1935 in science: Difference between revisions

	… 1925; 1926; 1927; 1928; 1929; 1930; 1931; ; 1932; 1933; 1934; 1935; 1936; 1937; 1938; ; 1939; 1940; 1941; 1942; 1943; 1944; 1945 …;
	Art; Archaeology; Architecture; Literature; Music; Philosophy; Science; +...

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 09:31, 5 October 2014

The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

Opening of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City.

Chemistry

February 28–March 1 – Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gérard Berchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.^[1]
Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.^[2]
Eastman Kodak first market Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.^[3]^[4] It was invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Ecology

English botanist Arthur Tansley introduces the concept of the ecosystem.^[8]^[9]

Geology

Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg develop the Richter magnitude scale for quantifying earthquakes.

History of science and technology

American virologist Hans Zisser publishes Rats, lice and history: being a study in biography, which... deals with the life history of typhus fever.^[10]
Cornish Engines Preservation Committee formed to conserve the Levant Mine beam engine in Cornwall, England.

Mathematics

April 19 – Alonzo Church presents his paper "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory", introducing his theorem on the Entscheidungsproblem, to the American Mathematical Society.^[11]
George Pólya develops counting techniques for graphs as algebra.^[12]
George K. Zipf proposes Zipf's law on probability distribution.^[13]

Medicine

January 28 – Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.
Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
First vaccine for Yellow Fever

Pharmacology

January 2 – IG Farben are granted a patent in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide prodrug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; marketed as Prontosil). In February, Gerhard Domagk and others publish (in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift) the first clinical results on its properties as an antibiotic, the first commercially available; and in November a team directed by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute identify sulfanilamide as the active component.^[14]

Physics

January 8 – A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
February 26 – Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near Daventry in England;^[15] on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based radar is made at Orford Ness.
Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).^[16] Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.^[17]
Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;^[18] they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy.

Technology

January 24 – The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.^[19]
July 16 – The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]
November 6
- Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
- First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – James Chadwick
- Chemistry – Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
- Medicine – Hans Spemann

Births

February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee (died 1967), astronaut.
June 25 – Charles Sheffield (died 2002), science fiction author and physicist.
August 3 – Georgi Shonin (died 1997), cosmonaut.
September 11 – Gherman Titov (died 2000), cosmonaut.
November 11 – Magdi Yacoub, cardiothoracic surgeon.

Deaths

March 12 – Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin (born 1858), physicist.
July 3 – André Citroën (born 1878), automobile manufacturer.
December 4 – Charles Richet (born 1850), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
November 6 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), paleontologist.
Agnes Pockels (born 1862), chemist.

References

^ Trossarelli, L. (2010). "the history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-02-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007), "Emerson, Gladys Anderson", Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p. 211, ISBN 1438118821
^ "Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film". Popular Mechanics. June 1935. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
^ Wadley, Carma (1999-06-25). "Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident". Deseret News. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ Tomsho, Robert (2009-06-23). "Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away". The Wall Street Journal. p. B6. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ "Leopold Godowsky, Jr". Invent.org. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ "Leopold Mannes". Invent.org. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
^ Tansley, A. G. (1935). "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts". Ecology. 16 (3): 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070. JSTOR 1930070.
^ The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. Willis, A. J. (1997). "The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically". Functional Ecology. 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
^ Helmenstine, Anne Marie (2011-09-03). "This Day in Science History – September 4 – Hans Zinsser". About.com. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
^ American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1935) pp. 345–363.
^ Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
^ Zipf, George K. (1935). The Psychobiology of Language. Houghton-Mifflin.
^ Lesch, J. E. (2007). The first miracle drugs: how the sulfa drugs transformed medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 978-0-19-518775-5.
^ "Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited". IET. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"
^ Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik". Naturwissenschaften. 23 (49): 807–812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF01491891.
^ Yvon, J. (1935). Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'Etat. Actes scientifique et industrie, 203. Paris: Hermann.
^ Maxwell, D. B. S. (1993). "Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist". Historical Archaeology. 27 (1). Retrieved 2013-12-12.
^ United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.
^ "Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter". Inglewood, California. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "POM Parking Meters". Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City". Popular Mechanics: 519. October 1935. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ "70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick". Smithsonian: 18. May 2008.
^ Crossen, Cynthia (2007-07-30). "When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
^ The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.
^ Chan, Sewell (2006-12-20). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[1] Trossarelli, L. (2010). "the history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-02-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[2] Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007), "Emerson, Gladys Anderson", Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p. 211, ISBN 1438118821

