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In Canada, in 2017, following a three-year government inquiry into environmental illness, it was recommended that a public statement be made by the health department.<ref>Task Force on Environmental Health (2017). [http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/ministry/publications/reports/environmental_health_2017/task_force_on_environmental_health_report.pdf Time for leadership: recognizing and improving care for those with ME/CFS, FM and ES/MCS. Phase 1 report.] Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2017.p.17</ref>
In Canada, in 2017, following a three-year government inquiry into environmental illness, it was recommended that a public statement be made by the health department.<ref>Task Force on Environmental Health (2017). [http://www.health.gov.on.ca/en/common/ministry/publications/reports/environmental_health_2017/task_force_on_environmental_health_report.pdf Time for leadership: recognizing and improving care for those with ME/CFS, FM and ES/MCS. Phase 1 report.] Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2017.p.17</ref>

=== Genetic ===
Other genetic markers known to affect detoxification pathways have been identified as being more common in subjects with MCS than controls,<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":24" /><ref>De Luca C, Raskovic D, Pacifico V, Thai JC, Korkina L. The search for reliable biomarkers of disease in multiple chemical sensitivity and other environmental intolerances. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8(7): 2770-97.</ref><ref>Caccamo D, Cesareo E, Mariani S, et al. Xenobiotic sensor- and metabolism related gene variants in environmental sensitivity-related illnesses: a survey on the Italian population. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2013; 2013: 831969.</ref><ref>De Luca C, Thai JC, Raskovic D, et al. Metabolic and genetic screening of electromagnetic hypersensitive subjects as a feasible tool for diagnostics and intervention. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014: 924184.</ref> including polymorphisms and differences in expression of the following: [[CYP2D6]], [[N-acetyltransferase 2|NAT2]], [[Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1|GSTM1]], and [[PON1]] and [[PON2]].<ref name="McKeown et al. 2004">{{cite journal |vauthors=McKeown-Eyssen G, Baines C, Cole DE, Riley N, Tyndale RF, Marshall L, Jazmaji V | title = Case-control study of genotypes in multiple chemical sensitivity: CYP2D6, NAT1, NAT2, PON1, PON2 and MTHFR | volume = 33| issue = 5 | pages = 971–8 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15256524 | doi = 10.1093/ije/dyh251 | journal = Psychosomatic Medicine }}</ref><ref name="Schnackenberget">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1186/1476-069X-6-6|pmid = 17291352|pmc = 1802749|title = A cross-sectional study of self-reported chemical-related sensitivity is associated with gene variants of drug-metabolizing enzymes|journal = Environmental Health|volume = 6|pages = 6|year = 2007|last1 = Schnakenberg|first1 = Eckart|last2 = Fabig|first2 = Karl-Rainer|last3 = Stanulla|first3 = Martin|last4 = Strobl|first4 = Nils|last5 = Lustig|first5 = Michael|last6 = Fabig|first6 = Nathalie|last7 = Schloot|first7 = Werner}}</ref>


== Diagnosis ==
== Diagnosis ==

Revision as of 19:10, 15 December 2019

This article is part of a series on
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Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), also known as idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI), is an unrecognized diagnosis characterized by chronic symptoms attributed to exposure to commonly used chemicals.[1][2] Symptoms are typically vague and non-specific. They may include fatigue, headaches, nausea, and dizziness. Although these symptoms can be debilitating,[1] MCS is not recognized as an organic, chemical-caused illness by the World Health Organization, American Medical Association, or any of several other professional medical organizations.[3][4] Blinded clinical trials show that people with MCS react as often and as strongly to placebos as they do to chemical stimuli; the existence and severity of symptoms is related to perception that a chemical stimulus is present.[5][6] Some attribute the symptoms to depression, somatoform disorders, or anxiety disorders.[7]

Commonly attributed substances include scented products, pesticides, plastics, synthetic fabrics, smoke, petroleum products, and paint fumes.[2]

Causes

There is a lack of agreement among MCS researchers on the cause or causes of the condition.[8] A 2018 systematic review concluded that the evidence suggests that abnormalities in sensory processing pathways combined with peculiar personality traits best explains this condition.[9]

In 2017, a Canadian government Task Force on Environmental Health said that there had been very little rigorous peer-reviewed research into MCS and almost a complete lack of funding for such research in North America.[10] "Most recently," it said, "some peer-reviewed clinical research has emerged from centres in Italy, Denmark and Japan suggesting that there are fundamental neurobiologic, metabolic, and genetic susceptibility factors that underlie ES/MCS."[10]

Immunological

MCS is not an allergy, and subjects with MCS having adverse reactions do not routinely exhibit the immune markers associated with allergies.[11] Nevertheless, certain immune irregularities have been identified in subjects with MCS in a range of studies.[11]

In the 1980s and 1990s, some researchers hypothesized that these immune irregularities suggested that MCS was caused by a chemically induced disturbance of the immune system, which resulted in chronic immune dysfunction.[11][2] While others concluded that allergic or immunotoxicological reactions could be contributing factors in at least a subset of MCS patients.[11][12][13] As more studies were conducted, however, some argued that there was no consistent pattern of immunological reactivity or abnormality in MCS.[14][15][16]

More recently, a French study found that subjects with MCS had higher levels of histamine than controls.[17] It also identified damage to the blood-brain barrier in MCS subjects, the production of antibodies against myelin and evidence of inflammatory processes involving the limbic system and thalamus.[17] These findings led the research team to conclude that some level of immune activation was likely occurring in the condition.[17]

