2019 in paleomammalogy

List of years in mammal paleontology
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This article records new taxa of fossil mammals of every kind are scheduled to be described during the year 2019, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of mammals that are scheduled to occur in the year 2019.

General research

• A study on the evolution of foot posture in mammals, and on the effects of posture on body size evolution, is published by Kubo et al. (2019).
• A study on the ancestral tribosphenic therian chewing stroke, as conserved in the extant gray short-tailed opossum, is published by Bhullar et al. (2019).
• A review of the biogeographic history of mammals and other terrestrial vertebrates from the Mesozoic of Gondwana is published by Krause et al. (2019).

Metatherians

• Description of new dentary fossils referable to Eodelphis browni, and a study on the evolution of adaptations to durophagy in stagodontids, will be published by Brannick & Wilson (2019).
• A study on the locomotion of balbarids is published by Den Boer, Campione & Kear (2019).
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of a giant short-faced kangaroo Simosthenurus occidentalis and giant wallaby Protemnodon anak, as indicated by data from fossils and near-complete mitochondrial genomes, will be published by Cascini et al. (2019).
• A study on the skull morphology of Simosthenurus occidentalis, and on its implications for inferring the diet of this mammal, is published by Mitchell & Wroe (2019).
• A study on the range and ecological tolerances of the Tasmanian devil living in the mainland Australia in prehistoric times, and on its implications for the viability of the proposal to reintroduce Tasmanian devils to mainland Australia, is published by Westaway et al. (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Australogale	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Engelman, Anaya & Croft	Miocene (Serravallian)	Honda Group	Bolivia	A member of Sparassodonta. Genus includes new species A. leptognathus.
Chaeropus yirratji	Sp. nov	Valid	Travouillon et al.	Holocene		Australia	A relative of the pig-footed bandicoot.
Pujatodon	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Goin et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Probably a member of Polydolopimorphia. Genus includes new species P. ektopos.
Unnuakomys	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Eberle et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Prince Creek Formation	United States (Alaska)	A member of the family Pediomyidae. Genus includes new species U. hutchisoni.

Eutherians

• A study on the relationship between morphological and molecular rates of evolution of placental mammals is published by Halliday et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting a Late Cretaceous origin of crown placentals, and indicating that early members of major placental groups may not be easily distinguishable from one another or from stem eutherians.
• A study on fossils of Micromeryx flourensianus from a Miocene locality in France, preserving signs of carnivore activity, and on the possible identity of the predator which produced marks on these bones, is published by Aiglstorfer, Heizmann & Peigné (2019).
• A study on changes in local climate and habitat conditions in central Spain in a period from 9.1 to 6.3 million years ago, and on the diet and ecology of large mammals from this area in this time period as indicated by tooth wear patterns, is published by De Miguel, Azanza & Morales (2019).
• Miocene (Turolian) mammal faunas from several fossiliferous localities at Gorna Sushitsa (southwestern Bulgaria) are described by Spassov et al. (2019).
• A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet of bovids, suids and rhinocerotids from the Pliocene site of Kanapoi (Kenya), and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019).
• A study on Paleolithic faunal remains from the Manot Cave (Israel), comparing human and hyena prey choice in the Upper Paleolithic Galilee, is published by Orbach & Yeshurun (2019).
• A study on leporid assemblages from 8 sites in southern France associated with Acheulean and Middle Paleolithic occupations by hominins, aiming to examine small fast game exploitation by archaic Homo populations, is published by Morin et al. (2019).
• Evidence from the Campo Laborde site in Argentina indicating that humans hunted and butchered a giant ground sloth Megatherium americanum is presented by Politis et al. (2019).
• A study on the impact of climate change on the faunal composition and extinction dynamics of European mammal species during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition, aiming to test the hypothesis of the existence of common evolutionary processes of change in faunal composition during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, independent of the regions of Europe, is published by Puzachenko & Markova (2019).
• A study on evolutionary changes in body size and sexual size dimorphism associated with the independent colonization of Madagascar by primates, carnivorans, tenrecs and rodents is published by Kappeler et al. (2019).

Xenarthrans

• A study on the phylogeny, macroevolution, and historical biogeography of sloths is published by Varela et al. (2019).
• A study on the fusion of anterior thoracic vertebrae in Pleistocene ground sloths is published by Tambusso et al. (2019).
• A study on the internal morphology of the skull of Glossotherium robustum will be published by Boscaini et al. (2019).
• New skull and teeth remains of Simomylodon uccasamamensis are described from the latest Miocene–Pliocene of the Bolivian Altiplano by Boscaini et al. (2019).
• Partial specimen of Megalonyx jeffersonii will be described from a peat deposit near Newburgh, Orange County by McDonald, Feranec & Miller (2019), representing the first record of this species from New York reported so far.
• A study on the paleoecology of the first fossilized specimen of Eremotherium laurillardi from Belize, as indicated by stable isotope analysis, is published by Larmon et al. (2019).
• A study on the evolution of morphological traits associated with tail weaponry in glyptodonts and ankylosaur dinosaurs, aiming to quantitatively test the hypothesis that tail weaponry of these groups is an example of convergent evolution, is published by Arbour & Zanno (2019).
• A review of the late Pleistocene species of Glyptodon from southern South America is published by Cuadrelli et al. (2019).
• A study on the impact of climate changes on the distribution of armadillos as indicated by fossil record is published by Soibelzon (2019).
• A study on the internal structure of the osteoderms of extinct armadillos, and on its possible associations with the climate and environmental conditions of the distribution areas of various armadillo species, is published by Ciancio et al. (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Archaeomylodon	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Brambilla & Ibarra	Ensenadan		Argentina	A member of the family Mylodontidae belonging to the subfamily Mylodontinae. Genus includes new species A. sampedrinensis.

