28978 Ixion: Difference between revisions

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== History ==
== History ==
=== Discovery ===
=== Discovery ===
Ixion was discovered on 22 May 2001 by a team of American astronomers of the [[Deep Ecliptic Survey]] conducted by [[Robert L. Millis|Robert Millis]] at the [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory]] in [[Chile]].<ref name="MPC-object"/><ref name="NOAO-news"/> Ixion was first identified by astronomers [[James L. Elliot|James Elliot]] and [[Lawrence H. Wasserman|Lawrence Wasserman]] in digital images of the southern sky taken with the 4-meter [[Víctor M. Blanco Telescope]] at Cerro Tololo.<ref name="DES-stats"/><ref name="NOAO-news"/> Ixion was the intrinsically brightest object found at the time, corresponding to being one of the largest [[Kuiper belt object]]s discovered.<ref name="NOAO-news"/><ref name="Franzen2001"/> It was believed to be larger than the [[dwarf planet]] {{dp|Ceres}} and comparable in size to [[Pluto]]'s moon [[Charon (moon)|Charon]].<ref name="NOAO-news"/><ref name="ESO"/>
Ixion was discovered on 22 May 2001 by a team of American astronomers of the [[Deep Ecliptic Survey]] project led by [[Robert L. Millis|Robert Millis]] at the [[Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory]] in [[Chile]].<ref name="MPC-object"/><ref name="NOAO-news"/> The Deep Ecliptic Survey, which was funded by [[NASA]], was a search for [[Kuiper belt object]]s using the facilities of the [[National Optical Astronomy Observatory]].<ref name="NOAO-news"/> Ixion is the intrinsically brightest and largest object discovered by the survey.<ref name="Buie2003"/> Ixion was first identified by astronomers [[James L. Elliot|James Elliot]] and [[Lawrence H. Wasserman|Lawrence Wasserman]] in digital images taken with the 4-meter [[Víctor M. Blanco Telescope]] at Cerro Tololo.<ref name="DES-stats"/><ref name="NOAO-news"/> At the time of discovery, Ixion was located in the constellation of [[Scorpius]].{{efn|The given [[equatorial coordinate system|equatorial coordinate]]s of Ixion during 22 May 2001 is {{RA|16|16|06.12}} and {{Dec|-19|13|45.6}},<ref name="MPEC-2001-N01"/><ref name="MPC-object"/> which is close to the Scorpius constellation's coordinates around {{RA|17}} and {{Dec|-40}}.<ref name="Scorpius-coords"/>}}

The discovery of Ixion was formally announced by the [[Minor Planet Center]] in a [[Minor Planet Center#Publications|Minor Planet Electronic Circular]] on 1 July 2000.<ref name="MPEC-2000-N01"/><ref name="BBC"/> It was given the [[provisional designation]] {{mp|2001 KX|76}}, indicating that it was discovered in the second half of May 2001.<ref name="designation"/><ref name="MPEC-2000-P28"/> Ixion was the 1,923rd object discovered in the latter half of May, as indicated by the last letter and numbers in its designation.<ref name="designation"/>

Ixion was the intrinsically brightest object found at the time, corresponding to being one of the largest [[Kuiper belt object]]s discovered.<ref name="NOAO-news"/> It was believed to be larger than the [[dwarf planet]] {{dp|Ceres}} and comparable in size to [[Pluto]]'s moon [[Charon (moon)|Charon]].<ref name="NOAO-news"/><ref name="ESO"/>


=== Name ===
=== Name ===
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[[File:Ixion-Spitzer2007.gif|left|thumb|upright|Different diameters for ''Ixion'' depending on its [[Albedo#Astronomical albedo|albedo]]]]
[[File:Ixion-Spitzer2007.gif|left|thumb|upright|Different diameters for ''Ixion'' depending on its [[Albedo#Astronomical albedo|albedo]]]]


