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'''Student protest''' encompasses a wide range of activities that indicate [[student]] dissatisfaction with a given [[political]] or [[academics]] issue and mobilization to communicate this dissatisfaction to the authorities (university or civil or both) and [[society]] in general and hopefully remedy the problem. [[Protest]] forms include but are not limited to: [[sit-ins]], occupations of university offices or buildings, [[Student strike|strike]]s etc. More extreme forms include [[suicide]] such as the case of [[Jan Palach]]'s and [[Jan Zajíc]]'s protests against the end of the [[Prague Spring]] and [[Kostas Georgakis]]' protest against the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]].
'''Campus protest''' or '''student protest''' is a form of [[student activism]] that takes the form of [[protest]] at university [[campuses]]. Such protests encompass a wide range of activities that indicate [[student]] dissatisfaction with a given [[political]] or [[academics]] issue and mobilization to communicate this dissatisfaction to the authorities (university or civil or both) and [[society]] in general and hopefully remedy the problem. [[Protest]] forms include but are not limited to: [[sit-ins]], occupations of university offices or buildings, [[Student strike|strike]]s etc.


==Student strike==
== History ==
n the West, student strikes date to the early days of universities in the Middle Ages, with one of the earliest being the [[University of Paris strike of 1229]], which lasted two years, and [[University of Oxford]] strike of 1209.<ref name="Lynch2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwleAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|title=The Medieval Church: A Brief History|author=Joseph Lynch|date=16 December 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-87053-1|pages=254–}}</ref><ref name="Rastall1905">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxo2AAAAIAAJ|title="The Cripple Creek strike of 1893"|author=Benjamin McKie Rastall|publisher=Colorado College|year=1905|pages=47-49}}</ref> In more recent times, significant demonstrations occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s: the French [[May 1968 events]] began as a series of student strike;<ref name="Staudenmaier2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQSmXBV5R9YC&pg=PA42|title=Truth and Revolution: A History of the Sojourner Truth Organization, 1969-1986|author=Michael Staudenmaier|publisher=AK Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-84935-097-6|pages=42–}}</ref> [[1968 Polish political crisis|Polish political crisis]] that occurred the same year also saw a major participation in the form of student activity.<ref name="KutschkeNorton2013">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlkPwgC_bgwC&pg=PA216|title=Music and Protest in 1968|author1=Beate Kutschke|author2=Barley Norton|date=25 April 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-00732-1|pages=216–}}</ref> The largest student strike/boycott in American history occurred in May and June 1970, in the aftermath of the American [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] and the killings of student protesters at [[Kent State shootings|Kent State University]] in [[Ohio]]. An estimated four million students at more than 450 universities, colleges and high schools participated in the [[Student Strike of 1970]].<ref name="Wuthnow2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmN_3ODUBZIC&pg=PA248|title=Red State Religion: Faith and Politics in America's Heartland|author=Robert Wuthnow|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2012|isbn=0-691-15055-9|page=248}}</ref>
A common tactic of student protest is to go on strike (sometimes called a [[boycott]] of classes), which occurs when students enrolled at a teaching institution such as a [[school]], [[college]] or [[university]] refuse to go to class. It is meant to resemble [[strike action]] by [[labour movement|organized labour]]. The purpose of these strikes is often to put pressure on the governing body of the university, particularly in countries where education is free, and the government cannot afford to have a student [[cohort (statistics)|cohort]] miss an entire year. This can cause an overload of students in one [[academic term]] and the absence of an entire class in the following term.


It has been argued that student strikes and activism have a similarly long history in Confucian Asia.<ref name="Groot2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BUugBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT227|title=Student Protest: The Sixties and After|author=Gerard J.De Groot|date=25 September 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-88048-6|pages=227–}}</ref>
In the West, student strikes date to the early days of universities in the Middle Ages, with one of the earliest and most significant being the [[University of Paris strike of 1229]], which lasted two years and yielded significant concessions. In more recent times, significant walkouts occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s: the French [[May 1968 events]] began as a series of student strikes. The largest student strike/boycott in American history occurred in May and June 1970, in the aftermath of the American [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] and the killings of student protesters at [[Kent State shootings|Kent State University]] in [[Ohio]]. An estimated four million students at more than 450 universities, colleges and high schools participated in the [[Student Strike of 1970]].<ref name="Nix Prez Rev">{{cite video| people=Director: Joe Angio|title=Nixon a Presidency Revealed|medium=television|publisher=History Channel|date=2007-02-15}}</ref><ref>Todd Gitlin, ''The Sixties'', New York: Bantam Books, 1987, p. 410.</ref>