Afrotherians

• Dugongid fossils will be described from the Oligocene (Rupelian) Borysthenic Formation (Ukraine) by Gol’din, Kovalchuk & Krakhmalnaya (2019), representing the first known sirenian record from inner seas of the Old World (Paratethys).
• New proboscidean remains from the late Miocene (Turolian) of Samos Island (Greece), representing juvenile individuals of deinotheres, choerolophodonts and amebelodonts, are described by Konidaris & Koufos (2019).
• Revision of proboscidean fossils from the Pliocene site of Kanapoi (Kenya) will be published by Sanders (2019).
• A study comparing the diversity of elephantimorph proboscideans of northern and southern China during the late Miocene is published by Wang et al. (2019).
• A study on the intestinal contents of two late-glacial mastodons preserved in lake sediments in Ohio and Michigan (Burning Tree mastodon and Heisler mastodon), and on their implications for inferring diet and habitats of these specimens, is published by Birks et al. (2019).
• Mothé, Ferretti & Avilla (2019) support the validity of Notiomastodon as a genus separate from Stegomastodon, arguing that members of the genus Stegomastodon were absent from South America.
• Description of teeth of a member of the genus Anancus from the Miocene (Turolian) locality Chomateri (Greece), constituting the first late Miocene record of this genus in Greece, and a revision of the late Miocene anancines from Europe, is published by Konidaris & Roussiakis (2019).
• A study on the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of tusk dentine from woolly mammoth and from extant African elephant, and on its implications for inferring the utility of mammoth ivory as a raw material for Late Pleistocene osseous projectile points, is published by Pfeifer et al. (2019).
• Stable carbon and nitrogen data of woolly mammoth fossils from north-eastern Siberia ranging throughout the last ∼50,000 years of the existence of this species is presented by Kuitems et al. (2019).
• A study on the age and origin of the Berelyokh mammoth site in northeast Siberia published by Lozhkin & Anderson (2018) is criticized by Pitulko et al. (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Culebratherium	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Velez-Juarbe & Wood	Early Miocene	Culebra Formation	Panama	A relative of the dugong. Genus includes new species C. alemani.

Bats

• A study on aerodynamic features of Onychonycteris finneyi is published by Amador, Simmons & Giannini (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Barbastella maxima	Sp. nov	Valid	Rosina, Kruskop & Semenov	Late Miocene		Ukraine	A species of Barbastella.
Mops kerio	Sp. nov	In press	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Mops.
Mops turkwellensis	Sp. nov	In press	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Mops.
Rousettus pattersoni	Sp. nov	In press	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Rousettus.
Saccolaimus kenyensis	Sp. nov	In press	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A species of Saccolaimus.
Turkanycteris	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Gunnell & Manthi	Pliocene	Kanapoi site	Kenya	A very large fruit bat, larger than all extant fruit bats other than some species of Pteropus and Hypsignathus. Genus includes new species T. harrisi.

Odd-toed ungulates

• A study on the anatomy of the skeleton of extant tapirs and endemic Eocene European odd-toed ungulates, aiming to determine whether tapirs represent viable analogues for locomotion in palaeotheres and lophiodontids, will be published by MacLaren & Nauwelaerts (2019).
• A study on the intraspecific variation of the skeletal anatomy in the lophiodontid species Eolophiodon laboriense is published by Vautrin et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the nares of the brontotheres Metarhinus and Sphenocoelus, and on their functional significance, is published by Mader (2019).
• A study on the timing of extinction of Elasmotherium sibiricum will be published by Kosintsev et al. (2019), who report evidence indicating that this species survived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia until at least 39,000 years ago.
• A study on the daily and seasonal movements of equids from two Miocene fossil sites in northern Florida, as indicated by data from strontium isotope ratios in tooth enamel, will be published by Wallace, Crowley & Miller (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Plesiaceratherium balkanicum	Sp. nov	Valid	Becker & Tissier	Miocene (European Land Mammal Zone MN5)	Bugojno Basin	Bosnia and Herzegovina