[3] "Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film". Popular Mechanics. June 1935. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

[4] Wadley, Carma (1999-06-25). "Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident". Deseret News. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[5] Tomsho, Robert (2009-06-23). "Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away". The Wall Street Journal. p. B6. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[6] "Leopold Godowsky, Jr". Invent.org. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[7] "Leopold Mannes". Invent.org. Retrieved 2012-01-20.

[8] Tansley, A. G. (1935). "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts". Ecology. 16 (3): 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070. JSTOR 1930070.

[9] The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. Willis, A. J. (1997). "The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically". Functional Ecology. 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x. Retrieved 2012-10-23.

[10] Helmenstine, Anne Marie (2011-09-03). "This Day in Science History – September 4 – Hans Zinsser". About.com. Retrieved 2011-10-26.

[11] American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1935) pp. 345–363.

[12] Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.

[13] Zipf, George K. (1935). The Psychobiology of Language. Houghton-Mifflin.

[14] Lesch, J. E. (2007). The first miracle drugs: how the sulfa drugs transformed medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 978-0-19-518775-5.

[15] "Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited". IET. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[16] "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"

[17] Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik". Naturwissenschaften. 23 (49): 807–812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF01491891.

[18] Yvon, J. (1935). Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'Etat. Actes scientifique et industrie, 203. Paris: Hermann.

[19] Maxwell, D. B. S. (1993). "Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist". Historical Archaeology. 27 (1). Retrieved 2013-12-12.

[20] United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.

[21] "Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter". Inglewood, California. Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[22] "POM Parking Meters". Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[23] "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City". Popular Mechanics: 519. October 1935. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[24] "70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick". Smithsonian: 18. May 2008.

[25] Crossen, Cynthia (2007-07-30). "When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[26] The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.

[27] Chan, Sewell (2006-12-20). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-17.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

@@ Line 37: / Line 37: @@
 * January 8 – [[A.C. Hardy]] patents the [[spectrophotometer]].<!-- should this be under chemistry instead? -->
 * February 26 – [[Robert Watson-Watt]] and [[Arnold Frederic Wilkins|Arnold Wilkins]] first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near [[Daventry]] in [[England]];<ref>{{cite web|publisher=IET|url=http://tv.theiet.org/technology/communications/219.cfm|title=Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited|accessdate=2011-06-07|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110513210855/http://tv.theiet.org/technology/communications/219.cfm|archivedate=13 May 2011<!--DASHBot-->|deadurl=no}}</ref> on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based [[radar]] is made at [[Orford Ness]].
-* [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]] publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the [[EPR paradox]]).<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"]</ref> Discussion of this introduces the '[[Schrödinger's cat]]' [[thought experiment]].<ref>{{cite journal|authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger|first=Erwin|last=Schrödinger|title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik|journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]  |date=November 1935|doi=10.1007/BF01491914|volume =23| issue= 49| pages= 823-828|bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S}}</ref>
+* [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]], [[Boris Podolsky|Podolsky]], and [[Nathan Rosen|Rosen]] publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the [[EPR paradox]]).<ref>[http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v47/i10/p777_1 "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"]</ref> Discussion of this introduces the '[[Schrödinger's cat]]' [[thought experiment]].<ref>{{cite journal|authorlink=Erwin Schrödinger|first=Erwin|last=Schrödinger|title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik|journal=[[Naturwissenschaften]]  |date=November 1935|doi=10.1007/BF01491891|volume =23| issue= 49| pages= 807–812|bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S}}</ref>
 * Jacques Yvon introduces ''S''-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;<ref>{{cite book|first=J.|last=Yvon|year=1935|title=Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'Etat|series=Actes scientifique et industrie, 203|location=Paris|publisher=Hermann}}</ref> they will later be included in the [[BBGKY hierarchy]].