Haplogroup N-M231: Difference between revisions

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Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N but do not display the LLY22g mutation that defines Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to Haplogroup N*. At present research, haplogroup N* Y-DNA has been found in 1.2% of a sample of 165 [[Han Chinese|Han]] males from [[the People's Republic of China|China]].<ref name = "Karafet2010">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq063}} In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.</ref>
Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N but do not display the LLY22g mutation that defines Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to Haplogroup N*. At present research, haplogroup N* Y-DNA has been found in 1.2% of a sample of 165 [[Han Chinese|Han]] males from [[the People's Republic of China|China]].<ref name = "Karafet2010">{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq063}} In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.</ref>


Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the [[Holocene]]. The absence of haplogroup N in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]].<ref name=Chiaroni>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0910803106</ref>
Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the [[Holocene]]. The absence of haplogroup N in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]].<ref name=Chiaroni>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0910803106}}</ref>


Haplogroup N is the ancestral group for Haplogroup N1 (LLY22g) and its [[subclade]]s, N1a, N1b, and N1c (formerly known as N1, N2, and N3, respectively).<ref name="ISOGG" />
Haplogroup N is the ancestral group for Haplogroup N1 (LLY22g) and its [[subclade]]s, N1a, N1b, and N1c (formerly known as N1, N2, and N3, respectively).<ref name="ISOGG" />
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Y-chromosomes that display the M231 and LLY22g mutations that define Haplogroup N and Haplogroup N1 but do not display any of the downstream mutations that define the subclades N1a (M128), N1b (P43), and N1c (TAT) are said to belong to Haplogroup N1*.
Y-chromosomes that display the M231 and LLY22g mutations that define Haplogroup N and Haplogroup N1 but do not display any of the downstream mutations that define the subclades N1a (M128), N1b (P43), and N1c (TAT) are said to belong to Haplogroup N1*.


