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'''''Uredo rangelii''''', commonly known as '''Myrtle Rust''', is a [[fungus|fungal]] plant pathogen native to [[South America]] that affects plants in the family [[Myrtaceae]]. The [[spores]] have a distinctive yellow to orange colour, occasionally enircled by a purple ring. They are found on lesions on new growth including shoots, leaves, buds and fruits. Leaves become twisted and may die. Infections in highly susceptible species may result in the death of the host plant.<ref name="myrtle rust">{{cite web|title=Myrtle Rust|work=Primary Industries Biosecurity|publisher= Department of Industry and Investment (New South Wales)|url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/plant/myrtle-rust|accessdate=18 March 2011}}</ref>
'''''Uredo rangelii''''', commonly known as '''Myrtle Rust''', is a [[fungus|fungal]] plant pathogen native to [[South America]] that affects plants in the family [[Myrtaceae]]. It is a member of the fungal complex called the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccinia_psidii guava rust (''Puccinia psidii'')] group.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Uredo rangelii, a taxon in the guava rust complex, newly recorded on Myrtaceae in Australia|date = 2010|url = http://download.springer.com.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/static/pdf/662/art%253A10.1071%252FAP10102.pdf?auth66=1383964496_4d75d1691fe84e168304e9e88453ae18&ext=.pdf|journal = Australian Plant Pathology|publisher = CSIRO|accessdate = November 4, 2013|doi = 10.1071/AP10102|last = Carnegie|last2 = Lidbetter|last3 = Walker|last4 = Horwood|last5 = Tesoriero|last6 = Glen|last7 = Priest|first = A. J.|first2 = J. R.|first3 = J.|first4 = M. A.|first5 = L.|first6 = M.|first7 = M. J.}}</ref> The [[spores]] have a distinctive yellow to orange colour, occasionally enircled by a purple ring. They are found on lesions on new growth including shoots, leaves, buds and fruits. Leaves become twisted and may die. Infections in highly susceptible species may result in the death of the host plant.<ref name="myrtle rust">{{cite web|title=Myrtle Rust|work=Primary Industries Biosecurity|publisher= Department of Industry and Investment (New South Wales)|url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/biosecurity/plant/myrtle-rust|accessdate=18 March 2011}}</ref>

Currently it is infecting around 179 species in NSW and QLD, from 41 genera (around 46% of genera Myrtaceae) in Australia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web/doc|url = http://www.ngia.com.au/Section?Action=View&Section_id=527|title = Australian Nursery Industry Myrtle Rust (Uredo rangelii) Management Plan 2012|publisher = Nursery & Garden Industry Australia|last = McDonald|first = John|date = 2012|website = Nursery & Garden Industry Australia|location = Sydney, Australia}}</ref>


==As an Invasive Species in Australia==
==As an Invasive Species in Australia==
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|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/diseases/myrtle-rust.html|accessdate=18 March 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.qt.com.au/story/2012/01/10/tree-killer-warning-for-gardeners/] Tree-killer warning for gardeners, The Queensland Times, 10th January 2012 (accessed 10th January 2012)</ref> with isolated cases in [[Far North Queensland]] cities of [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]] and [[Townsville, Queensland|Townsville]]. In January 2012, an isolated myrtle rust outbreak was reported in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite paper|title=Myrtle rust found in Victoria|publisher=ABC Rural news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/201201/s3404311.htm|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> beginning in [[Melbourne]]'s southern and eastern suburbs. Initial attempts to contain it were unsuccessful and by April, 2012 it had spread across much of the state via regional cities.
|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/diseases/myrtle-rust.html|accessdate=18 March 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.qt.com.au/story/2012/01/10/tree-killer-warning-for-gardeners/] Tree-killer warning for gardeners, The Queensland Times, 10th January 2012 (accessed 10th January 2012)</ref> with isolated cases in [[Far North Queensland]] cities of [[Cairns, Queensland|Cairns]] and [[Townsville, Queensland|Townsville]]. In January 2012, an isolated myrtle rust outbreak was reported in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]]<ref name="abc.net.au">{{cite paper|title=Myrtle rust found in Victoria|publisher=ABC Rural news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/content/201201/s3404311.htm|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> beginning in [[Melbourne]]'s southern and eastern suburbs. Initial attempts to contain it were unsuccessful and by April, 2012 it had spread across much of the state via regional cities.