== Participation and issues ==
Early studies of campus protests conducted in the United States in the mid-1960s suggests that students who are more likely to take parts in the protests tend to come from [[middle class]] and [[upper middle class]] backgrounds, major in [[Social science|social sciences]] and [[humanities]], and come from families with [[Liberalism|liberal political views]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Clarke|first=James W.|last2=Egan|first2=Joseph|date=1972-05-01|title=Social and Political Dimensions of Campus Protest Activity|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/2129365|journal=The Journal of Politics|volume=34|issue=2|pages=500–523|doi=10.2307/2129365|issn=0022-3816}}</ref> Later studies from early 1970s, however, suggested hat participation in protests is broader, through still more likely for students from social sciences and humanities than more vocational-oriented fields like economy or engineering.<ref name=":0" /> Student protesters are also more likely to describe themselves as as having liberal or centrist political beliefs, and feeling politically alienated., lacking confidence in the party system and public officials.<ref name=":0" />

Early campus protests in the United States were described as left-leaning and liberal.<ref name=":0" /> More recent research shares a similar view, suggesting that right-leaning, conservative students and faculty are less likely to organize or join campus protests.<ref name="Zimmerman2016-2122">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZPSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|title=Campus Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know®|author=Jonathan Zimmerman|date=8 August 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062741-6|pages=21–22}}</ref> A study of campus protests in the USA in the early 1990s identified major themes for approximately 60% of over two hundred incidents covered by media as [[multiculturalism]] and [[identity struggle]], or in more detail as racial and ethnic struggle, women's concerns, or gay rights activities and represent what recent scholars have described both affectionately and pejoratively as "culture/cultural wars," "campus wars," "multicultural unrest," or "identity politics"... The remaining examples of student protest concerned funding (including tuition concerns), governance, world affairs, and environmental causes".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rhoads|first=Robert A.|date=1998-11-01|title=Student Protest and Multicultural Reform|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1998.11780745|journal=The Journal of Higher Education|volume=69|issue=6|pages=621–646|doi=10.1080/00221546.1998.11780745|issn=0022-1546}}</ref>

While less common, protests similar to campus protests can also happen at secondary-level education facilities, like high schools.<ref name=":0" />

== Forms ==
Campus protests can take various forms, from peaceful [[Sit-in|sit-ins]], marches, [[Teach-in|teach-ins]], to more active forms that can spread off-campus and include violent clashes with the authorities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Kirkpatrick2011">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DOOt-7lbQEC&pg=PA9|title=1969: The Year Everything Changed|author=Rob Kirkpatrick|date=24 January 2011|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-61608-055-6|pages=9–}}</ref> Campus protests can also involve faculty members participating in them in addition to students, through protests led by or organized by faculty, rather than students, are a minority.<ref name="Volkwein19682">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsVOAAAAYAAJ|title=Relationship of college student protest and participation in policy-making to institutional characteristics|author=J. Fredericks Volkwein|publisher=Cornell Univ.|year=1968|page=65}}</ref><ref name="Smith1975">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbyvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|title=The New Political Economy: The Public Use of the Private Sector|author=Bruce L.R. Smith|date=18 June 1975|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-02042-3|page=137}}</ref> Just like students can worry about being expelled for participation in the protests, some faculty members are concerned about their job security if they were to became involved in such incidents.<ref name="Wright2001" /><ref name="Zimmerman2016-2122" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Astin|first=Alexander W.|last2=Bayer|first2=Alan E.|date=1971-04-01|title=Antecedents and Consequents of Disruptive Campus Protests|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00256307.1971.12022476|journal=Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance|volume=4|issue=1|pages=18–30|doi=10.1080/00256307.1971.12022476|issn=0025-6307}}</ref>

⚫
A common tactic of student protest is to go on strike (sometimes called a [[boycott]] of classes), which occurs when students enrolled at a teaching institution such as a [[school]], [[college]] or [[university]] refuse to go to class. It is meant to resemble [[strike action]] by [[Labour movement|organized labour]]. The term "student strike" has been criticized as inaccurate by some [[Trade union|unions]]<ref name="CUPFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.cupfa.org/response-to-student-class-boycott/|title=CUPFA Response to Student Class Boycott: March 3, 2012|date=2012-03-03|publisher=Concordia University Part Time Faculty Association|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref> and commentators in the [[news media]].<ref name="LeQL">{{cite journal|last=Deck|first=Larry|date=2012-04-15|title=Student "Strike" Is Losing Steam|url=http://www.quebecoislibre.org/12/120415-8.html|journal=[[Le Québécois Libre]]|issue=299|issn=1707-0309}}</ref> These groups have indicated that they believe the term [[boycott]] is more accurate.<ref name="CUPFA" /><ref name="LeQL" />