Haplogroup N1* reaches a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the [[Yi people|Yizu]] of [[Butuo County]], [[Sichuan]] Province in [[southwestern China]].<ref name = "Hammer2005" /><ref name = "Karafet2001" /><ref name = "WenBo2004">Bo Wen, Xuanhua Xie, Song Gao ''et al.'', "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 74 : 856–865, 2004</ref> Haplogroup N1* also has been found in samples of [[Han Chinese]], but with widely varying frequency: 15.0% (6/40) [[Guangdong]] Han<ref name = "Hammer2005" /><ref name = "Karafet2001">Tatiana Karafet, Liping Xu, Ruofu Du ''et al.'', "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 69 : 615–628, 2001. In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.</ref>, 6.8% (3/44) [[Shaanxi]] Han<ref name = "Hammer2005" /><ref name = "Karafet2001" />, 3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, 3.0% (5/166) Han<ref name = "Xue2006" />. Other populations in which representatives of haplogroup N1* have been found include [[Hani people|Hani]] (4/34 = 11.8%)<ref name = "Xue2006" />, [[Xibe|Sibe]] (4/41 = 9.8%)<ref name = "Xue2006" />, [[Tujia people|Tujia]] (2/49 = 4.1%)<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, [[Manchu]] (2/52 = 3.8%<ref name = "Hammer2005" /> - 2/35 = 5.7%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] (2/70 = 2.9%<ref name = "Xue2006" /> - 2/67 = 3.0%)<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, [[Tibet]]an (3/105 = 2.9%<ref name = "Hammer2005" /> - 3/35 = 8.6%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[Koreans]] (0/106 = 0.0% - 2/25 = 8%<ref name = "Rootsi2007">Siiri Rootsi, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Marian Baldovič ''et al.'', "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007) 15, 204–211</ref><ref name = "Xue2006">Xue et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," ''Genetics'' 172(4): 2431–2439.</ref><ref name = "Kim2007">Kim W, Yoo T-K, Kim S-J, Shin D-J, Tyler-Smith C, ''et al.'' (2007) "Lack of Association between Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups and Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population." ''PLoS ONE'' 2(1): e172. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000172</ref>), [[Vietnam]]ese (2/70 = 2.9%)<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] (0/70 Tokushima - 2/26 = 7.7% [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]]),<ref name = "Hammer2005">Hammer ''et al.'', "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," © The Japan Society of Human Genetics, Springer-Verlag (2005)</ref> [[Manchuria]]n [[Evenks|Evenk]] (0/26 = 0.0%<ref name = "Xue2006" /> - 1/41 = 2.4%<ref name = "Hammer2005" />), [[Altay people|Altaians]] (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada)<ref name = "Hammer2005" /><ref name = "Kharkov2007">V. N. Kharkov, V. A. Stepanov, O. F. Medvedeva ''et al.'', "Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups," ''Russian Journal of Genetics'' (2007), Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 551–562</ref>, [[Shorians]] (2/23 = 8.7%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Khakas people|Khakas]] (5/181 = 2.8%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Tuvinians]] (5/311 = 1.6%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> southern [[Borneo]] (1/40 = 2.5%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Forest Nenets language|Forest Nenets]] (1/89 = 1.1%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Fiji]] (1/107 = 0.9%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Yakuts]] (0/215 - 1/121 = 0.8%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> and [[Turkish people|Turks]] (1/523 = 0.2%).<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N amounts to 4% of the male population. One individual who belongs either to N1*-LLY22g(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat) or to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g) has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat)).<ref name = "Gayden2007">Tenzin Gayden, Alicia M. Cadenas, Maria Regueiro ''et al.'', "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 2007;80:884–894</ref>
Haplogroup N1* reaches a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the [[Yi people|Yizu]] of [[Butuo County]], [[Sichuan]] Province in [[southwestern China]].<ref name="Hammer2005" /><ref name ="Karafet2001" /><ref name = "WenBo2004">Bo Wen, Xuanhua Xie, Song Gao ''et al.'', "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 74 : 856–865, 2004</ref> Haplogroup N1* also has been found in samples of [[Han Chinese]], but with widely varying frequency: 15.0% (6/40) [[Guangdong]] Han<ref name = "Hammer2005" /><ref name="Karafet2001">Tatiana Karafet, Liping Xu, Ruofu Du ''et al.'', "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 69 : 615–628, 2001. In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.</ref>, 6.8% (3/44) [[Shaanxi]] Han<ref name = "Hammer2005" /><ref name = "Karafet2001" />, 3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, 3.0% (5/166) Han<ref name = "Xue2006" />. Other populations in which representatives of haplogroup N1* have been found include [[Hani people|Hani]] (4/34 = 11.8%)<ref name = "Xue2006" />, [[Xibe|Sibe]] (4/41 = 9.8%)<ref name = "Xue2006" />, [[Tujia people|Tujia]] (2/49 = 4.1%)<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, [[Manchu]] (2/52 = 3.8%<ref name = "Hammer2005" /> - 2/35 = 5.7%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] (2/70 = 2.9%<ref name = "Xue2006" /> - 2/67 = 3.0%)<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, [[Tibet]]an (3/105 = 2.9%<ref name = "Hammer2005" /> - 3/35 = 8.6%<ref name = "Xue2006" />), [[Koreans]] (0/106 = 0.0% - 2/25 = 8%<ref name = "Rootsi2007">Siiri Rootsi, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Marian Baldovič ''et al.'', "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe," ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007) 15, 204–211</ref><ref name = "Xue2006">Xue et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," ''Genetics'' 172(4): 2431–2439.</ref><ref name = "Kim2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000172}}</ref>), [[Vietnam]]ese (2/70 = 2.9%)<ref name = "Hammer2005" />, [[Japanese people|Japanese]] (0/70 Tokushima - 2/26 = 7.7% [[Aomori Prefecture|Aomori]]),<ref name = "Hammer2005">Hammer ''et al.'', "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," © The Japan Society of Human Genetics, Springer-Verlag (2005)</ref> [[Manchuria]]n [[Evenks|Evenk]] (0/26 = 0.0%<ref name = "Xue2006" /> - 1/41 = 2.4%<ref name = "Hammer2005" />), [[Altay people|Altaians]] (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada)<ref name = "Hammer2005" /><ref name = "Kharkov2007">V. N. Kharkov, V. A. Stepanov, O. F. Medvedeva ''et al.'', "Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups," ''Russian Journal of Genetics'' (2007), Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 551–562</ref>, [[Shorians]] (2/23 = 8.7%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Khakas people|Khakas]] (5/181 = 2.8%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Tuvinians]] (5/311 = 1.6%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> southern [[Borneo]] (1/40 = 2.5%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Forest Nenets language|Forest Nenets]] (1/89 = 1.1%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Fiji]] (1/107 = 0.9%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> [[Yakuts]] (0/215 - 1/121 = 0.8%),<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> and [[Turkish people|Turks]] (1/523 = 0.2%).<ref name = "Rootsi2007" /> In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N amounts to 4% of the male population. One individual who belongs either to N1*-LLY22g(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat) or to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g) has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat)).<ref name = "Gayden2007">Tenzin Gayden, Alicia M. Cadenas, Maria Regueiro ''et al.'', "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow," ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 2007;80:884–894</ref>