==Development and symptoms==
Myrtle rust is typically characterised by the appearance of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urediniospore urediniospores] on the underside of the leaf, though urediniospores may also be found on the top of the leaf or on young stems.<ref name=":0" /> Initially, the disease appears as small purple or red brown flecks with a faint [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosis chlorotic halo] on the leaf surface, which coalesce to form bright yellow pustules. As the rust develops, these pustules often fade to a grey brown colour.<ref name=":1" /> A high degree of pustule coalescence can result in distortion of the leaf.<ref name=":0" /> Myrtle rust also makes plants more susceptible to secondary infections, which may occur within days of the initial appearance of the pustules.
<ref name=":1" />

Favourable conditions, that increase the infection rate include: new tissue; high humidity; free water on plant surface for >6 hours; moderate temperatures, around 15-25°C. Low light conditions (minimum of 8 hours) after spore contact can increase germination.<ref name=":1" />
The main ways in which myrtle rust can be spread are by: the movement of infected plant material, the movement of contaminated equipment, wind, water and gravity, animals, humans and/or vehicles.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url = http://www.quarantinedomestic.gov.au/myrtle-rust.html|title = Myrtle Rust|publisher = Quarantine Domestic|accessdate = November 5, 2013}}</ref>

Myrtle rust may remain on a single host plant to complete its life cycle, which can be as short as 10-14 days.<ref name=":1" />
==Host genera==
==Host genera==
Species within the following plant genera have been recorded with the infection:<ref name=host>{{cite web|title=Myrtle Rust National Host List|work=National pests & disease outbreaks|url=http://www.outbreak.gov.au/pests_diseases/pests_diseases_plant/myrtle-rust/national_host_list.html|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref>
Species within the following plant genera have been recorded with the infection:<ref name=host>{{cite web|title=Myrtle Rust National Host List|work=National pests & disease outbreaks|url=http://www.outbreak.gov.au/pests_diseases/pests_diseases_plant/myrtle-rust/national_host_list.html|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref>
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*''[[Xanthostemon]]''
*''[[Xanthostemon]]''


==Management==
The original plan to eradicate myrtle rust was declared to be infeasible by the Myrtle Rust National Management Group in December 2010. The Myrtle Rust Response Plan was cancelled and focus was placed on minimising the spread and the impacts on myrtle rust. The Australian Government, through the Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), established the Myrtle Rust Coordination Group to manage the investment of $1.5 million of research funding. The management plan consists of 6 main sections: coordination and communication, immediate disease management, taxonomy and identity of the pathogen, potential impact and distribution, chemical control options and resistance breeding options. This management plan should be applied to all species in the Myrtaceae family, within all industries.<ref name=":1" />
To minimise the risk of increasing the distribution of myrtle rust, several precautions can be undertaken. These precautions include: not moving plant matter from one site to another; ensuring you don’t help spread the pathogen, by arriving and leaving each site clean of the pathogen and avoiding areas that may contain myrtle rust infected plant matter.
<ref name=":2" />
==References==
==References==
{{commonscat|Uredo rangelii}}
{{commonscat|Uredo rangelii}}

Revision as of 05:03, 7 November 2013

Austropuccinia
on Eugenia reinwardtiana
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Pucciniomycetes
Order:
Pucciniales
Family:
Incertae sedis
Genus:
Uredo
Species:
U. rangelii
Binomial name
Uredo rangelii
J.A.Simpson, K.Thomas & Grgur. (2006)

Uredo rangelii, commonly known as Myrtle Rust, is a fungal plant pathogen native to South America that affects plants in the family Myrtaceae. It is a member of the fungal complex called the guava rust (Puccinia psidii) group.[1] The spores have a distinctive yellow to orange colour, occasionally enircled by a purple ring. They are found on lesions on new growth including shoots, leaves, buds and fruits. Leaves become twisted and may die. Infections in highly susceptible species may result in the death of the host plant.[2]

Currently it is infecting around 179 species in NSW and QLD, from 41 genera (around 46% of genera Myrtaceae) in Australia.[3]

As an Invasive Species in Australia

See also: Biosecurity in Australia

Myrtle rust was first recorded in Australia in mid-2010 and currently poses a major threat to the continent's ecosystem given that almost 80 per cent of Australian native trees are mytracea, most indigenous species rely on healthy trees for their survival. Additionally it poses a major threat to Australia's primary industry sector. Its current range includes much of the eastern coastal fringe of the Australian mainland.

