare (ca. 10%).[1] [2] [3]

Distribution

South Asia

Haplogroup H is frequently found among populations of India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Pakistan.

In India, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 27.2% (110/405) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition from southern India.[4][5] Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in 26.4% (192/728) of an ethnically diverse pool of samples from various regions of India.[2]

In Sri Lanka, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition[4][5] and in 10.3% (4/39) of a sample of Sinhalese.[6]

In Nepal, one study has found Haplogroup H in approximately 12% of a sample of males from the general population of Kathmandu (including 4/77 H1a-M82, 4/77 H1*-M52(xH1a-M82), and 1/77 H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)) and in 6% of a sample of Newars (4/66 H1a-M82).[7]

In Pakistan, Haplogroup H1-M52 has been found in 4.1% Burusho, 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, and 2.5% other Pakistanis.[8] Another study has found haplogroup H in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H1a*-M82(xH1a1-M36, H1a2-M97, H1a3-M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H1a1-M36.[9]

Romani people

Haplogroup H1a-M82 is a major lineage cluster in the Balkanic Romani population, accounting for approximately 60% of the total.[10] A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Romani populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania (Gresham et al. 2001). Its ancestral M52 A C transversion was reported in the Vlax Roma (Kalaydjieva et al. 2001) and India (Ramana et al. 2001; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003). High prevalence of Asian-specific Y chromosome haplogroup H1 supports their Indian origin and a hypothesis of a small number of founders diverging from a single ethnic group in India (Gresham et al. 2001).

Central Asia and the Middle East

Haplogroup H has been found very rarely outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Romani populations, including approximately 12.5% (2 out of 16 individuals) H1-M52 in a sample of Tajiks from Dushanbe,[11] 6% (1/17) H1-M52 in a sample of Kurds from Turkmenistan,[11] 5% (1/20) H-M69 in a sample of Syrians,[12] 4% (2/45) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Samarkand,[11] 4% (2/53) H1-M52 in a sample of Iranians from Samarkand,[11] 3% (2/70) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Khorezm,[11] 3% (1/38) H1a-M82 in a sample of Balkarians,[13] 2.6% (3/117) H1a-M82 in a sample from southern Iran,[14] 2% (1/41) H1-M52 in a sample of Uyghurs from Kazakhstan,[11] 1% (1/92 H1a-M82)[13] to 2% (1/50 H-M69)[12] of Ukrainians, 2% (1/56) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from Bukhara,[11] 2% (1/57) H1a-M82 in a sample of Macedonian Greeks,[13] 2% (1/63) H1-M52 in a sample of Uzbeks from the Fergana Valley,[11] 0.9% (1/113) H1a-M82 in a sample of Serbians,[10] 0.6% (3/523) H-M370 in a sample of Turks,[15] and 0.5% (1/201) H1-M52 in a sample of Somali immigrants to Denmark.[16]

In the Arabian Peninsula, Haplogroup H has been found in 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates (including 4/164 = 2.4% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt) and 3/164 = 1.8% H1a-M82),[17] approximately 2% of males from Oman,[18] 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia (including 2/157 = 1.3% H-M69(xH1-M52) and 1/157 = 0.6% H1a-M82),[19] and 1.4% (1/72 H1a-M82) of males from Qatar.[17]

The rare subclade H2-Apt has been found in 1.3% (1/77) of a sample of Greeks.[8]

East and Southeast Asia

At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H has been found in Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69),[5] Tibetans (3/156 = 1.9% H*-M69(xH1-M52, H2-Apt)),[7] and Mongolians (1/149 = 0.7% H-M69).[4] The subclade H1a3-M39/M138 has been observed in the vicinity of Cambodia, including one instance in a sample of six Cambodians[2] and one instance in a sample of 18 individuals from Cambodia and Laos.[9]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[20] and subsequent published research.

  • H (M69, M370)
    • H*
    • H1 (M52)
      • H1a (M82)
        • H1a1 (M36, M197)
        • H1a2 (M97)
        • H1a3 (M39, M138)
    • H2 (Apt)
      • H2a (P80, P314)
      • H2b (P266)

See also

References

  1. ^ Cordaux R; et al. (2004). "Independent Origins of Indian Caste and Tribal Paternal Lineages". Current Biology. 14 (3): 231–5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.024. PMID 14761656. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  2. ^ a b c Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R; et al. (2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230. PMID 16400607. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Thanseem I, Thangaraj K, Chaubey G; et al. (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genet. 7: 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b c Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H; et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c Tatiana M. Karafet, J. S. Lansing, Alan J. Redd et al., "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders," Human Biology, February 2005, v. 77, no. 1, pp. 93-114.
  6. ^ Kivisild, T.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, M.; et al. "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations". American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (313–332): 2003. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first3= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  7. ^ a b Gayden T, Cadenas AM, Regueiro M; et al. (2007). "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 80 (5): 884–94. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741. PMID 17436243. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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External links

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