Other than [[Pluto]], Ixion was the first [[trans-Neptunian object]] (TNO) discovered that was originally estimated to be larger than [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]],<ref name="NOAO-news"/> Even in 2002, a year after its discovery, Ixion was still believed to be more than 1000&nbsp;km in diameter,<ref name="MaxPlanckInstitute"/> though the 2002 estimate was a result of a spurious detection at 250&nbsp;GHz that was not confirmed by later observations.<ref name="Altenhoff2004"/> More recent estimates suggest that Ixion has a high albedo<ref name="johnston-tnos"/> and is smaller than Ceres. Observations of Ixion by [[Herschel Space Telescope]] and [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] in the [[far-infrared]] part of the spectrum revealed that its size is about 620&nbsp;km.<ref name="Lellouch2013"/>
Other than [[Pluto]], Ixion was the first [[trans-Neptunian object]] (TNO) discovered that was originally estimated to be larger than [[dwarf planet]] [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]],<ref name="NOAO-news"/> Even in 2002, a year after its discovery, Ixion was still believed to be more than 1000&nbsp;km in diameter, though the 2002 estimate was a result of a spurious detection at 250&nbsp;GHz that was not confirmed by later observations.<ref name="Altenhoff2004"/> More recent estimates suggest that Ixion has a high albedo<ref name="johnston-tnos"/> and is smaller than Ceres. Observations of Ixion by [[Herschel Space Telescope]] and [[Spitzer Space Telescope]] in the [[far-infrared]] part of the spectrum revealed that its size is about 620&nbsp;km.<ref name="Lellouch2013"/>


Ixion is moderately red (slightly redder than {{dp|Quaoar}}) in the [[visible light]].<ref name="Marchi2003"/> It also has a higher [[albedo]] (>0.15) than the mid-sized red [[cubewano]]s.<ref name=Altenhoff2004/> There may be an absorption feature at the wavelength of 0.8&nbsp;μm in its spectrum, which is commonly attributed to the alteration of surface materials by water.<ref name="Marchi2003"/> In the [[near-infrared]] the spectrum of Ixion is flat and featureless. Water ice [[absorption band]]s at 1.5 and 2&nbsp;μm are absent. This is in contrast to [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]], which has a red [[spectral slope]] in the near-infrared as well as prominent water absorption bands.<ref name="Licandro2002"/> Both visible and infrared [[spectroscope|spectroscopic]] results indicate that Ixion's surface is a mixture of water ice, dark [[carbon]] and [[tholin]], which is a [[copolymer|heteropolymer]] formed by irradiation of [[clathrate]]s of [[water]] and [[organic compound]]s.<ref name="Boehnhardt2004"/> The [[Very Large Telescope]] (VLT) has checked Ixion for cometary activity, but did not detect a [[Coma (cometary)|coma]].<ref name="Lorin2007"/> Ixion is currently about 41 AU from the Sun,<ref name="AstDys"/> and it is possible that Ixion could develop a coma or temporary atmosphere when it is closer to [[perihelion]].
Ixion is moderately red (slightly redder than {{dp|Quaoar}}) in the [[visible light]].<ref name="Marchi2003"/> It also has a higher [[albedo]] (>0.15) than the mid-sized red [[cubewano]]s.<ref name=Altenhoff2004/> There may be an absorption feature at the wavelength of 0.8&nbsp;μm in its spectrum, which is commonly attributed to the alteration of surface materials by water.<ref name="Marchi2003"/> In the [[near-infrared]] the spectrum of Ixion is flat and featureless. Water ice [[absorption band]]s at 1.5 and 2&nbsp;μm are absent. This is in contrast to [[20000 Varuna|Varuna]], which has a red [[spectral slope]] in the near-infrared as well as prominent water absorption bands.<ref name="Licandro2002"/> Both visible and infrared [[spectroscope|spectroscopic]] results indicate that Ixion's surface is a mixture of water ice, dark [[carbon]] and [[tholin]], which is a [[copolymer|heteropolymer]] formed by irradiation of [[clathrate]]s of [[water]] and [[organic compound]]s.<ref name="Boehnhardt2004"/> The [[Very Large Telescope]] (VLT) has checked Ixion for cometary activity, but did not detect a [[Coma (cometary)|coma]].<ref name="Lorin2007"/> Ixion is currently about 41 AU from the Sun,<ref name="AstDys"/> and it is possible that Ixion could develop a coma or temporary atmosphere when it is closer to [[perihelion]].
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<ref name="MPC45213">{{cite web
<ref name="MPC45213">{{cite web
|title = M.P.C. 45213
|title = M.P.C. 45213
|url = https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2002/MPC_20020328.pdf
|url = https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2002/MPC_20020328.pdf
|publisher = International Astronomical Union
|publisher = International Astronomical Union
|work = Minor Planet Center
|work = Minor Planet Center
|date = 28 March 2002
|date = 28 March 2002
|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>
|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>