Initial detection was in April 2010 in Gosford in the Central Coast region of New South Wales.[4][5] It was initially quarantined and eradication thought viable. The New South Wales government spent $5 million attempting to eradicate the disease. However efforts to contain it failed and it spread rapidly north and south along the eastern coast. In response to the increasing threat, a Myrtle Rust National Management Group was formed on 2 July 2010 with the aim of eradication however due to the extent of its spread at that point of time, the group conceded that it had become impossible to eradicate.[6]

By December 2010, it had significantly spread north along the coast and recorded in South East Queensland[7][8] with isolated cases in Far North Queensland cities of Cairns and Townsville. In January 2012, an isolated myrtle rust outbreak was reported in Victoria[9] beginning in Melbourne's southern and eastern suburbs. Initial attempts to contain it were unsuccessful and by April, 2012 it had spread across much of the state via regional cities.

Development and symptoms

Myrtle rust is typically characterised by the appearance of urediniospores on the underside of the leaf, though urediniospores may also be found on the top of the leaf or on young stems.[1] Initially, the disease appears as small purple or red brown flecks with a faint chlorotic halo on the leaf surface, which coalesce to form bright yellow pustules. As the rust develops, these pustules often fade to a grey brown colour.[3] A high degree of pustule coalescence can result in distortion of the leaf.[1] Myrtle rust also makes plants more susceptible to secondary infections, which may occur within days of the initial appearance of the pustules. [3]

Favourable conditions, that increase the infection rate include: new tissue; high humidity; free water on plant surface for >6 hours; moderate temperatures, around 15-25°C. Low light conditions (minimum of 8 hours) after spore contact can increase germination.[3]

The main ways in which myrtle rust can be spread are by: the movement of infected plant material, the movement of contaminated equipment, wind, water and gravity, animals, humans and/or vehicles.[10]

Myrtle rust may remain on a single host plant to complete its life cycle, which can be as short as 10-14 days.[3]

Host genera

Species within the following plant genera have been recorded with the infection:[11]

Management

The original plan to eradicate myrtle rust was declared to be infeasible by the Myrtle Rust National Management Group in December 2010. The Myrtle Rust Response Plan was cancelled and focus was placed on minimising the spread and the impacts on myrtle rust. The Australian Government, through the Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), established the Myrtle Rust Coordination Group to manage the investment of $1.5 million of research funding. The management plan consists of 6 main sections: coordination and communication, immediate disease management, taxonomy and identity of the pathogen, potential impact and distribution, chemical control options and resistance breeding options. This management plan should be applied to all species in the Myrtaceae family, within all industries.[3]

To minimise the risk of increasing the distribution of myrtle rust, several precautions can be undertaken. These precautions include: not moving plant matter from one site to another; ensuring you don’t help spread the pathogen, by arriving and leaving each site clean of the pathogen and avoiding areas that may contain myrtle rust infected plant matter. [10]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uredo rangelii.
  1. ^ a b c Carnegie, A. J.; Lidbetter, J. R.; Walker, J.; Horwood, M. A.; Tesoriero, L.; Glen, M.; Priest, M. J. (2010). "Uredo rangelii, a taxon in the guava rust complex, newly recorded on Myrtaceae in Australia" (PDF). Australian Plant Pathology. CSIRO. doi:10.1071/AP10102. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  2. ^ "Myrtle Rust". Primary Industries Biosecurity. Department of Industry and Investment (New South Wales). Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d e f
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      • child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
      • OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
    Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

    By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).

    COinS

    This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See Wikipedia:COinS. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

    • use Template:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles. not Template:!xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.

    Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example &nbsp;, &ndash;, or &#160;, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.

    COinS metadata is created for these parameters

    Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.