====Haplogroup N1a====
====Haplogroup N1a====
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=====Haplogroup N1c1=====
=====Haplogroup N1c1=====
{{See also|List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures#N (Y-DNA)}}
{{See also|List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures#N (Y-DNA)}}
The subclade N1c1 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. (It was previously known as N3a.) N1c1* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among [[Finns]] and approximately 40% among [[Latvians]] and [[Lithuanians]].<ref name = "Lappalainen2008">T. Lappalainen, V. Laitinen, E. Salmela ''et al.'', "Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2008).</ref><ref name=darenko2007>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10038-007-0179-5 }}</ref>
The subclade N1c1 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. (It was previously known as N3a.) N1c1* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among [[Finns]] and approximately 40% among [[Latvians]] and [[Lithuanians]].<ref name = "Lappalainen2008">T. Lappalainen, V. Laitinen, E. Salmela ''et al.'', "Migration Waves to the Baltic Sea Region," ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2008).</ref><ref name=darenko2007>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10038-007-0179-5}}</ref>


Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia (approximately 10,000 years ago on their calculated by the Zhivotovsky method) and spread into Northern Europe where its age they calculated as around 8,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) approximately 4,000 years ago.<ref name=darenko2007></ref>
Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia (approximately 10,000 years ago on their calculated by the Zhivotovsky method) and spread into Northern Europe where its age they calculated as around 8,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) approximately 4,000 years ago.<ref name=darenko2007></ref>


===Tree===
===Tree===
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree<ref name="Karafet">Karafet et al. (2008), [http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/abstract/gr.7172008v1 Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree], Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008</ref> and subsequent published research.
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree<ref name="Karafet2008">{{cite journal |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008}}</ref> and subsequent published research.


*'''[[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|NO]]'''
*'''[[Haplogroup NO (Y-DNA)|NO]]'''

Revision as of 15:40, 10 December 2011

Haplogroup N
Possible time of origin15,000 to 25,000 years BP
Possible place of originN in Far East,[1] N1b in Eastern Europe[2] and N1c in Urals[3]
AncestorNO
Defining mutationsM231
Highest frequenciesYakuts 75%, Nenets 75%, Finns 60%, Saami 40%, Baltic States 45%[4], Russians 20%,[5]

In human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, defined by the presence of the marker M231. The b2/b3 deletion in the AZFc region of the human Y-chromosome is a characteristic of Haplogroup N haplotypes. This deletion, however, appears to have occurred independently on four different occasions. Therefore this deletion should not be thought as a unique event polymorphism contributing to the definition of this branch of the Y-chromosome tree.[1]

Origins

Haplogroup N is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup NO. Its emergence and the spread of its subclades are still not very well established. One research places the origins of this haplogroup arising from southeast Asia from over 19.4±4.8 ky years ago[6], and then migrating in a counter-clockwise path from modern day regions of Mongolia and northern China to as far as northeastern Europe. Other "Zhivotovsky EEMR" theories propose North Eastern Europe as a point of origin for N1b.[2] Another study hints Khakassia for N1c based on haplogroup N branches location (or with a much lesser probability the Ural mountains based on N1c frequencies).[3]