Even-toed ungulates

• A study on the phylogenetic relationships and timing of the origin of Cetartiodactyla is published by Zurano et al. (2019).
• A study on the teeth eruption pattern of a wide range of extinct cetartiodactyl families is published by Rodrigues et al. (2019).
• New specimen of the fossil peccary Parachoerus carlesi will be described from the Upper Pleistocene of the Chaco Province of Argentina by Gasparini et al. (2019), representing the most complete fossil material of a member this species reported so far, and providing new information on the morphology of the species and the environment it lived in.
• A description of the skull anatomy of the fossil suid Nyanzachoerus jaegeri based on new fossil material and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species will be published by Reda, Lazagabaster & Haile-Selassie (2019).
• New fossil suid specimens, providing new information on the classification and relationships of the Miocene Suinae from China, will be described from the latest Miocene site of Shuitangba (Zhaotong Basin, China) by Hou et al. (2019).
• Croitor, Sanz & Daura (2019) report the findings from a morphological and demographic analysis of remains of the endemic deer Haploidoceros mediterraneus from the Late Pleistocene of the Cova del Rinoceront (Spain).
• A systematic, macroscopic, radiographic, and histologic study of the fossil bones of the Cretan deer Candiacervus will be published by Lyras et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of the occurrence of a metabolic bone disease in the Cretan deer population, probably caused by habitat degradation.
• A study on the age and morphometrics of a partial fossil caribou antler from Graham Island (Canada) is published by Mathewes, Richards & Reimchen (2019).
• Description of new specimens of Sardomeryx oschiriensis from the Miocene (Burdigalian) of Sardinia (Italy) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species will be published by Mennecart et al. (2019).
• The first detailed description of the giraffid species Schansitherium tafeli is published by Hou et al. (2019), who compare this taxon with Samotherium boissieri.
• Description of an almost complete skull and a second partial skull of Bohlinia attic from the late Miocene of Maragheh (Iran), as well as a complete upper dentition of a member of this species from Samos (Greece), is published by Parizad et al. (2019).
• New fossil material of the stem-caprine species Olonbulukia tsaidamensis is described from the Wuzhong region of northern China by Wang et al. (2019), who also revise fossil stem-caprine taxa from the Wuzhong Fauna and so-called "Qaidam Fauna".
• Entelodontid teeth will be described from the late Eocene of the Krabi coal mine in southern Thailand by Ducrocq, Chaimanee & Jaeger (2019), representing the southernmost occurrence of entelodontids in Asia during the Paleogene reported so far.
• The first directly dated fossil of a member of the genus Hexaprotodon (an upper right canine fragment) from the Narmada Valley of Central India will be described by Jukar et al. (2019), who also present a tentative extinction chronology of Hexaprotodon, indicating that this genus survived into the Early Holocene.
• Putative helohyids Pakkokuhyus and Progenitohyus are transferred to the family Dichobunidae by Ducrocq (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Elaphurus davidianus predavidianus	Subsp. nov	In press	Dong et al.	Early Pleistocene	Nihewan Formation	China	A subspecies of the Père David's deer.
Kubanochoerus parvus	Sp. nov	In press	Hou & Deng	Latest Middle or earliest Late Miocene		China	A member of the family Suidae belonging to the subfamily Listriodontinae.
Megaloceros matritensis	Sp. nov	In press	Van der Made	Middle Pleistocene		Spain

Cetaceans

• A study on the morphology of teeth and enamel microstructure of two fossil cetaceans from Antarctica (a basilosaurid from the La Meseta Formation and a member of the genus Llanocetus from the Submeseta Formation) will be published by Loch et al. (2019).
• Partly preserved tail vertebra of a basilosaurid is described from the Eocene Cajaruro Formation (Peru) by Davydenko, Laime & Gol'din (2019), representing the first record of an Eocene marine mammal from the northwestern Amazon region.
• A study on the stomach contents of a new specimen of Basilosaurus isis from Wadi Al Hitan in Egypt is published by Voss et al. (2019).
• A study on the variation in feeding behavior of fossil toothed whales with extremely long rostra is published by McCurry & Pyenson (2019).
• Redescription of the holotype and referred specimen of Prosqualodon australis from the Miocene Gaiman Formation (Argentina) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species will be published by Gaetán (2019).
• Isolated teeth resembling tooth taxon Phococetus vasconum are described from the Pungo River Formation (North Carolina, United States) by Boessenecker (2019), who also notes their similarities to the teeth of Inticetus vertizi, and suggests that Phococetus may be an Inticetus-like, large heterodont toothed whale.
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Phoberodon arctirostris is published by Viglino et al. (2019).
• An isolated tooth of an Inticetus-like cetacean is described from the Miocene deposits close to the village of Melpignano (Province of Lecce, Italy) by Peri et al. (2019), who also review the geographic distribution of fossils of Inticetus-like cetaceans.
• A study on the age of fossil gray whale finds from Florida and Georgia is published by Garrison et al. (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Kentriodon nakajimai	Sp. nov	Valid	Kimura & Hasegawa	Miocene (Serravallian/Tortonian)	Haraichi Formation	Japan
Miobalaenoptera	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tanaka & Watanabe	Late Miocene	Horokaoshirarika Formation	Japan	A rorqual. Genus includes new species M. numataensis.
Niparajacetus	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Solis-Añorve, González-Barba & Hernández-Rivera	Oligocene (Chattian)	El Cien Formation	Mexico	A baleen whale belonging to the superfamily Aetiocetoidea. The type species is N. palmadentis
Tranatocetus maregermanicum	Sp. nov	Valid	Marx et al.	Late Miocene	Breda Formation	Netherlands	A member of the family Cetotheriidae.