    • |periodical=, |journal=, |newspaper=, |magazine=, |work=, |website=, |encyclopedia=, |encyclopaedia=, |dictionary=
    • |chapter=, |script-chapter=, |contribution=, |script-contribution=, |entry=, |script-entry=, |article=, |script-article=, |section=, |script-section=
    • |title=, |script-title=, |book-title=
    • |publication-place=, |place=, |location=
    • |date=, |year=, |publication-date=
    • |series=, |version=
    • |volume=, |issue=, |number=
    • |page=, |pages=, |at=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages=
    • |edition=
    • |publisher=, |institution=
    • |url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |section-url=
    • |author-last=, |author-last#=, |author#-last=, |author-surname=, |author-surname#=, |author#-surname=, |last=, |last#=, |surname=, |surname#=, |author=, |author#=, |subject=, |subject#=, |host=, |host#=
    • |author-first=, |author-first#=, |author#-first=, |author-given=, |author-given#=, |author#-given=, |first=, |first#=, |given=, |given#=
    • |degree=
    • |arxiv=, |bibcode=, |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |doi=, |eissn=, |eprint=, |hdl=, |isbn=, |issn=, |jfm=, |jstor=, |lccn=, |message-id=, |mr=, |oclc=, |osti=, |pmc=, |pmid=, |rfc=, |ssrn=, |s2cid=, |zbl=

    What's new

    What's new or changed recently
    Parameter Description Date
    N/A

    Deprecated

    Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters
    Deprecated parameter Replace with Date
    |authors= |lastn= / |firstn=, |authorn=, |vauthors= November 2023
    Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters
    Removed parameter Replace with Date Note
    |lay-date= (delete) August 2023
    |lay-source= (delete)
    |lay-url= (delete)
    |transcripturl= |transcript-url= August 2023

    Description

    Authors

    • last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
      • author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.
      • first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with MOS:JRSR and use honorifics only in accordance with MOS:HON.
      • OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=...|last1=...|author2=....
      • author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
      • OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
      • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
    • vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
      |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
      • author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above
    • Template:Xtd is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.: deprecated Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
    • translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
      • translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
      • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
      • translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
      • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
    • collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
    • others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.

    Title

    (See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters.)

    • title: Title of source page on website. Displays in quotation marks. For titles containing quotation marks, convert regular quotation marks (") to single quotation marks ('). See MOS:QINQ for guidance in more complex situations. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
      • script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
        ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
      • trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title; trans-title is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
    Titles containing certain characters will display and link incorrectly unless those characters are encoded.
    newline [ ] |
    space &#91; &#93; &#124;
    {{bracket|text}} {{pipe}} – see also Help:Table § Rendering pipe itself
    This parameter is required and will generate an error if not defined. On errors, main, help and template pages are placed into Category:Articles with incorrect citation syntax. Set |no-tracking=true to disable categorization; mainly used for documentation where the error is demonstrated.
    • website: Title of website (when the website has a clear name, use that rather than the domain name); may be wikilinked. Displays in italics. Aliases: work
    • type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Template:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Template:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Template:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Template:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles., Template:Xt is only for examples of style and formatting. Do not use it in actual articles.. Alias: medium.
    • language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples: |language=ru; |lang=fr, pt-br; |lang=Russian; |language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of Category:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang

    Date

    "Wikipedia:Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see Template:Undated.
    • date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates.
    Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,[more] unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets.
    For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900.

    For no date, or "undated", use |date=n.d.
    The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.
    Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as |date=, |publication-date=, |access-date=, |archive-date=, etc.) except for |orig-date= in the style specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.
    • year: Year of publication. The more flexible |date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the |date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:
      1. Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)
      2. The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
    • orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904. As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year
    • df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
      dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
      mdy – as above for month day, year format
      ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
      dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
      mdy-all – as above for month day, year format
      ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
    <references>'"`UNIQ--ref-00000089-QINU`"'</references>

    Website

    • work (required by {{cite journal}} and {{cite magazine}}): Name of the work containing the source; may be wikilinked if relevant. Displays in italics. If the name of the periodical changed over time use the name at the time of the source's publication. If script-work is defined, use work to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-work. Aliases: journal, newspaper, magazine, periodical, website. Use Latin script. For languages written in non-Latin based scripts (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Indic, Japanese, Korean, etc.) use a standard Romanization in this field.
      • script-work: Work title in its original, non-Latin script; not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in work (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script. Leave empty for Latin-based scripts (Czech, French, Turkish, Vietnamese, etc.). Aliases: script-journal, script-newspaper, script-magazine, script-periodical, script-website.
      • trans-work: English translation of the work title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after work or script-work. Aliases: trans-journal, trans-newspaper, trans-magazine, trans-periodical, trans-website.
        ... |work=Zhōngguó piàofáng |script-work=zh:中国票房 |trans-work=China Box Office ...
    When set, work changes the formatting of other parameters in the same citation:
    title is not italicized and is enclosed in quotes.
    chapter does not display (and will produce an error message).

