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When the Nazi government came to power it purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y_4nAAAAIBAJ&sjid=99EEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2509%2C1483182 Newspaper The Southeast Missourian "Germany looks for way out of war" 17 September 1938]</ref>
When the Nazi government came to power it purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y_4nAAAAIBAJ&sjid=99EEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2509%2C1483182 Newspaper The Southeast Missourian "Germany looks for way out of war" 17 September 1938]</ref>
Reportedly more than 7% of all German [[physician]]s became members of the Nazi party during [[World War II]], a far higher percentage than the general population.<ref>[http://jme.bmj.com/content/38/7/435.full "A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture" Published Online First 3 May 2012]</ref> In 1942 more than 38,000 German doctors, half the total number of doctors, had joined the Nazi party.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Nazi_Doctors_and_the_Nuremberg_Code.html?id=4P04DuPIfAYC&redir_esc=y "The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation" Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. Page 19]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/10/technology/exhibition-examines-scientists-complicity-in-nazi-era-atrocities.html?pagewanted=all "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity In Nazi-Era Atrocities" The New York Times. Author, Warren E. Leary. November 10, 1992]</ref> While most of these doctors were [[physician]]s, some were [[psychiatrist]]s, and some held [[doctorate]]s (PhD.'s) in [[biology]], [[anthropology]], or similarly related fields.
Reportedly more than 7% of all German [[physician]]s became members of the Nazi party during [[World War II]], a far higher percentage than the general population.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=http://jme.bmj.com/content/38/7/435.full | doi=10.1136/medethics-2011-100372| pmid=22556311| title=A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture| journal=Journal of Medical Ethics| volume=38| issue=7| pages=435–438| year=2012| last1=Colaianni| first1=Alessandra}}</ref> In 1942 more than 38,000 German doctors, half the total number of doctors, had joined the Nazi party.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Nazi_Doctors_and_the_Nuremberg_Code.html?id=4P04DuPIfAYC&redir_esc=y "The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation" Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. Page 19]</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/10/technology/exhibition-examines-scientists-complicity-in-nazi-era-atrocities.html?pagewanted=all "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity In Nazi-Era Atrocities" The New York Times. Author, Warren E. Leary. November 10, 1992]</ref> While most of these doctors were [[physician]]s, some were [[psychiatrist]]s, and some held [[doctorate]]s (PhD.'s) in [[biology]], [[anthropology]], or similarly related fields.


Psychiatrists/Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patient, using a [[Mendelian]] type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the supposedly [[Nuremberg Laws#Impact|genetically defective]].<ref>[http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/6/1/8/abstract "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern professional" Rael D Strous. February 2007]</ref><ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/4/15/exhibit-eugenics-holocaust-nazi/ "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science" authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang. April 15, 2011]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AgzvAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&f=false "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.]</ref><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800142/ "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia" Authors E. Fuller Torrey, Robert H. Yolken. January 2010.]</ref>
Psychiatrists/Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patient, using a [[Mendelian]] type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the supposedly [[Nuremberg Laws#Impact|genetically defective]].<ref>[http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/6/1/8/abstract "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern professional" Rael D Strous. February 2007]</ref><ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2011/4/15/exhibit-eugenics-holocaust-nazi/ "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science" authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang. April 15, 2011]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AgzvAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA10&dq=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&f=false "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 2800142|year = 2009|last1 = Torrey|first1 = E. F.|title = Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia|journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin|volume = 36|issue = 1|pages = 26–32|last2 = Yolken|first2 = R. H.|pmid = 19759092|doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbp097}}</ref>