== Response and aftermath ==
Over time, university tolerance of campus protests have grown; while protests occurred before the 20th century they were more likely to be "crushed... with an iron fist... by university leaders" than by mid-20th century, when they have become much more common and tolerated. By early 21st century, the university response to campus protest in the USA is much more likely to be negotiations, and willingness to yield at least to some of the student demands.<ref name="Zimmerman2016-7-8">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZPSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=Campus Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know®|author=Jonathan Zimmerman|date=8 August 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-062741-6|pages=7–8}}</ref> University response to student activism and campus protests can still be much harsher in less liberal countries like China or Taiwan.<ref name="Wright2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dx4JAZcxQuEC&pg=PA100|title=The Perils of Protest: State Repression and Student Activism in China and Taiwan|author=Teresa Wright|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-8248-2401-3|page=100}}</ref> As recently as in 1989 a large scale student demonstration in China that moved off-campus, the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], was met with deadly force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/12/21/declassified-chinese-official-said-least-10000-civilians-died-1989-tiananmen-massacre-documents-show/|title=Declassified: Chinese official said at least 10,000 civilians died in 1989 Tiananmen massacre, documents show|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=2017-12-21|website=Hong Kong Free Press HKFP|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>


⚫
The term "student strike" has been criticized as inaccurate by some [[Trade union|union]]s<ref name="CUPFA">{{cite web|url=http://www.cupfa.org/response-to-student-class-boycott/|title=CUPFA Response to Student Class Boycott: March 3, 2012|date=2012-03-03|publisher=Concordia University Part Time Faculty Association|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref> and commentators in the [[news media]].<ref name="LeQL">{{cite journal|last=Deck|first=Larry|date=2012-04-15|title=Student "Strike" Is Losing Steam|journal=[[Le Québécois Libre]]|issue=299|issn=1707-0309|url=http://www.quebecoislibre.org/12/120415-8.html}}</ref> These groups have indicated that they believe the term [[boycott]] is more accurate.<ref name="CUPFA"/><ref name="LeQL"/>


==Examples==
==Examples==
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{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}


⚫
== See also ==

⚫
See also

*[[Academic Crisis]]
*[[Academic Crisis]]
*[[Civil disobedience]]
*[[Civil disobedience]]
*[[Student activism]]
*[[campus police]]
*[[social movement]]
*[[Student voice]]
*[[Student voice]]
*


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 07:31, 24 April 2019

Part of the Politics series on
Students' rights
History
Concepts and theory
Issues
Organizations
Related

Campus protest or student protest is a form of student activism that takes the form of protest at university campuses. Such protests encompass a wide range of activities that indicate student dissatisfaction with a given political or academics issue and mobilization to communicate this dissatisfaction to the authorities (university or civil or both) and society in general and hopefully remedy the problem. Protest forms include but are not limited to: sit-ins, occupations of university offices or buildings, strikes etc.

History

n the West, student strikes date to the early days of universities in the Middle Ages, with one of the earliest being the University of Paris strike of 1229, which lasted two years, and University of Oxford strike of 1209.[1][2] In more recent times, significant demonstrations occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s: the French May 1968 events began as a series of student strike;[3] Polish political crisis that occurred the same year also saw a major participation in the form of student activity.[4] The largest student strike/boycott in American history occurred in May and June 1970, in the aftermath of the American invasion of Cambodia and the killings of student protesters at Kent State University in Ohio. An estimated four million students at more than 450 universities, colleges and high schools participated in the Student Strike of 1970.[5]

It has been argued that student strikes and activism have a similarly long history in Confucian Asia.[6]

Participation and issues

Early studies of campus protests conducted in the United States in the mid-1960s suggests that students who are more likely to take parts in the protests tend to come from middle class and upper middle class backgrounds, major in social sciences and humanities, and come from families with liberal political views.[7] Later studies from early 1970s, however, suggested hat participation in protests is broader, through still more likely for students from social sciences and humanities than more vocational-oriented fields like economy or engineering.[7] Student protesters are also more likely to describe themselves as as having liberal or centrist political beliefs, and feeling politically alienated., lacking confidence in the party system and public officials.[7]

Early campus protests in the United States were described as left-leaning and liberal.[7] More recent research shares a similar view, suggesting that right-leaning, conservative students and faculty are less likely to organize or join campus protests.[8] A study of campus protests in the USA in the early 1990s identified major themes for approximately 60% of over two hundred incidents covered by media as multiculturalism and identity struggle, or in more detail as racial and ethnic struggle, women's concerns, or gay rights activities and represent what recent scholars have described both affectionately and pejoratively as "culture/cultural wars," "campus wars," "multicultural unrest," or "identity politics"... The remaining examples of student protest concerned funding (including tuition concerns), governance, world affairs, and environmental causes".[9]

While less common, protests similar to campus protests can also happen at secondary-level education facilities, like high schools.[7]

Forms

Campus protests can take various forms, from peaceful sit-ins, marches, teach-ins, to more active forms that can spread off-campus and include violent clashes with the authorities.[7][10] Campus protests can also involve faculty members participating in them in addition to students, through protests led by or organized by faculty, rather than students, are a minority.[11][12] Just like students can worry about being expelled for participation in the protests, some faculty members are concerned about their job security if they were to became involved in such incidents.[13][8][14]