Carnivorans

• A study on the morphology of bony labyrinths of extant and fossil carnivorans, and on its implications for inferring hunting behaviours of extinct carnivorans, is published by Schwab et al. (2019).
• A study on the taxonomy of the dire wolf, assessing whether fossils from Mexico and the western coast of the United States should be assigned to the distinct subspecies Canis dirus guildayi, is published by Ruiz-Ramoni & Montellano-Ballesteros (2019).
• A study on the age of dog remains from the Koster Site and Stilwell II site in Illinois, dated to between 10,190 and 9,630 cal BP, is published by Perri et al. (2019), who interpret these remains as representing the earliest confirmed evidence of domestic dogs in the Americas and the earliest confirmed individual dog burials anywhere in the world.
• A study on the trophic and ecological niche widths of ancient and modern pandas is published by Han et al. (2019).
• A study on functional adaptations in the anatomy of the elbow joint of extant and fossil bears, and on its implications for inferring paleobiology of Quaternary fossil species of bears, is published by Meloro & de Oliveira (2019).
• A study on the diet of Agriotherium africanum from the South African fossil site of Langebaanweg, as indicated by tooth microwear, will be published by Stynder et al. (2019).
• The first fossil of a member of the genus Agriotherium from Italy will be described by Bellucci et al. (2019).
• A study aiming to decipher the various factors influencing the isotopic composition of bones of a potentially omnivorous species like cave bear, as well examining how likely are the different interpretations of the palaeodiet of the Romanian cave bears in comparison with the rest of the European cave bears, is published by Bocherens (2019).
• A study on the cranial and mandibular morphology of Ursus deningeri compared to other bear species, and on its implications for inferring the palaeobiology of this species, is published by van Heteren et al. (2019).
• A study on the tooth-root morphology of maxillary teeth of living bears, and on its implications for inferring the diet and feeding behaviour of the cave bears, is published by Pérez-Ramos et al. (2019).
• A study on the feedings preferences and timing of extinction of cave bears in Mediterranean Europe based on data from two Paleolithic cave bear sites in northeastern Italy (Paina Cave and Trene Cave) is published by Terlato et al. (2019).
• A study on the timing and causes of extinction of cave bears in the Alps is published by Döppes et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphometric and morphotypic variability of upper incisors of the Middle and Late Pleistocene cave bears from the Caucasus and Ural Mountains will be published by Baryshnikov, Gimranov & Kosintsev (2019).
• A study on the morphometrical variability of upper cheek teeth of cave bears from 123 geographical sites of Pliocene – Pleistocene ages is published by Baryshnikov & Puzachenko (2019).
• A study evaluating how the morphology of teeth of cave bears from the Scladina Cave (Belgium) changed over time is published by Charters et al. (2019).
• A study on the biomechanical capabilities of the musteloid species Leptarctus primus relative to living carnivoran taxa, and on their implications for inferring the paleoecology of this species, is published by Prybyla, Tseng & Flynn (2019).
• A revision of the systematics of fossil hog-nosed skunks from Argentina will be published by Schiaffini & Juan (2019).
• A skull of a large fossil mustelid showing similarities to both Oriensictis melina from Zhoukoudian and Enhydrictis from Sardinia will be described from the Jinyuan cave (Liaoning, China) by Jiangzuo et al. (2019), who relegate Oriensictis to the rank of a subgenus of Enhydrictis.
• A study on the bone histology of Nanophoca vitulinoides will be published by Dewaele et al. (2019).
• A fossil specimen assigned to the genus Homiphoca will be described from the Pliocene of Spain by Rahmat et al. (2019), representing the first European record ot this genus.
• A study evaluating the ability of the extinct giant fossa to hunt large lemurs will be published by Meador et al. (2019).
• Description of mongoose fossils from the early Pleistocene fossil locality Cooper ’s D in the Cradle of Humankind (South Africa) is published by Cohen, O’Regan & Steininger (2019).
• Description of felid fossils recovered from bluffs along the South Saskatchewan River near Medicine Hat (Alberta, Canada), including the first confirmed occurrence of Smilodon fatalis in Canada, is published by Reynolds, Seymour & Evans (2019).
• Large carnivore footprints, probably produced by Smilodon populator, will be described from a new ichnological site from the Late Pleistocene of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) by Agnolin et al. (2019), who name a new ichnotaxon Felipeda miramarensis.
• Tooth enamel strontium isotopic values of a specimen of the American lion from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, Mexico) are determined by Pérez-Crespo et al. (2019), who also evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the mobility of the studied specimen.