"The participation in the ‘betrayal of [[Hippocratic Oath|Hippocrates]]’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened." wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.<ref>[http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/1/37.full "The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation" by E Ernst. Int. J. Epidemiol. (2001) Volume 30, Issue 1 Pp. 37-42. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.1.37]</ref>
"The participation in the ‘betrayal of [[Hippocratic Oath|Hippocrates]]’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened." wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.<ref>[http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/1/37.full "The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation" by E Ernst. Int. J. Epidemiol. (2001) Volume 30, Issue 1 Pp. 37-42. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.1.37]</ref>
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Killing and experimentation<ref>[http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/payzer2/ "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017]</ref> became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pp7DZigCaDcC&lpg=PA262&ots=0tpweFAyBM&dq=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&f=false "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.]</ref> The excuse that there wasn't any international law to differentiate between legal and illegal human experimentation, was used in the [[Doctors' trial]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=23ouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-IUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4818%2C2598481 "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946]</ref> Due to the lack of international laws to govern doctors, the [[Nuremberg Code]] (1947) was created.
Killing and experimentation<ref>[http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph241/payzer2/ "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017]</ref> became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pp7DZigCaDcC&lpg=PA262&ots=0tpweFAyBM&dq=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&pg=PA262#v=onepage&q=a%20medical%20doctor%20was%20present%20at%20each%20mass%20gassing&f=false "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.]</ref> The excuse that there wasn't any international law to differentiate between legal and illegal human experimentation, was used in the [[Doctors' trial]].<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=23ouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-IUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4818%2C2598481 "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946]</ref> Due to the lack of international laws to govern doctors, the [[Nuremberg Code]] (1947) was created.


After the war the [[German Medical Association]] blamed [[Nazi atrocities]] on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.<ref>[http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61396-8/fulltext "Apologising for Nazi medicine: a constructive starting point" The Lancet, Volume 380, Issue 9843, (paragraph 6)Pages 722 - 723, 25 August 2012]</ref><ref>[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27 Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar: Rael D. Strous, M.D.Am J Psychiatry 2006]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Murderous_science.html?id=pH9uAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y "Murderous Science: Elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies and others:1933-1945" by Benno Müller-Hill, Oxford University Press, 1988]</ref>
After the war the [[German Medical Association]] blamed [[Nazi atrocities]] on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.<ref>[http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61396-8/fulltext "Apologising for Nazi medicine: a constructive starting point" The Lancet, Volume 380, Issue 9843, (paragraph 6)Pages 722 - 723, 25 August 2012]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27| pmid=16390885|title = Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar| journal=American Journal of Psychiatry| volume=163| issue=1| pages=27|year = 2006|last1 = Strous|first1 = Rael D.}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Murderous_science.html?id=pH9uAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y "Murderous Science: Elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies and others:1933-1945" by Benno Müller-Hill, Oxford University Press, 1988]</ref>


Doctors such as [[Werner Heyde]]<ref>[http://paperity.org/p/30039190/psychiatry-under-national-socialism-remembrance-and-responsibility "Psychiatry under National Socialism – Remembrance and Responsibility" by Dr Frank Schneider, Page s116. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2011) 261 (Suppl 2):S111–S118. DOI 10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1]</ref> and [[Robert Ley]],<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DZpSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uegMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5451%2C1469384 "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945]</ref> changed their name after the war to avoid responsibility. Dr [[Walter Schreiber]] first used by the Soviets was later taken into [[Operation Paperclip]] in 1951.
Doctors such as [[Werner Heyde]]<ref>[http://paperity.org/p/30039190/psychiatry-under-national-socialism-remembrance-and-responsibility "Psychiatry under National Socialism – Remembrance and Responsibility" by Dr Frank Schneider, Page s116. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2011) 261 (Suppl 2):S111–S118. DOI 10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1]</ref> and [[Robert Ley]],<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DZpSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=uegMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5451%2C1469384 "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945]</ref> changed their name after the war to avoid responsibility. Dr [[Walter Schreiber]] first used by the Soviets was later taken into [[Operation Paperclip]] in 1951.

Revision as of 11:50, 23 October 2018

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This is a list of notable Nazi medical doctors (M.D. or physicians).

When the Nazi government came to power it purged Germany of its 6,000 to 7,000 Jewish doctors.[1] Reportedly more than 7% of all German physicians became members of the Nazi party during World War II, a far higher percentage than the general population.[2] In 1942 more than 38,000 German doctors, half the total number of doctors, had joined the Nazi party.[3][4] While most of these doctors were physicians, some were psychiatrists, and some held doctorates (PhD.'s) in biology, anthropology, or similarly related fields.