<ref name="Schmadel2006">{{cite book
<ref name="Schmadel2006">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (28978) Ixion, Addendum to Fifth Edition: 2003–2005
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (28978) Ixion, Addendum to Fifth Edition: 2003–2005
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA1339&lpg=PA1339&dq=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names+%22(28978)%20Ixion%22&source=bl&ots=0u5w0pnhzW&sig=ACfU3U0KT72UBZXRZl0vQZ3z7Xz6h4tNQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBue3Cm9TlAhUHqp4KHZYkAQQQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20of%20Minor%20Planet%20Names%20%22(28978)%22&f=false
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA1339&lpg=PA1339&dq=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names+%22(28978)%20Ixion%22&source=bl&ots=0u5w0pnhzW&sig=ACfU3U0KT72UBZXRZl0vQZ3z7Xz6h4tNQQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiBue3Cm9TlAhUHqp4KHZYkAQQQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Dictionary%20of%20Minor%20Planet%20Names%20%22(28978)%22&f=false
|first = Lutz D. |last = Schmadel
|first = Lutz D. |last = Schmadel
|publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|chapter = (28978) Ixion
|chapter = (28978) Ixion
|page = 1147
|page = 1147
|date = 2006
|date = 2006
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7}}</ref>
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7}}</ref>


<ref name="Brown-dplist">{{cite web
<ref name="Brown-dplist">{{cite web
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|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>
|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>


<ref name="DES-stats">{{cite web
<ref name="designation">{{cite web
|title = DES: Looker Statistics for the night of 010521
|title = New- And Old-Style Minor Planet Designations
|url = https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/kbo/stat/010521.html
|url = https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/info/OldDesDoc.html
|last = Buie |first = M. W.
|work = Minor Planet Center
|publisher = International Astronomical Union
|author-link = Marc W. Buie
⚫
|accessdate = 6 November 2019}}</ref>
⚫
|publisher = Southwest Research Institute

⚫
|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="MPEC-2001-N01">{{cite web
|title = MPEC 2001-N01 : 2001 FT185, 2001 KW76, 2001 KX76, 2001 KY76, 2001 KZ76, 2001 KA77
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.org/mpec/K01/K01P28.html
|last = Marsden |first = Brian G.
|work = Minor Planet Electronic Circular
⚫
|publisher = Minor Planet Center
⚫
|date = 1 July 2001}}</ref>

<ref name="MPEC-2001-P28">{{cite web
|title = MPEC 2001-P28 : 2001 KX76
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.org/mpec/K01/K01P28.html
|last = Marsden |first = Brian G.
|work = Minor Planet Electronic Circular
⚫
|publisher = Minor Planet Center
|date = 11 August 2001
|bibcode = 2001MPEC....P...28G}}</ref>


<ref name="NOAO-news">{{cite press release
<ref name="NOAO-news">{{cite press release
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|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>
|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>


<ref name="Franzen2001">{{cite news
<ref name="BBC">{{cite news
|title = Pluto's Moon Charon Faces Competition from a New Kuiper Belt Object
|title = Large world found near Pluto
|url = https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/plutos-moon-charon-faces/
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1419508.stm
|last = Franzen |first = Harald
|last = Whitehouse |first = David
|work = [[Scientific American]]
|publisher = [[BBC News]]
|publisher = [[Springer Nature]]
|date = 3 July 2001
|date = 5 July 2019f
|accessdate = 6 November 2019
|url-status = live
⚫
|accessdate = 5 November 2019}}</ref>
|archive-url = http://web.archive.org/web/20021009221418/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1419508.stm
|archive-date = 9 October 2002}}</ref>


<ref name="ESO">{{cite news
<ref name="ESO">{{cite news
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|arxiv = astro-ph/0204104
|arxiv = astro-ph/0204104
|bibcode = 2002A&A...388L...9L}}</ref>
|bibcode = 2002A&A...388L...9L}}</ref>