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Amphicyon zhanxiangi	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiangzuo et al.	Early middle Miocene		China	A bear dog.
Amphimachairodus alvarezi	Sp. nov	Valid	Ruiz-Ramoni, Rincón & Montellano-Ballesteros	Late Hemphillian		Mexico	A machairodontine felid.
Izmirictis	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Morales et al.	Early Miocene		Turkey	A member of Feliformia belonging to the family Lophocyonidae (new rank, formerly ranked as the subfamily Lophocyoninae within the Viverridae). Genus includes new species I. cani.
Leptofelis	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Salesa et al.	Late Miocene		Spain	A member of the family Felidae belonging to the subfamily Felinae; a new genus for "Styriofelis" vallesiensis Salesa et al. (2012).
Panthera balamoides	Sp. nov	In press	Stinnesbeck et al.	Pleistocene		Mexico	A species of Panthera.

Rodents

• A study on the upper incisors of extant southern African rodents, evaluating whether the morphology of isolated rodent incisors can be used to provide dietary information, is published by Paine et al. (2019), who also apply their dietary model to fossil rodent incisors from the South African hominin-bearing sites Sterkfontein and Swartkrans.
• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil caviomorph rodents is published by Boivin, Marivaux & Antoine (2019), who name new clades Erethicavioi Boivin and Octochinchilloi Boivin.
• A study on the enamel microstructure of the incisors of caviomorph rodents from the Eocene and Oligocene localities in Peruvian Amazon will be published by Boivin et al. (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of three tarsal bones of Eocene caviomorph rodents from Peruvian Amazon, and on their implications for inferring the locomotor behaviors of these rodents, is published by Boivin et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the limb bones of caviomorph rodents from the Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, and on its implications for interpreting the use of substrate by these rodents, is published by Muñoz et al. (2019).
• A study on the enamel microstructure of the incisors of the hystricognaths and anomaluroids from the Oligocene of Western Sahara will be published by Marivaux et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the lower deciduous premolars of extant and fossil caviomorph rodents and its implications for inferring the phylogenetic relationships of fossil caviomorphs will be published by Verzi, Olivares & Morgan (2019), who argue that Eocene genus Cachiyacuy might be a stem-octodontoid.
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the dolichotine caviid rodent Prodolichotis prisca is published by Madozzo-Jaén (2019).
• A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tetrastylus walteri, based on data from the holotype and new specimens, will be published by Kerber et al. (2019), who consider this taxon to be a valid species.
• Description of a well-preserved skull of Telicomys giganteus, estimation of body mass and analysis of the bite mechanics of this species will be published by Rinderknecht et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology of the ossicles of the extinct neoepiblemid rodent Perimys and of extant and extinct caviomorph rodents in general is published by Kerber & Sánchez-Villagra (2019).
• A study on the morphology of cheek teeth, teeth replacement and systematics of members of the genus Neoepiblema is published by Kerber, Negri & Sanfelice (2019).
• A study on the morphology of upper molars of extant and fossils members of Chinchilloidea, and on the phylogenetic relationships of members of this group, is published by Rasia & Candela (2019).
• Description of a new specimen of Litodontomys from the Deseadan of Argentina and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon will be published by Busker & Dozo (2019).
• Nine virtual skull endocasts of members of the family Ischyromyidae (members of the genera Pseudotomus, Notoparamys, Reithroparamys and Rapamys) are reconstructed by Bertrand et al. (2019).
• Description of the skull anatomy of the Pleistocene ground squirrel "Urocitellus" nogaici and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species and other European ground squirrel species previously attributed to Urocitellus will be published by Sinitsa, Pogodina & Кryuchkova (2019), who transfer "U." nogaici, "U." polonicus and "U." primigenius to the genus Spermophilus.
• New specimen of Trogontherium cuvieri will be described from the upper Pleistocene of the Songhua River drainage area near Harbin (Heilongjiang, China) by Yang et al. (2019), documenting the survival of this species into the late Pleistocene in northeast China.
• Coster et al. (2019) describe a well-preserved astragalus of the anomaluroid Pondaungimys anomaluropsis from the Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar), and evaluate its implications for inferring the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of this species.
• A study on the diet, habitat and timing and cause of extinction of the Tenerife giant rat (Canariomys bravoi) is published by Crowley et al. (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Altasciurus leonardi	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth et al.	Oligocene	Brule Formation	United States (North Dakota)	A member of the family Aplodontiidae belonging to the subfamily Prosciurinae.
Capromys pilorides lewisi	Subsp. nov	Valid	Morgan et al.	Late Pleistocene-Holocene		Cayman Islands	A subspecies of the Desmarest's hutia.
Cardiatherium calingastaense	Sp. nov	Valid	Cerdeño et al.	Late Miocene	Las Flores Formation	Argentina	A relative of the capybara.
Eumys lammersi	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth et al.	Oligocene	Brule Formation	United States (North Dakota)	A member of the family Cricetidae.
Geocapromys caymanensis	Sp. nov	Valid	Morgan et al.	Late Pleistocene-Holocene		Cayman Islands	A species of Geocapromys.
Heliscomys borealis	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth et al.	Oligocene	Brule Formation	United States (North Dakota)	A member of the family Heliscomyidae.
Maquiamys	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Boivin in Boivin, Marivaux & Antoine	Late Oligocene	Chambira Formation	Peru	A member of the superfamily Chinchilloidea. The type species is "Scleromys" praecursor Boivin.
Paraethomys balearicus	Sp. nov	In press	Torres-Roig et al.	Pliocene (Zanclean)		Spain	A member of the family Muridae belonging to the subfamily Murinae.
Prosciurus hogansoni	Sp. nov	Valid	Korth et al.	Oligocene	Brule Formation	United States (North Dakota)	A member of the family Aplodontiidae belonging to the subfamily Prosciurinae.