Psychiatrists/Doctors who were working for the state, and not for their patient, using a Mendelian type of logic chart, saw extermination of their patients as the correct solution to the problem of mental illness and the supposedly genetically defective.[5][6][7][8]

"The participation in the ‘betrayal of Hippocrates’ had a broad basis within the German medical profession. Without the doctors' active help, the Holocaust could not have happened." wrote E Ernst in the International Journal of Epidemiology.[9]

Psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin was the founder of the psychiatric genetics field and was also a founder of the German racial hygiene movement.[10]

Killing and experimentation[11] became medical procedures as they were performed by licensed doctors. A doctor was present at all the mass killings for legal reasons.[12] The excuse that there wasn't any international law to differentiate between legal and illegal human experimentation, was used in the Doctors' trial.[13] Due to the lack of international laws to govern doctors, the Nuremberg Code (1947) was created.

After the war the German Medical Association blamed Nazi atrocities on a small group of 350 criminal doctors.[14][15][16]

Doctors such as Werner Heyde[17] and Robert Ley,[18] changed their name after the war to avoid responsibility. Dr Walter Schreiber first used by the Soviets was later taken into Operation Paperclip in 1951.

Alphabetical List of the Nazi physicians.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

See also

References

  1. ^ Newspaper The Southeast Missourian "Germany looks for way out of war" 17 September 1938
  2. ^ Colaianni, Alessandra (2012). "A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture". Journal of Medical Ethics. 38 (7): 435–438. doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100372. PMID 22556311.
  3. ^ "The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code : Human Rights in Human Experimentation" Oxford University Press. May 7, 1992. Page 19
  4. ^ "Exhibition Examines Scientists' Complicity In Nazi-Era Atrocities" The New York Times. Author, Warren E. Leary. November 10, 1992
  5. ^ "Psychiatry during the Nazi era: ethical lessons for the modern professional" Rael D Strous. February 2007
  6. ^ "Exhibit Depicts Nazi Science" authors Akua F. Abu and Zhanrui Kuang. April 15, 2011
  7. ^ "...carried out only by physicians." Book "Human Subjects Research after the Holocaust" authors Sheldon Rubenfeld, Susan Benedict. Year 2014. Page 10.
  8. ^ Torrey, E. F.; Yolken, R. H. (2009). "Psychiatric Genocide: Nazi Attempts to Eradicate Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 36 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp097. PMC 2800142. PMID 19759092.
  9. ^ "The Third Reich—German physicians between resistance and participation" by E Ernst. Int. J. Epidemiol. (2001) Volume 30, Issue 1 Pp. 37-42. doi: 10.1093/ije/30.1.37
  10. ^ "Ernst Rüdin: Hitler's Racial Hygiene Mastermind." authors Joseph J, Wetzel. 2013 Spring;46(1):1-30. doi: 10.1007/s10739-012-9344-6.
  11. ^ "Nazi Sterilization Experiments" Author Genevieve Payzer. 2017
  12. ^ "History Vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church" Author David Cymet. Page 262. Told by Dr Hans Wilhelm Münch in 1981.
  13. ^ "As Other Editors See it : The Nazi Doctors" Schenectady Gazette. November 27, 1946
  14. ^ "Apologising for Nazi medicine: a constructive starting point" The Lancet, Volume 380, Issue 9843, (paragraph 6)Pages 722 - 723, 25 August 2012
  15. ^ Strous, Rael D. (2006). "Nazi Euthanasia of the Mentally Ill at Hadamar". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (1): 27. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.27. PMID 16390885.
  16. ^ "Murderous Science: Elimination by scientific selection of Jews, Gypsies and others:1933-1945" by Benno Müller-Hill, Oxford University Press, 1988
  17. ^ "Psychiatry under National Socialism – Remembrance and Responsibility" by Dr Frank Schneider, Page s116. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci (2011) 261 (Suppl 2):S111–S118. DOI 10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1
  18. ^ "Robert Ley is in hands of yankees" Lawrence Daily Journal World. May 17, 1945
  19. ^ "Silence, Scapegoats, Self-Reflection: " authors Volker Roelcke, Etienne Lepicard, Sascha Topp. Year 2015. Page 109.
  20. ^ "The Murder of Unproductive Persons"
  21. ^ The Dachau Trials:Mauthausen-Gusen Cases
  22. ^ "Nazi War Crimes Trials:Ravensbrück Trial"
  23. ^ Nazi War Crimes Trials
  24. ^ p.17, "The Eternal Nazi" by Nicholas Kulish and Souad Mekhennet, 2014
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