<ref name="Buie2003">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = M. W. |last1 = Buie
|first2 = R. L. |last2 = Millis
|first3 = L. H. |last3 = Wasserman
|first4 = J. L. |last4 = Elliot
|first5 = S. D. |last5 = Kern
|first6 = K. B. |last6 = Clancy
|date = June 2003
|title = Procedures, Resources and Selected Results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey
|url = https://www.boulder.swri.edu/~buie/biblio/pub050.pdf
|journal = Earth, Moon, and Planets
|volume = 92
|issue = 1–4
|pages = 113–124
|doi = 10.1023/B:MOON.0000031930.13823.be
|arxiv = astro-ph/0309251
|issn = 1573-0794}}</ref>


<ref name="Marchi2003">{{cite journal
<ref name="Marchi2003">{{cite journal
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|issn = 1572-946X}}</ref>
|issn = 1572-946X}}</ref>


<ref name="MaxPlanckInstitute">{{cite news
<ref name="Scorpius-coords">{{cite web
|title = Scorpius Constellation: Facts About the Scorpion
⚫
|date = 7 October 2002
|url = https://www.space.com/16947-scorpius-constellation.html
|title = Beyond Pluto: Max-Planck radioastronomers measure the sizes of distant minor planets
|author = F. Bertoldi
|last = Zimmermann |first = Kim Ann
|author2 = W. Altenhoff
|website = Space.com
|author3 = N. Junkes
|date = 17 May 2017
⚫
|accessdate = 6 November 2019}}</ref>
⚫
|publisher = SpaceRef.com
|url = http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=9446
|accessdate = 26 April 2017}}</ref>


}} <!-- end of reflist -->
}} <!-- end of reflist -->

Revision as of 00:56, 7 November 2019

28978 Ixion
Hubble Space Telescope image of Ixion taken in 2006
Discovery[1]
Discovered byDeep Ecliptic Survey
Discovery siteCerro Tololo Obs.
Discovery date22 May 2001
Designations
(28978) Ixion
Pronunciation/ɪkˈsaɪ.ən/ (ik-SY-ən)[a]
Named after
Ixion[2]
2001 KX76
TNO · plutino[3] · distant[4]
AdjectivesIxionian
Orbital characteristics[1]
Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 3
Observation arc35.93 yr (13,122 days)
Earliest precovery date17 July 1982
Aphelion49.479 AU
Perihelion30.103 AU
39.791 AU
Eccentricity0.24348
251.01 yr (91,240 days)
287.080°
0° 0m 14.148s / day
Inclination19.578°
70.988°
298.217°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
617+19
−20 km [5]
12.4±0.3 h[6]
0.141±0.011 [5]
B–V=1.009±0.051[7]
V–R=0.610±0.030[7]
V–I=1.146±0.086[7]
19.8[8]
3.828±0.039[5]
3.6 (assumed)[1][4]

28978 Ixion (/ɪkˈsaɪ.ən/ ik-SY-ən), provisional designation 2001 KX76, is a plutino (an object that has a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune). Brown and Tancredi calculate that it is very likely to be a dwarf planet,[9][10] although the International Astronomical Union has not officially classified it as such. It was discovered on 22 May 2001 by the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.[4] It is named after Ixion, a figure from Greek mythology.[2]

Analysis of the lightcurve's brightness variation shows only small deviations, which suggests that Ixion is a spheroid with small albedo spots and hence a dwarf planet.[11] It has a diameter of approximately 600–650 km, making it about the fifth-largest plutino. It is moderately red in visible light and has a surface made of a mixture of tholins and water ice.

History

Discovery

Ixion was discovered on 22 May 2001 by a team of American astronomers of the Deep Ecliptic Survey project led by Robert Millis at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile.[4][12] The Deep Ecliptic Survey, which was funded by NASA, was a search for Kuiper belt objects using the facilities of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory.[12] Ixion is the intrinsically brightest and largest object discovered by the survey.[13] Ixion was first identified by astronomers James Elliot and Lawrence Wasserman in digital images taken with the 4-meter Víctor M. Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo.[14][12] At the time of discovery, Ixion was located in the constellation of Scorpius.[b]

The discovery of Ixion was formally announced by the Minor Planet Center in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular on 1 July 2000.[17][18] It was given the provisional designation 2001 KX76, indicating that it was discovered in the second half of May 2001.[19][20] Ixion was the 1,923rd object discovered in the latter half of May, as indicated by the last letter and numbers in its designation.[19]

Ixion was the intrinsically brightest object found at the time, corresponding to being one of the largest Kuiper belt objects discovered.[12] It was believed to be larger than the dwarf planet Ceres and comparable in size to Pluto's moon Charon.[12][21]