A common tactic of student protest is to go on strike (sometimes called a boycott of classes), which occurs when students enrolled at a teaching institution such as a school, college or university refuse to go to class. It is meant to resemble strike action by organized labour. The term "student strike" has been criticized as inaccurate by some unions[15] and commentators in the news media.[16] These groups have indicated that they believe the term boycott is more accurate.[15][16]

Response and aftermath

Over time, university tolerance of campus protests have grown; while protests occurred before the 20th century they were more likely to be "crushed... with an iron fist... by university leaders" than by mid-20th century, when they have become much more common and tolerated. By early 21st century, the university response to campus protest in the USA is much more likely to be negotiations, and willingness to yield at least to some of the student demands.[17] University response to student activism and campus protests can still be much harsher in less liberal countries like China or Taiwan.[13] As recently as in 1989 a large scale student demonstration in China that moved off-campus, the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests, was met with deadly force.[18]


Examples

See also

References

  1. ^ Joseph Lynch (16 December 2013). The Medieval Church: A Brief History. Routledge. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-1-317-87053-1.
  2. ^ Benjamin McKie Rastall (1905). "The Cripple Creek strike of 1893". Colorado College. pp. 47–49.
  3. ^ Michael Staudenmaier (2012). Truth and Revolution: A History of the Sojourner Truth Organization, 1969-1986. AK Press. pp. 42–. ISBN 978-1-84935-097-6.
  4. ^ Beate Kutschke; Barley Norton (25 April 2013). Music and Protest in 1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–. ISBN 978-1-107-00732-1.
  5. ^ Robert Wuthnow (2012). Red State Religion: Faith and Politics in America's Heartland. Princeton University Press. p. 248. ISBN 0-691-15055-9.
  6. ^ Gerard J.De Groot (25 September 2014). Student Protest: The Sixties and After. Taylor & Francis. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-1-317-88048-6.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Clarke, James W.; Egan, Joseph (1972-05-01). "Social and Political Dimensions of Campus Protest Activity". The Journal of Politics. 34 (2): 500–523. doi:10.2307/2129365. ISSN 0022-3816.
  8. ^ a b Jonathan Zimmerman (8 August 2016). Campus Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know®. Oxford University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-19-062741-6.
  9. ^ Rhoads, Robert A. (1998-11-01). "Student Protest and Multicultural Reform". The Journal of Higher Education. 69 (6): 621–646. doi:10.1080/00221546.1998.11780745. ISSN 0022-1546.
  10. ^ Rob Kirkpatrick (24 January 2011). 1969: The Year Everything Changed. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-61608-055-6.
  11. ^ J. Fredericks Volkwein (1968). Relationship of college student protest and participation in policy-making to institutional characteristics. Cornell Univ. p. 65.
  12. ^ Bruce L.R. Smith (18 June 1975). The New Political Economy: The Public Use of the Private Sector. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-349-02042-3.
  13. ^ a b Teresa Wright (2001). The Perils of Protest: State Repression and Student Activism in China and Taiwan. University of Hawaii Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8248-2401-3.
  14. ^ Astin, Alexander W.; Bayer, Alan E. (1971-04-01). "Antecedents and Consequents of Disruptive Campus Protests". Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance. 4 (1): 18–30. doi:10.1080/00256307.1971.12022476. ISSN 0025-6307.
  15. ^ a b "CUPFA Response to Student Class Boycott: March 3, 2012". Concordia University Part Time Faculty Association. 2012-03-03. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
  16. ^ a b Deck, Larry (2012-04-15). "Student "Strike" Is Losing Steam". Le Québécois Libre (299). ISSN 1707-0309.
  17. ^ Jonathan Zimmerman (8 August 2016). Campus Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know®. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-19-062741-6.
  18. ^ Cheng, Kris (2017-12-21). "Declassified: Chinese official said at least 10,000 civilians died in 1989 Tiananmen massacre, documents show". Hong Kong Free Press HKFP. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  19. ^ "Kids' strike over school tests". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  20. ^ "BBC News - HK students escalate pro-democracy protest". bbc.co.uk. 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
  21. ^ "BBC News - Spain protest over riot police beatings in Valencia". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  22. ^ Tremlett, Giles (February 21, 2012). "Valencia police and students clash over education cuts" – via www.theguardian.com.
  23. ^ "Thousands take to Valencia streets in protest against police violence and education cuts | In English | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2013-11-01.
  24. ^ "Spanish police clash violently with students: "I don't understand how the situation degenerated so fast" | The FRANCE 24 Observers". Observers.france24.com. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2013-11-01.

Template:Anti-government protests in the 21st century

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