Primates

• A study on the variability of adapiform humeral elements from Quercy collections will be published by Marigó, Verrière & Godinot (2019).
• A study on the evolutionary history of the New World monkeys (especially on the evolution of their body mass, changes of the mean latitude of their geographic range, and species diversification rates), based on data from extant and fossil species, will be published by Silvestro et al. (2019).
• A study on the relationship between brain size and skull morphology in extant New World monkeys, and on its implications for identifying relatives of howler monkeys in the fossil record, is published by Halenar‐Price & Tallman (2019).
• A study on the catarrhine capitates from the Tinderet Miocene sequence of Kenya, and on their implications for inferring locomotor diversity of Miocene catarrhines from the Tinderet sample, is published by Wuthrich, MacLatchy & Nengo (2019).
• New hominoid canine and incisor specimens, including probable teeth of Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni and teeth of a second taxon, likely related to Nyanzapithecus pickfordi, are described from the Oligocene site of Losodok (Turkana Basin, northwestern Kenya) by Hammond, Foecke & Kelley (2019).

General paleoanthropology

• A review of anatomical differences between extant ape and human foot bones, as well as a review of the hominin foot fossil record, will be published by DeSilva et al. (2019), who also conduct a cladistics analysis on hominin foot fossils.
• A study on the diversity and the environments of hominins in the early Pleistocene of the Omo-Turkana Basin (East Africa) is published by Bobe & Carvalho (2019).
• A study comparing ages at death of hominin specimens from the early Pleistocene sites of Drimolen and Swartkrans, and on their implications for inferring mechanisms of hominin skeletal accumulation at these sites, is published by Riga et al. (2019).
• A revision of Middle Pleistocene faunal record from archeological sites in Africa, and a study on its implications for inferring potential links between hominin subsistence behavior and the Early Stone Age/Middle Stone Age technological turnover, will be published by Smith et al. (2019).
• Description of new fossil material of Ardipithecus ramidus from the Gona Project study area (Ethiopia), providing new information on the locomotor pattern and the anatomy of the hand of this species, is published by Simpson et al. (2019).
• A study on the age of hominin fossils representing the genera Australopithecus, Paranthropus and Homo from the Cradle of Humankind in South Africa is published by Pickering et al. (2019).
• A study on cross-sectional geometric properties of three humeri of specimens of Paranthropus boisei, and on their implications for inferring the function of upper limbs of P. boisei, is published by Lague et al. (2019).
• A study on defects in the teeth of specimens of Paranthropus robustus, interpreted as possible evidence that members of this species were affected by amelogenesis imperfecta, is published by Towle & Irish (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of the braincase of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 ("Little Foot") , and on its significance for inferring the course of the evolution of the hominin brain, is published by Beaudet et al. (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of the bony labyrinth of the Australopithecus specimen Stw 573 will be published by Beaudet et al. (2019).
• New fossils attributable to the species Australopithecus anamensis will be described from Kanapoi (Kenya) by Ward, Plavcan & Manthi (2019).
• A perspective on the validity of the species name Australopithecus prometheus and its availability for use is published by Berger & Hawks (2019).
• A study comparing variation of anatomical traits in Dmanisi hominins with that in fossil hominins and modern Homo sapiens from Africa, and aiming to evaluate the number of hominin taxa present in Dmanisi, is published by Rightmire, Margvelashvili & Lordkipanidze (2019).
• A study on the growth and development of teeth of archaic hominins from the Pleistocene site of Xujiayao (China) is published by Xing et al. (2019).
• A study on the morphology of hominin teeth from the Middle Pleistocene sites of Arago (southeast France) and Sima de los Huesos (northern Spain), as well as on their implications for inferring how the settlement of Europe by hominins in the Middle Pleistocene occurred, will be published by Bermúdez de Castro et al. (2019).
• A study on the variation of anatomical traits related to brain size and organization in the sample of hominin endocasts from Sima de los Huesos is published by Poza-Rey, Gómez-Robles & Arsuaga (2019).
• A study on the climate in the areas of the Iberian Peninsula inhabited by hominins during the Early Pleistocene, as indicated by data from macroflora and pollen assemblages, will be published by Altolaguirre et al. (2019).
• A study on the shape variation of the dental arcades in Middle Pleistocene hominin fossils will be published by Stelzer et al. (2019).
• A study on the external ballistics of replicas of Schöningen Spear II is published by Milks, Parker & Pope (2019).
• A study on unpublished hominin dental remains from the late Early Pleistocene Gran Dolina-TD6.2 level of the Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain), evaluating their implications for assessing the taxonomic validity of Homo antecessor, is published by Martinón-Torres et al. (2019).
• A study on the taxonomical affinities of hominin teeth from the Mousterian level of Portel‐Ouest (Ariège, France), dated to 44,000 ka, and on the paleobiology of the hominin group from this site, will be published by Becam & Chevalier (2019).