Mutations

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 mutation that defines Haplogroup N but do not display the LLY22g mutation that defines Haplogroup N1 are said to belong to Haplogroup N*. At present research, haplogroup N* Y-DNA has been found in 1.2% of a sample of 165 Han males from China.[7]

Males carrying the marker apparently moved northwards as the climate warmed in the Holocene. The absence of haplogroup N in the Americas indicates that its spread across Asia happened after the submergence of the Bering land bridge.[8]

Haplogroup N is the ancestral group for Haplogroup N1 (LLY22g) and its subclades, N1a, N1b, and N1c (formerly known as N1, N2, and N3, respectively).[1]

Distribution

Haplogroup N has a wide geographic distribution throughout northern Eurasia, and it also has been observed occasionally in more southerly areas, including Southeast Asia, Nepal, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe. Its highest frequency occurs among the Finnic and Baltic peoples of northern Europe, the Ob-Ugric and Northern Samoyedic peoples of western Siberia, and the Siberian Turkic-speaking Yakuts.[9] It is also carried by about 10% to 20% of Russians.[10]

Subclades

Haplogroup N1

Y-chromosomes that display the M231 and LLY22g mutations that define Haplogroup N and Haplogroup N1 but do not display any of the downstream mutations that define the subclades N1a (M128), N1b (P43), and N1c (TAT) are said to belong to Haplogroup N1*.

Haplogroup N1* reaches a frequency of up to 30% (13/43) among the Yizu of Butuo County, Sichuan Province in southwestern China.[11][12][13] Haplogroup N1* also has been found in samples of Han Chinese, but with widely varying frequency: 15.0% (6/40) Guangdong Han[11][12], 6.8% (3/44) Shaanxi Han[11][12], 3.6% (3/84) Taiwanese Han[11], 3.0% (5/166) Han[14]. Other populations in which representatives of haplogroup N1* have been found include Hani (4/34 = 11.8%)[14], Sibe (4/41 = 9.8%)[14], Tujia (2/49 = 4.1%)[11], Manchu (2/52 = 3.8%[11] - 2/35 = 5.7%[14]), Uyghur (2/70 = 2.9%[14] - 2/67 = 3.0%)[11], Tibetan (3/105 = 2.9%[11] - 3/35 = 8.6%[14]), Koreans (0/106 = 0.0% - 2/25 = 8%[15][14][16]), Vietnamese (2/70 = 2.9%)[11], Japanese (0/70 Tokushima - 2/26 = 7.7% Aomori),[11] Manchurian Evenk (0/26 = 0.0%[14] - 1/41 = 2.4%[11]), Altaians (0/50 Northern to 5/96 = 5.2% Southern, or 0/43 Beshpeltir to 5/46 = 10.9% Kulada)[11][17], Shorians (2/23 = 8.7%),[15] Khakas (5/181 = 2.8%),[15] Tuvinians (5/311 = 1.6%),[15] southern Borneo (1/40 = 2.5%),[15] Forest Nenets (1/89 = 1.1%),[15] Fiji (1/107 = 0.9%),[15] Yakuts (0/215 - 1/121 = 0.8%),[15] and Turks (1/523 = 0.2%).[15] In Turkey, the total of subclades of haplogroup N amounts to 4% of the male population. One individual who belongs either to N1*-LLY22g(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat) or to N*-M231(xN1-LLY22g) has been found in a sample of 77 males from Kathmandu, Nepal (1/77 = 1.3% N-M231(xN1a-M128, N1b-P43, N1c-Tat)).[18]

Haplogroup N1a

This subclade is defined by the presence of the marker M128. It is found with low frequency among Manchu, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia.

Haplogroup N1b

Haplogroup N1b is defined by the presence of the marker P43. It is a significantly younger subclade, perhaps only 6,000 to 8,000 years old, with a probable origin in Siberia.[19] It is found frequently among Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Siberian Yupiks.

