Cholera vaccine: Difference between revisions
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'''Cholera vaccine''' is a [[vaccine]] used against [[cholera]].<ref>{{MeshName|Cholera+vaccines}}</ref> |
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'''Cholera vaccine''' is a [[vaccine]] used against [[cholera]].<ref name="pmid18523643">{{cite journal |author=Mahalanabis D, Lopez AL, Sur D, ''et al.'' |title=A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Bivalent Killed, Whole-Cell, Oral Cholera Vaccine in Adults and Children in a Cholera Endemic Area in Kolkata, India |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=e2323 |year=2008 |pmid=18523643 |pmc=2396289 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002323 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002323 |editor1-last=Wade |editor1-first=Willliam F.}}</ref><ref>{{MeshName|Cholera+vaccines}}</ref> |
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The first vaccines against cholera were developed in the late nineteenth century. These injected whole cell vaccine became increasingly popular until they were replaced by oral vaccines starting in the 1980s. Although no longer in use, the injected cholera vaccines are effective for people living where cholera is endemic. They offer significant degrees of protection for up to two years after a single shot, and for three to four years with annual booster. Risk of death from cholera was also reduced by 50% in the first year after vaccination.<ref name="pmid20687062">{{cite journal |author=Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T |title=Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected) |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=8 |pages=CD000974 |year=2010 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2 |pmid=20687062}}</ref> |
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There are two variants of the oral vaccine currently in use: WC-rBS and BivWC. WC-rBS (marketed as "Dukoral") is a monovalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of ''[[Vibrio cholerae|V. cholerae]]'' O1 plus additional recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. BivWC (marketed as "Shanchol" and "mORCVAX") is a bivalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of ''V. cholerae'' O1 and ''V. cholerae'' O139. mORCVAX is only available in Vietnam. These oral vaccines provide protection in 52% of cases the first year following vaccination and in 62% of cases the second year.<ref name="pmid21412922">{{cite journal |author=Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM |title=Oral vaccines for preventing cholera |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=3 |pages=CD008603 |year=2011 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2 |pmid=21412922}}</ref> |
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A cholera vaccine is currently used in [[Vietnam]].<ref name="pmid17055622">{{cite journal |author=Anh DD, Canh do G, Lopez AL, ''et al.'' |title=Safety and immunogenicity of a reformulated Vietnamese bivalent killed, whole-cell, oral cholera vaccine in adults |journal=Vaccine |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=1149–55 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17055622 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.049 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264-410X(06)01049-8}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Bacterial strains of both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes and of El Tor and Classical biotypes are included in the vaccine. DUKORAL is taken orally with bicarbonate buffer, which protects the antigens from the gastric acid. The vaccine acts by inducing antibodies against both the bacterial components and CTB. The antibacterial intestinal antibodies prevent the bacteria from attaching to the intestinal wall thereby impeding colonisation of V. cholerae O1. The anti-toxin intestinal antibodies prevent the cholera toxin from binding to the intestinal mucosal surface thereby preventing the toxin-mediated diarrhoeal symptoms. Dukoral also protects against [[traveler's diarrhea]]. |
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Cholera vaccine for travellers is available in Italy, but not in France. |
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Although the protection observed has been described as "moderate", [[herd immunity]] can multiply the effectiveness of vaccination.<ref name="pmid15993232">{{cite journal |author=Ali M, Emch M, von Seidlein L, ''et al.'' |title=Herd immunity conferred by killed oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh: a reanalysis |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9479 |pages=44–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15993232 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66550-6 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(05)66550-6}}</ref> Although the vaccine can be dangerous for children, administration of the vaccine to adults can confer protection to children indirectly.<ref name="pmid18162935">{{cite journal |author=Ali M, Emch M, Yunus M, ''et al.'' |title=Vaccine Protection of Bangladeshi infants and young children against cholera: implications for vaccine deployment and person-to-person transmission |journal=Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=33–7 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18162935 |doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e318149dffd |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00006454-200801000-00007}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The cholera vaccine is largely used by backpackers and persons visiting locations where there is a high risk of cholera infection. However, since it does not provide 100% immunity from the disease food hygiene precautions should also be taken into consideration when visiting an area where there is a high risk of becoming infected with cholera. Although the protection observed has been described as "moderate", [[herd immunity]] can multiply the effectiveness of vaccination. Although the vaccine can be dangerous for children, administration of the vaccine to adults can confer protection to children indirectly. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 17:43, 2 November 2011
| Vaccine description | |
|---|---|
| Target | Cholera |
| Vaccine type | Inactivated |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| ATC code | |
| Identifiers | |
| ChemSpider | |
  (what is this?) (verify) | |
Cholera vaccine is a vaccine used against cholera.[1]
The first vaccines against cholera were developed in the late nineteenth century. These injected whole cell vaccine became increasingly popular until they were replaced by oral vaccines starting in the 1980s. Although no longer in use, the injected cholera vaccines are effective for people living where cholera is endemic. They offer significant degrees of protection for up to two years after a single shot, and for three to four years with annual booster. Risk of death from cholera was also reduced by 50% in the first year after vaccination.[2]
There are two variants of the oral vaccine currently in use: WC-rBS and BivWC. WC-rBS (marketed as "Dukoral") is a monovalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 plus additional recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. BivWC (marketed as "Shanchol" and "mORCVAX") is a bivalent inactivated vaccine containing killed whole cells of V. cholerae O1 and V. cholerae O139. mORCVAX is only available in Vietnam. These oral vaccines provide protection in 52% of cases the first year following vaccination and in 62% of cases the second year.[3]
Bacterial strains of both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes and of El Tor and Classical biotypes are included in the vaccine. DUKORAL is taken orally with bicarbonate buffer, which protects the antigens from the gastric acid. The vaccine acts by inducing antibodies against both the bacterial components and CTB. The antibacterial intestinal antibodies prevent the bacteria from attaching to the intestinal wall thereby impeding colonisation of V. cholerae O1. The anti-toxin intestinal antibodies prevent the cholera toxin from binding to the intestinal mucosal surface thereby preventing the toxin-mediated diarrhoeal symptoms. Dukoral also protects against traveler's diarrhea.
The cholera vaccine is largely used by backpackers and persons visiting locations where there is a high risk of cholera infection. However, since it does not provide 100% immunity from the disease food hygiene precautions should also be taken into consideration when visiting an area where there is a high risk of becoming infected with cholera. Although the protection observed has been described as "moderate", herd immunity can multiply the effectiveness of vaccination. Although the vaccine can be dangerous for children, administration of the vaccine to adults can confer protection to children indirectly.
References
- ^ Cholera+vaccines at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ^ Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T (2010). "Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected)". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8): CD000974. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2. PMID 20687062.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM (2011). "Oral vaccines for preventing cholera". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3): CD008603. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2. PMID 21412922.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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