    Publisher

    • publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
    • place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
    • publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
    • publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
    • via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. See the access level parameters to display access restrictions.
    • agency: The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse. Do not use for sources published on the agency's own website; e.g. apnews.com or reuters.com; instead, use work or publisher. May be wikilinked if relevant.

    Series

    • series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.

    In-source locations

    • page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p.
    • OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes.
      Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use |at=, like this: |at=pp. 3-1&ndash;3-15. Alias: pp.
      • no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages=passim.
    • OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages=. Use only one of |page=, |pages=, or |at=.
      Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
    • For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote=, see here.

    URL

    • url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g. #ixzz2rBr3aO94 or ?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see WP:PAGELINKS. Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use |isbn= or |oclc= to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
      • access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate.
      • archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive (see Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine) and archive.today (see Help:Using archive.today); requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by |url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.
        • archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with {{use dmy dates}} and {{use mdy dates}}. Alias: archivedate.
        • url-status: A control parameter to select one of |url= or |archive-url= to link |title=; requires url and archive-url. Use {{dead link}} to mark dead |url= when there is no |archive-url=.
          Accepts multiple keywords:
          • dead – (default condition when |url-status= omitted or empty) selects |archive-url=
          • live – selects |url=; used when |url= is preemptively archived with |archive-url=
          • deviated – selects |archive-url=; used when |url= is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a Wikipedia article
          • unfit – selects |archive-url=; used when |url= links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable page; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead usurpation or blacklist. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ
          • usurped – selects |archive-url=; used when the domain in |url= no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to |url= are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at WP:URLREQ
          • bot: unknown – Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.
        • archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format=
      • url-access: See Access indicators for url-holding parameters
    • format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the external link icon (except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.) See Using |format=

    URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.

    If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:

    Character space " ' < > [ ] { | }
    Encoding %20 %22 %27 %3C %3E %5B %5D %7B %7C %7D

    Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

    <references>'"`UNIQ--ref-000000A7-QINU`"'</references>

    Access-date

    See § url.

    Anchor

    Not to be confused with § Identifiers.
    • ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set, |ref=ID generates an anchor with the given ID (the id= attribute in the citation's <cite id="ID"> HTML tag). Setting |ref=ID identifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {{sfn}} and {{harv}} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair |ref=harv has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none. Aliases: none. See Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for Harvard referencing templates.

    Identifiers

    Not to be confused with § Anchor.
    • id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example, |id=NCJ 122967 will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as |id={{NCJ|122967}} to append NCJ 122967 instead.

    The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.

    • arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example: |arxiv=hep-th/9205027 (before April 2007) or |arxiv=0706.0001 (April 2007 – December 2014) or |arxiv=1501.00001 (since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint.
    • asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example |asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.
      • asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: ae, au, br, ca, cn, de, es, fr, in, it, jp, mx, nl, pl, sa, se, sg, tr, uk. Aliases: none.
    • bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example: 1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none.
    • biorxiv: bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g. 10.1101/078733 for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733; 10.1101/2020.07.24.220400 for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none.
    • citeseerx: CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g. 10.1.1.176.341 for http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none.
    • doi: Digital object identifier; for example: 10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.). Aliases: DOI.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
      • doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
    • eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example |hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL.
    • isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example: 978-0-8126-9593-9. (See Wikipedia:ISBN and ISBN § Overview.) Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.
      • Use the {{Format ISBN}} template within the parameter – in the form |isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}} – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example: 979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN.
    • issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example |issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example |jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM.
    • jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example: |jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR.
    • lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example |lccn=79-57364 or |lccn=2004042477 or |lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN.
    • mr: Mathematical Reviews; example |mr=630583. Aliases: MR.
    • oclc: OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog; example |oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC.
    • ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example |ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL.
    • osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example |osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI.
    • pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g. |pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. See also the pmid parameter, below; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMC.
      • pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
    • pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example |pmid=17322060 See also the pmc parameter, above; these are two different identifiers. Aliases: PMID.
    • rfc: Request for Comments; example |rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC.
    • sbn: Standard Book Number; example |sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.
      • Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
    • ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example |ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN.
    • s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example |s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID.
    • zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example |zbl=0472.53010 For zbMATH search results like JFM 35.0387.02 use |jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.