Haplogroup N1b forms two distinctive subclusters of STR haplotypes, Asian and European, the latter now mostly distributed in Uralic-speakers and related populations.[20]

Haplogroup N1c

The mutations that define the subclade N1c (old name N3) are M46/Tat and P105. This is the most frequent subclade of N. It arose probably in the region of present day China, and subsequently experienced serial bottlenecks in Siberia and secondary expansions in eastern Europe.[21] Haplogroup N1c is approximately 14,000 years old.

In Siberia, haplogroup N1c reaches a maximum frequency of approximately 90% among the Yakuts, a Turkic people who live mainly in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. However, it is practically non-existent among many of the Yakuts' neighboring ethnic groups, such as Tungusic speakers. It also has been detected in 2.4% (2/85) of a sample from Seoul, South Korea[22] and in 1.4% (1/70) of a sample from Tokushima, Japan[11].

The haplogroup N1c has a low diversity among Yakuts suggestive of a population bottleneck or founder effect.[23] This was confirmed by a study of ancient DNA which traced the origins of the male Yakut lineages to a small group of horse-riders from the Cis-Baïkal area.[24]

Haplogroup N1c1
See also: List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures § N (Y-DNA)

The subclade N1c1 is defined by the presence of markers M178 and P298. (It was previously known as N3a.) N1c1* has higher average frequency in Northern Europe than in Siberia, reaching frequencies of approximately 60% among Finns and approximately 40% among Latvians and Lithuanians.[25][19]

Miroslava Derenko and her colleagues noted that there are two subclusters within this haplogroup, both present in Siberia and Northern Europe, with different histories. The one that they labelled N3a1 first expanded in south Siberia (approximately 10,000 years ago on their calculated by the Zhivotovsky method) and spread into Northern Europe where its age they calculated as around 8,000 years ago. Meanwhile, the younger subcluster, which they labelled N3a2, originated in south Siberia (probably in the Baikal region) approximately 4,000 years ago.[19]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[26] and subsequent published research.

  • NO
    • N (M231)
      • N*
      • N1 (LLY22g)
        • N1a (M128)
        • N1b (P43)
          • N1b1 (P63)
        • N1c (M46/Tat,P105)
          • N1c1 (M178, P298)
            • N1c1a (P21) Arose in Omogoj tribe of Yakuts less than 1300 years ago.
            • N1c1b (P67) Arose in Yakutian population less than 1300 years ago.
            • N1c1c (P119)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades
  2. ^ a b . doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ a b Stratification of Y-haplogroup N1c (Jaakko Häkkinen, August 5th, 2010) [1]
  4. ^ Macdonald Y Haplogroups of the World
  5. ^ http://ruthen-info.fatal.ru/files/mtDNA_Y_Chromosomes_in_Russian_Populations.pdf
  6. ^ . doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ . doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help) In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.
  8. ^ . doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ Macdonald Y Haplogroups of the World
  10. ^ http://ruthen-info.fatal.ru/files/mtDNA_Y_Chromosomes_in_Russian_Populations.pdf
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hammer et al., "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes," © The Japan Society of Human Genetics, Springer-Verlag (2005)
  12. ^ a b c Tatiana Karafet, Liping Xu, Ruofu Du et al., "Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes," American Journal of Human Genetics 69 : 615–628, 2001. In this article, the "Southern Han" sample of Karafet and Hammer's research group is described as originating from Guangdong, and the "Northern Han" sample is described as originating from Shaanxi.
  13. ^ Bo Wen, Xuanhua Xie, Song Gao et al., "Analyses of Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations Reveals Sex-Biased Admixture in Southern Tibeto-Burmans," American Journal of Human Genetics 74 : 856–865, 2004
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Xue et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times," Genetics 172(4): 2431–2439.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i Siiri Rootsi, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Marian Baldovič et al., "A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 204–211
  16. ^ . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000172. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ V. N. Kharkov, V. A. Stepanov, O. F. Medvedeva et al., "Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups," Russian Journal of Genetics (2007), Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 551–562
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External links

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