• Evidence of Levallois technology from the lithic assemblage of the Guanyindong Cave site in southwest China, dated to approximately 170,000–80,000 years ago, is presented by Hu et al. (2019).
• Studies on the age of the hominin-associated material from the Denisova Cave (Russia) are published by Jacobs et al. (2019) and Douka et al. (2019).
• A study on the origin and evolutionary mode of the Neanderthal lineage, as indicated by data from fossil mandibles, is published by Rosas, Bastir & Alarcón (2019).
• A study on demographic models that could explain presence and variations of Neanderthal portions of the genome carried by non-African individuals today will be published by Villanea & Schraiber (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of multiple episodes of interbreeding between Neanderthal and modern humans.
• A review of evidence for recovery from serious illness and injury by Neanderthals will be published by Spikins et al. (2019), who argue that Neanderthal healthcare was widespread, knowledgeable and effective in reducing mortality risk, and that healthcare can be seen as part of several adaptations which allowed Neanderthals to survive in unique environments where they lived, rather than simply a cultural trait.
• A study aiming to find an explanation for the highly muscular Neanderthal body form, based on paleoecological and genetic data, is published by Stewart et al. (2019), who hypothesise that Neanderthal body reflects an adaptation to hunting conditions rather than cold.
• A study on the anomalies of Neanderthal skeletons from the Sidrón Cave (Spain), interpreted as evidence for the presence of inbreeding and low biological variability in the Neanderthal group from this site, is published by Ríos et al. (2019).
• A study on the diet of Neanderthals, as indicated by data from compound-specific isotope analyses of Neanderthal remains from Les Cottés cave and Grotte du Renne (France), is published by Jaouen et al. (2019).
• A study on the posture of the La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 Neanderthal individual is published by Haeusler et al. (2019).
• A study on introgressed Neanderthal DNA in modern humans, reevaluating the validity of the claims that Neanderthal DNA was subjected to negative selection in modern humans, is published by Petr et al. (2019).
• Evidence of a third introgression from an archaic human population in all Asian and Oceanian modern human populations, in addition to known Neanderthal and Denisovan introgressions, is presented by Mondal, Bertranpetit & Lao (2019).
• A study on the biological foundations of modern human endocranial shape, as indicated by paleoanthropological data from Neanderthal fossils and neuroimaging and genomic data from present-day humans, is published by Gunz et al. (2019).
• Replacement of late Mousterian industries by Aurignacian ones at the site of Bajondillo Cave (Málaga, southern Spain) is reported by Cortés-Sánchez et al. (2019), who also evaluate when this event took place.
• A study aiming to estimate hunter-gatherer population sizes and densities for the Aurignacian techno-complex in Europe is published by Schmidt & Zimmermann (2019).
• A study on the age of the Pleistocene skullcap found in the Salkhit Valley in northeast Mongolia is published by Devièse et al. (2019), who also reconstruct the complete mitochondrial genome of this specimen.
• A study on human skeletal remains from Pleistocene and Holocene sites in East Asia, and on their implications for inferring the history of the colonization of East Asia by anatomically modern humans, is published by Matsumura et al. (2019).
• A study on the evolution of the microblade technology in East Asia, as indicated by data from the Upper Paleolithic site Shizitan 29 (Shanxi, China), is published by Song et al. (2019).
• A study on the age Fa-Hien Lena archeological site (Sri Lanka) and on the faunal assemblage from this site is published by Wedage et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as evidence of specialized, sophisticated hunting of semi-arboreal and arboreal prey animals by humans living ca. 45,000 years ago.
• A 15,000 years-old individual belonging to the species Homo sapiens, preserving an unusual number of primitive anatomical features of teeth, is described from the Dushan Cave (China) by Liao et al. (2019).
• A study on the history of dispersal of people into and within the Americas, as indicated by data from Native American Y chromosomes, is published by Pinotti et al. (2019).
• A study on the processing sequence involved in the manufacture of a skull‐cup and the manipulation of human bones from the Early Neolithic of Cueva de El Toro (Málaga, Spain), and on its implications for inferring the character of cannibalistic practices in Early Neolithic communities living in southern Iberia, is published by Santana et al. (2019).
• Mitochondrial genomes from two ~7000-year-old individuals from Takarkori rock shelter (Libya), representing the earliest and first genetic data for the Sahara region, are presented by Vai et al. (2019).
• González-Fortes et al. (2019) sequence whole genomes from four human remains from northern Portugal and southern Spain dated around 4000 years BP, and report that one of them carried the sub-Saharan mitochondrial haplogroup L2a1, potentially representing the first record of this haplogroup in ancient human remains outside Africa reported so far, and interpret their findings as evidence of an early migration process from Africa into the Iberian Peninsula through a western route.