Name

This minor planet was named after Ixion, king of the Lapiths in Greek mythology. Ixion desired Zeus's wife, Hera. Zeus found out about his intentions and created the cloud Nephele in the shape of Hera, and tricked Ixion into coupling with it, fathering the race of Centaurs. For his crimes, Ixion was expelled from Olympus, blasted with a thunderbolt, and bound to a burning solar wheel in the underworld for all eternity.[2] The official naming citation was published on 28 March 2002 (M.P.C. 45236).[22]

Physical characteristics

Different diameters for Ixion depending on its albedo

Other than Pluto, Ixion was the first trans-Neptunian object (TNO) discovered that was originally estimated to be larger than dwarf planet Ceres,[12] Even in 2002, a year after its discovery, Ixion was still believed to be more than 1000 km in diameter, though the 2002 estimate was a result of a spurious detection at 250 GHz that was not confirmed by later observations.[23] More recent estimates suggest that Ixion has a high albedo[24] and is smaller than Ceres. Observations of Ixion by Herschel Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope in the far-infrared part of the spectrum revealed that its size is about 620 km.[5]

Ixion is moderately red (slightly redder than Quaoar) in the visible light.[25] It also has a higher albedo (>0.15) than the mid-sized red cubewanos.[23] There may be an absorption feature at the wavelength of 0.8 μm in its spectrum, which is commonly attributed to the alteration of surface materials by water.[25] In the near-infrared the spectrum of Ixion is flat and featureless. Water ice absorption bands at 1.5 and 2 μm are absent. This is in contrast to Varuna, which has a red spectral slope in the near-infrared as well as prominent water absorption bands.[26] Both visible and infrared spectroscopic results indicate that Ixion's surface is a mixture of water ice, dark carbon and tholin, which is a heteropolymer formed by irradiation of clathrates of water and organic compounds.[27] The Very Large Telescope (VLT) has checked Ixion for cometary activity, but did not detect a coma.[28] Ixion is currently about 41 AU from the Sun,[8] and it is possible that Ixion could develop a coma or temporary atmosphere when it is closer to perihelion.

Orbit and rotation

Orbit and position of Ixion (green), Pluto (red) and Neptune (grey) in 2006
Ixion imaged in 2001, by La Silla's MPG/ESO telescope at 41 AU

Ixion and Pluto follow similar but differently oriented orbits: Ixion's perihelion is below the ecliptic whereas Pluto's is above it. Uncharacteristically for bodies locked in resonance with Neptune (such as Orcus), Ixion approaches Pluto with less than 20 degrees of angular separation. Ixion is currently below the ecliptic and will reach its perihelion in 2070. Pluto has passed its perihelion (1989) and is descending toward the ecliptic. Ixion's orbital period is almost 250 Earth years, about 0.5% larger than Pluto's. Ixion does demonstrate some regular changes in brightness, which are thought to be caused by its rotation.[27]

In May 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Ixion was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.4±0.3 hours with a small brightness variation confirming the body's supposed spheroidal shape (U=n.a.).[6][29]

Exploration

A study published in 2012 determined that Ixion and Huya were the most feasible out of seven possible TNO targets for an orbiter mission that would launch on an Atlas V 551 or Delta IV HLV rocket and use a Jupiter flyby for a gravity assist.[30] A mission launched on 11 November 2039 would arrive at Ixion after 17 years cruise time.