    In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.

    For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.

    For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).

    It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

    Quote

    • quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
      • script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
        ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
      • trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
    • quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page=, |pages= or |at=. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none.
    • OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.

    Editors

    • editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
      • editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
      • editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
      • OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use |editor-first1=...|editor-last1=... |editor2=....
      • editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
      • OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
      • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
    • veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
      |veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
      • editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in |veditors=, as described above
    • Display:
      Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
      If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
      If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."

    Display options

    • mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For |mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For |mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use postscript.
    • author-mask:
    • contributor-mask:
    • editor-mask:
    • interviewer-mask:
    • subject-mask:
    • translator-mask:
      Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by {{reflist}}, <references /> or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g. |authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
    • display-authors:
    • display-contributors:
    • display-editors:
    • display-interviewers:
    • display-subjects:
    • display-translators:
      Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). |display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
    • postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined.

    Subscription or registration required

    Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.

    Four access levels can be used:

    • access indicator for named identifiers:
      • Freely accessible free: the source is free to read for anyone
    • access indicators for url-holding parameters:
      • Free registration required registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
      • Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required
      • Paid subscription required subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall")

    As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

    Access indicators for url-holding parameters
    Shortcut
    Main page: WP:CONLINK

    Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible.

    URL-holding and access-indicator parameters
    URL Access Allowed keywords
    |url= |url-access= registration Free registration required
    limited Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required
    subscription Paid subscription required
    |article-url= |article-url-access=
    |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=
    |contribution-url= |contribution-url-access=
    |entry-url= |entry-url-access=
    |map-url= |map-url-access=
    |section-url= |section-url-access=

    For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription: 

    {{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}

    which renders as:

    "Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.
    Access indicator for named identifiers

    Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.

    Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters
    Identifier Access Allowed keywords
    |bibcode= |bibcode-access= free Freely accessible
    |doi= |doi-access=
    |hdl= |hdl-access=
    |jstor= |jstor-access=
    |ol= |ol-access=
    |osti= |osti-access=
    |ssrn= |ssrn-access=
    |s2cid= |s2cid-access=

    Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:

    • |arxiv=
    • |biorxiv=
    • |citeseerx=
    • |medrxiv=
    • |pmc=
    • |rfc=

    For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.

    TemplateData

    This is the TemplateData for this template used by TemplateWizard, VisualEditor and other tools. See a monthly parameter usage report for Template:Austropuccinia in articles based on its TemplateData.

    TemplateData for Austropuccinia

    Error: cs1|2 template name required

    Formats a citation to a website using the provided information such as URL and title. Used only for sources that are not correctly described by the specific citation templates for books, journals, news sources, etc.

    Template parameters

    This template has custom formatting.

    ParameterDescriptionTypeStatus
    Last namelast last1 author author1 author1-last author-last surname1 author-last1 subject1 surname author-last subject

    The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

    		Linesuggested
    First namefirst given author-first first1 given1 author-first1 author1-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

    		Linesuggested
    Author linkauthor-link author-link1 author1-link subject-link subject-link1 subject1-link authorlink

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 2last2 author2

    The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 2first2

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 2author-link2 author2-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 3last3 author3

    The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 3first3

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 3author-link3 author3-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 4last4 author4

    The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 4first4

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 4author-link4 author4-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 5last5 author5

    The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 5first5

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 5author-link5 author5-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 6last6 author6

    The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 6first6

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 6author-link6 author6-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 7last7 author7

    The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 7first7

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 7author-link7 author7-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 8last8 author8

    The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 8first8

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 8author-link8 author8-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Last name 9last9 author9

    The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.