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Alophia	Gen. et sp. nov	Junior homonym	Rasmussen et al.	Early Miocene		Kenya	An early Old World monkey. Genus includes new species A. metios. The generic name is preoccupied by Alophia Ragonot (1893).
Bownomomys	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Morse et al.	Eocene		United States (Wyoming)	An early primate. Genus includes "Teilhardina" americana Bown (1976) and "Teilhardina" crassidens Bown & Rose (1987).

Other eutherians

• A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil moles belonging to the tribe Scalopini is published by Schwermann et al. (2019).
• Description of the brain, inner ear, sinuses and endocranial nerves and vessels of the periptychid Carsioptychus coarctatus is published by Cameron et al. (2019).
• Description of new cranial remains of the proterotheriid Neolicaphrium recens from the Pleistocene Sopas Formation (Uruguay), and a study on the diet of this species as indicated by tooth microwear, will be published by Corona, Ubilla & Perea (2019).
• A study on the dietary and environmental preferences of Neolicaphrium recens is published by Morosi & Ubilla (2019).
• A study on variations of incisor enamel microstructure in notoungulates and on their evolutionary and ecological significance will be published by Filippo et al. (2019).
• First skeletal remains of Notostylops murinus recovered from middle Eocene levels of the Sarmiento Formation (Argentina) are described by Lorente, Gelfo & López (2019).
• A study on the braincase anatomy in mesotheriid notoungulates is published by Fernández-Monescillo et al. (2019).
• A revision and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Friasian and Mayoan interatheriine interatheriid notoungulates from southern Argentina and Chile will be published by Vera et al. (2019).
• A systematic re-evaluation of hegetotheriid notoungulates belonging to the genera Hegetotherium and Pachyrukhos will be published by Seoane & Cerdeño (2019).
• A study comparing the teeth of Prionogale to the teeth of subadult hyaenodonts and carnivorans, as well as evaluating the phylogenetic affinities of Prionogale and Namasector within Hyaenodonta, will be published by Borths & Stevens (2019), who reinterpret the type specimen of Prionogale breviceps and some of the paratype materials as preserving deciduous teeth which were previously interpreted as permanent dentition.
• Description of a partial skeleton of a medium-sized carnivorous mammal (classified as a machaeroidine oxyaenid) from the Uinta Formation (Utah, United States) and a study on machaeroidine locomotor habits and on phylogenetic affinities of machaeroidines and "creodonts" in general will be published by Zack (2019).
• Description of the anatomy of a partial skeleton and a dentary with anterior teeth of the plesiadapiform Torrejonia wilsoni from the lower Paleocene Nacimiento Formation (New Mexico, United States) is published by Chester et al. (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Fratrodon	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Solé et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris Basin	France	A member of the family Paroxyclaenidae. Genus includes new species F. tresvauxi.
Merialus bruneti	Sp. nov	Valid	Solé et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris Basin	France	A member of the family Paroxyclaenidae.
Nesophontes hemicingulus	Sp. nov	Valid	Morgan et al.	Late Pleistocene-Holocene		Cayman Islands	A species of Nesophontes.
Paraspaniella	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Solé et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris Basin	France	A member of the family Paroxyclaenidae. Genus includes new species P. gunnelli.
Sororodon	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Solé et al.	Eocene (Ypresian)	Paris Basin	France	A member of the family Paroxyclaenidae. Genus includes new species S. tresvauxae.
Wyonycteris kingi	Sp. nov	In press	Hooker	Paleogene	Woolwich Formation	United Kingdom	A member of the family Nyctitheriidae.

Other mammals

• A study on teeth development and replacement in Jurassic euharamiyidan mammals from the Yanliao Biota (China) is published by Mao et al. (2019).
• A study on the tooth wear in Qishou and Shenshou from the Yanliao Biota, and on the occlusal modes present in "haramiyidan" taxa, is published by Mao & Meng (2019).
• A study on the anatomy of the petrosal of Borealestes is published by Panciroli, Schultz & Luo (2019), who also generate an endocast of the inner ear of Borealestes.
• A revision of the teeth and mandibular fossils of members of the genus Docodon from Yale Quarry 9 at the Como Bluff site in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation is published by Schultz, Bhullar & Luo (2019), who argue that the fossils from that quarry represent only one species, Docodon victor.
• Description of new dental and dentary specimens of Reigitherium from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation (Argentina) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon will be published by Harper, Parras & Rougier (2019).

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Type locality	Country	Notes	Images
Galulatherium	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	O’Connor et al.	Late Cretaceous	Galula Formation	Tanzania	Possibly a member of Gondwanatheria and the family Sudamericidae. The type species is G. jenkinsi.
Qishou	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mao & Meng	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Tiaojishan Formation	China	A member of Euharamiyida. Genus includes new species Q. jizantang.