Notes

  1. ^ Or as in Latin: Ixīōn, Ancient Greek: Ιξίων. Sometimes erroneously /ˈɪksiən/ IK-see-ən.
  2. ^ The given equatorial coordinates of Ixion during 22 May 2001 is 16h 16m 06.12s and −19° 13′ 45.6″,[15][4] which is close to the Scorpius constellation's coordinates around 17h and −40°.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76)" (2018-06-20 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Schmadel, Lutz D. (2006). "(28978) Ixion". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (28978) Ixion, Addendum to Fifth Edition: 2003–2005. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 1147. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  3. ^ Buie, M. W. "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 28978". Southwest Research Institute. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e "28978 Ixion (2001 KX76)". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d Lellouch, E.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Lacerda, P.; Mommert, M.; Duffard, R.; Ortiz, J. L.; et al. (September 2013). ""TNOs are Cool": A survey of the trans-Neptunian region. IX. Thermal properties of Kuiper belt objects and Centaurs from combined Herschel and Spitzer observations" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 557: 19. arXiv:1202.3657. Bibcode:2013A&A...557A..60L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322047.
  6. ^ a b Galiazzo, M.; de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R.; Carraro, G.; Maris, M.; Montalto, M. (July 2016). "Photometry of Centaurs and trans-Neptunian objects: 2060 Chiron (1977 UB), 10199 Chariklo (1997 CU26), 38628 Huya (2000 EB173), 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76), and 90482 Orcus (2004 DW)". Astrophysics and Space Science. 361 (7): 15. arXiv:1605.08251. Bibcode:2016Ap&SS.361..212G. doi:10.1007/s10509-016-2801-5. ISSN 1572-946X.
  7. ^ a b c Hainaut, O. R.; Boehnhardt, H.; Protopapa, S. (October 2012). "Colours of minor bodies in the outer solar system. II. A statistical analysis revisited" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 546: 20. arXiv:1209.1896. Bibcode:2012A&A...546A.115H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219566.
  8. ^ a b "(28978) Ixion–Ephemerides". Asteroids Dynamic Site. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  9. ^ Brown, Michael E. (13 September 2019). "How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  10. ^ Tancredi, G. (6 April 2010). "Physical and dynamical characteristics of icy "dwarf planets" (plutoids)". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 5 (S263): 173–185. Bibcode:2010IAUS..263..173T. doi:10.1017/S1743921310001717.
  11. ^ Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. (2008). "Which are the dwarfs in the solar system?" (PDF). Asteroids, Comets, Meteors. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "Kuiper Belt Object Found Possibly As Large As Pluto's Moon" (Press release). National Optical Astronomy Observatory. 2 July 2001. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  13. ^ Buie, M. W.; Millis, R. L.; Wasserman, L. H.; Elliot, J. L.; Kern, S. D.; Clancy, K. B. (June 2003). "Procedures, Resources and Selected Results of the Deep Ecliptic Survey" (PDF). Earth, Moon, and Planets. 92 (1–4): 113–124. arXiv:astro-ph/0309251. doi:10.1023/B:MOON.0000031930.13823.be. ISSN 1573-0794. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |display-authors=6 (help)
  14. ^ Buie, M. W. "DES: Looker Statistics for the night of 010521". Southwest Research Institute. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  15. ^ Marsden, Brian G. (1 July 2001). "MPEC 2001-N01 : 2001 FT185, 2001 KW76, 2001 KX76, 2001 KY76, 2001 KZ76, 2001 KA77". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center.
  16. ^ Zimmermann, Kim Ann (17 May 2017). "Scorpius Constellation: Facts About the Scorpion". Space.com. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference MPEC-2000-N01 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Whitehouse, David (3 July 2001). "Large world found near Pluto". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2002. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  19. ^ a b "New- And Old-Style Minor Planet Designations". Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference MPEC-2000-P28 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ "Virtual Telescope Observes Record-Breaking Asteroid". European Southern Observatory. 23 August 2001. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  22. ^ "M.P.C. 45213" (PDF). Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. 28 March 2002. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  23. ^ a b Altenhoff, W. J.; Bertoldi, F.; Menten, K. M. (February 2004). "Size estimates of some optically bright KBOs" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 415 (2): 771–775. Bibcode:2004A&A...415..771A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035603.
  24. ^ W. R. Johnston (23 October 2018). "TNO/Centaur diameters, albedos, and densities". Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
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  27. ^ a b Boehnhardt, H.; Bagnulo, S.; Muinonen, K.; Barucci, M. A.; Kolokolova, L.; Dotto, E.; et al. (February 2004). "Surface characterization of 28978 Ixion (2001 KX76)" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 415 (2): L21–L25. Bibcode:2004A&A...415L..21B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040005.
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  29. ^ "LCDB Data for (28978) Ixion". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  30. ^ Gleaves, Ashley; Allen, Randall; Tupis, Adam; Quigley, John; Moon, Adam; Roe, Eric; Spencer, David; Youst, Nicholas; Lyne, James (13 August 2012). A Survey of Mission Opportunities to Trans-Neptunian Objects – Part II, Orbital Capture. Minneapolis, Minnesota: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. doi:10.2514/6.2012-5066. ISBN 9781624101823. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
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External links

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