    		Lineoptional
    First name 9first9

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Author link 9author-link9 author9-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.

    		Page nameoptional
    Authors listauthors

    List of authors as a free form list. This parameter is deprecated, use "lastn" or "firstn" (preferred) or "authorn" or "vauthors". Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.

    		Stringdeprecated
    Author maskauthor-mask

    Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead

    		Stringoptional
    Display authorsdisplay-authors

    Number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used. By default, all authors are displayed. Examples: |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation followed by et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al.

    		Stringoptional
    Name list stylename-list-style

    Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.

    Suggested values
    amp and vanc
    		Stringoptional
    Source datedate

    Full date when the source was published; if unknown, use access-date instead; do not wikilink

    		Datesuggested
    Year of publicationyear

    Year of the source being referenced; deprecated in favor of 'date', except for the special case of ISO dates with disambiguating letter

    		Stringoptional
    Original dateorig-date

    Original date of publication; provide specifics

    		Stringoptional
    Editor last nameeditor-last editor1-last editor

    The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first nameeditor-first editor1-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'

    		Lineoptional
    Editor linkeditor-link editor1-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 2editor2-last editor2

    The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 2editor2-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 2editor2-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 3editor3-last editor3

    The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 3editor3-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 3editor3-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 4editor4-last editor4

    The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 4editor4-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 4editor4-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 5editor5-last editor5

    The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 5editor5-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 5editor5-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 6editor6-last editor6

    The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 6editor6-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 6editor6-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 7editor7-last editor7

    The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 7editor7-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 7editor7-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 8editor8-last editor8

    The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 8editor8-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 8editor8-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Editor last name 9editor9-last editor9

    The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor first name 9editor9-first

    Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink.

    		Lineoptional
    Editor link 9editor9-link

    Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor.

    		Page nameoptional
    Othersothers

    Used to record other (non-author) contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'. Only one ''others'' parameter is allowed: e.g., 'Illustrated by Jane Doe; Translated by John Smith'

    		Stringoptional
    Titletitle

    The title of the source page on the website; will display with quotation marks added. Usually found at the top of your web browser. Not the name of the website.

    		Stringrequired
    Script titlescript-title

    For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...

    		Stringoptional
    Translated titletrans-title

    An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended

    		Stringoptional
    URLurl URL

    The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found. Requires schemes of the type "https://..." or maybe even the protocol relative scheme "//..."

    Example
    https://www.metacritic.com//...
    		URLrequired
    URL access levelurl-access

    Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')

    Suggested values
    registration subscription limited
    		Stringoptional
    URL statusurl-status

    If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to "dead" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.

    Suggested values
    dead live usurped unfit deviated
    Default
    'dead' if an Archive URL is entered
    Example
    'dead' or 'live'
    		Stringsuggested
    Archive URLarchive-url archiveurl

    The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'

    Auto value
    		URLsuggested
    Archive datearchive-date archivedate

    Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink

    		Datesuggested
    Archive formatarchive-format

    Format of the archived copy; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML

    		Stringoptional
    URL access dateaccess-date accessdate

    The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink

    		Datesuggested
    Name of the websitewebsite work

    Title (name) of the website (or its short URL if no plain-language title is discernible); may be wikilinked; will display in italics. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' is redundant in many cases.

    Example
    [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
    		Stringsuggested
    Series identifierseries

    Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal

    		Stringoptional
    Publisherpublisher

    Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked. Having both 'publisher' and 'website' (a.k.a. 'work') is redundant in many cases.

    Example
    [[Fandom, Inc.]] (which owns "Metacritic.com")
    		Stringoptional
    Placeplace

    For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written; will be treated as the publication place if publication place is absent; alias of 'location'

    		Stringoptional
    Pagepage

    Page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'

    		Stringoptional
    Pagespages

    Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'

    		Stringoptional
    Atat

    May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient

    		Stringoptional
    Languagelanguage lang

    The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates. Separate multiple languages with commas

    Example
    de, fr, es
    		Stringoptional
    Typetype

    Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case

    		Stringoptional
    Formatformat

    Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML

    		Stringoptional
    Place of publicationpublication-place

    Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'

    		Stringoptional
    Publication datepublication-date

    Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink

    		Dateoptional
    Published viavia

    Name of the entity hosting the original copy of the work, if different from the publisher. This entity is committed not to alter the work.

    Example
    [[GitHub]], [[SourceForge]], [[CodePlex]], [[YouTube]], [[Vimeo]], [[Dailymotion]], [[Netflix]], [[Archive.org]], [[Wikimedia Commons]], [[grc.com]]
    		Stringoptional
    No ppno-pp

    Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')

    Auto value
    y
    		Booleanoptional
    arXiv identifierarxiv

    An identifier for arXive electronic preprints of scientific papers

    		Stringoptional
    ASINasin

    Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters

    		Stringoptional
    ASIN TLDasin-tld

    ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US

    		Stringoptional
    Bibcodebibcode

    Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters

    		Stringoptional
    biorXivbiorxiv

    biorXiv identifier; 6 digits

    		Lineoptional
    CiteSeerXciteseerx

    CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter

    		Lineoptional
    DOIdoi

    Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'

    		Stringoptional
    DOI broken datedoi-broken-date

    The date that the DOI was determined to be broken

    Auto value
    		Dateoptional
    ISBNisbn

    International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible

    		Stringoptional
    ISSNissn

    International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen

    		Stringoptional
    jfm codejfm

    Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code

    		Stringoptional
    JSTORjstor

    JSTOR identifier

    		Stringoptional
    LCCNlccn

    Library of Congress Control Number

    		Stringoptional
    MRmr

    Mathematical Reviews identifier

    		Stringoptional
    OCLCoclc

    Online Computer Library Center number

    		Stringoptional
    OLol

    Open Library identifier

    		Stringoptional
    OSTIosti

    Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier

    		Stringoptional
    PMCpmc

    PubMed Center article number

    		Stringoptional
    PMIDpmid

    PubMed Unique Identifier

    		Stringoptional
    RFCrfc

    Request for Comments number

    		Stringoptional
    SSRNssrn

    Social Science Research Network

    		Stringoptional
    Zblzbl

    Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier

    		Stringoptional
    idid

    A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable

    		Stringoptional
    Quotequote

    Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation

    		Stringoptional
    Translated quotetrans-quote

    English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.

    		Stringoptional
    Refref

    An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references

    		Stringoptional
    Postscriptpostscript

    The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined

    Default
    .
    		Stringoptional
    Editionedition

    Specify the edition or revision of the source, when applicable. For example: '2nd' or '5.1'. What you supply here is suffixed by ' ed.'

    Example
    2nd
    		Lineoptional
    Bibcode access levelbibcode-access

    If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.

    Auto value
    free
    		Stringoptional
    DOI access leveldoi-access

    If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.

    Auto value
    free
    		Stringoptional
    HDL access levelhdl-access

    If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.

    Auto value
    free
    		Stringoptional
    Jstor access leveljstor-access

    If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.

    Auto value
    free
    		Stringoptional
    OpenLibrary access levelol-access

    If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.

    Auto value
    free
    		Stringoptional
    OSTI access levelosti-access

    If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.

    Auto value
    free
    		Stringoptional
    Agencyagency

    The news agency (wire service) that provided the content; examples: Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France-Presse

    		Stringoptional

    Notes

    <references></references>

    This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.

  4. ^ "Myrtle Rust - Uredo rangelii" (PDF). primefacts. Department of Industry and Investment (New South Wales). August 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
  5. ^ Simpson, J.A.; Thomas, K.; Grgurinovic, C.A. (2006). "Uredinales species pathogenic on species of Myrtaceae". Australasian Plant Pathology. 35 (5): 549–62. doi:10.1071/AP06057.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Dayton, Leigh; Higgins, Ean (9 April 2011). "Myrtle rust 'biggest threat to ecosystem'". The Australian.
  7. ^ "Myrtle Rust (Uredo rangelii)". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 18 March 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ [1] Tree-killer warning for gardeners, The Queensland Times, 10th January 2012 (accessed 10th January 2012)
  9. ^ "Myrtle rust found in Victoria". ABC Rural news. Retrieved 24 January 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ a b "Myrtle Rust". Quarantine Domestic. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  11. ^ "Myrtle Rust National Host List". National pests & disease outbreaks. Retrieved 30 November 2011.

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