There is also evidence that subjects with MCS are more likely than controls to have proper allergies[18] and autoimmune diseases.[19][20][21]

Psychological

Several mechanisms for a psychological etiology of the condition have been proposed, including theories based on misdiagnoses of an underlying mental illness, stress, or classical conditioning.[citation needed] Many people with MCS also meet the criteria for major depressive disorder or anxiety disorder.[22][non-primary source needed] Other proposed explanations include somatic symptom disorder,[23][non-primary source needed] panic disorder,[24][non-primary source needed] migraine, chronic fatigue syndrome, or fibromyalgia and brain fog. Through behavioral conditioning, it has been proposed that people with MCS may develop real, but unintentionally psychologically produced, symptoms, such as anticipatory nausea, when they encounter certain odors or other perceived triggers.[25][23][non-primary source needed] It has also been proposed in one study that individuals may have a tendency to "catastrophically misinterpret benign physical symptoms"[26][23][non-primary source needed] or simply have a disturbingly acute sense of smell.[medical citation needed] The personality trait absorption, in which individuals are predisposed to becoming deeply immersed in sensory experiences, may be stronger in individuals reporting symptoms of MCS.[27][23][non-primary source needed] In the 1990s, behaviors exhibited by MCS sufferers were hypothesized by some to reflect broader sociological fears about industrial pollution and broader societal trends of technophobia and chemophobia.[4][28][23]

These theories have attracted criticism.[8][29][30][31]

In Canada, in 2017, following a three-year government inquiry into environmental illness, it was recommended that a public statement be made by the health department.[32]

Diagnosis

International Classification of Diseases

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), maintained by the World Health Organization, does not recognize multiple chemical sensitivity or environmental sensitivity as a discrete disease.[3] The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, the California Medical Association, the American College of Physicians, and the International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology also do not recognize MCS.[4][33][34] The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) indicates that MCS is highly controversial and that there is insufficient scientific evidence to explain the relationship between the suggested causes of MCS and its symptoms. OSHA recommends evaluation by a physician knowledgeable of the symptoms presented.[35]

Management

In line with the lack of consensus that MCS has any physiological cause, there is no current clinically proven treatment for MCS.[8] It has been suggested that a multidisciplinary approach be taken to treating this condition taking into account, peculiar personality traits often seen in affected individuals and physiological abnormalities in sensorary pathways and the limbic system.[9] There is also no scientific consensus on supportive therapies for MCS, "but the literature agrees on the need for patients with MCS to avoid the specific substances that trigger reactions for them and also on the avoidance of xenobiotics in general, to prevent further sensitization."[8][36][37][38]

There is also consensus that a multidisciplinary approach is required for adequately managing the health of someone with MCS.[9] And some studies suggest a special focus on correcting any nutritional deficiencies may be beneficial.[9][39]

Epidemiology

Prevalence rates for MCS vary according to the diagnostic criteria used.[40] The condition is reported across industrialized countries and it affects women more than men.[41]

The most extensive epidemiological study into MCS in the United States was in 2005.[42] It found that the national prevalence rate for MCS diagnosed by a doctor was 2.5% and self-reported MCS was 11.2%.[43][44]

In 2018, the same researchers reported that the prevalence rate of diagnosed MCS had increased by more than 300% and self-reported chemical sensitivity by more than 200% in the previous decade.[45] They found that 12.8% of those surveyed reported medically diagnosed MCS and 25.9% reported having chemical sensitivities.[45]

A 2014 study by the Canadian Ministry of Health estimated, based on its survey, that 0.9% of Canadian males and 3.3% of Canadian females had a diagnosis of MCS by a health professional.[46][47]

While a 2018 study at the University of Melbourne found that 6.5% of Australian adults reported having a medical diagnosis of MCS and that 18.9 per cent reported having adverse reactions to multiple chemicals.[48][49][50] The study also found that for 55.4 per cent of those with MCS, the symptoms triggered by chemical exposures could be disabling.[49]

Gulf War syndrome

Veterans of the Gulf War attributed to Gulf War syndrome are similar to those reported for MCS, including headache, fatigue, muscle stiffness, joint pain, inability to concentrate, sleep problems, and gastrointestinal issues.[51]

A population-based, cross-sectional epidemiological study involving American veterans of the Gulf War, non-Gulf War veterans, and non-deployed reservists enlisted both during Gulf War era and outside the Gulf War era concluded the prevalence of MCS-type symptoms in Gulf War veterans was somewhat higher than in non-Gulf War veterans.[52] After adjusting for potentially confounding factors (age, sex, and military training), there was a robust association between individuals with MCS-type symptoms and psychiatric treatment (either therapy or medication) before deployment and, therefore, before any possible deployment-connected chemical exposures.[52]

The odds of reporting MCS or chronic multiple-symptom illness was 3.5 times greater for Gulf War veterans than non-Gulf veterans.[53] Gulf War veterans have an increased rate of being diagnosed with multiple-symptom conditions compared to military personnel deployed to other conflicts.[54]

History

MCS was first proposed as a distinct disease by Theron G. Randolph in 1950. In 1965, Randolph founded the Society for Clinical Ecology as an organization to promote his ideas about symptoms reported by his patients. As a consequence, clinical ecology emerged as a non-recognized medical specialty.[55] In 1984, the Society for Clinical Ecology changed its name to American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM). In the 1990s, an association was noted with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and Gulf War syndrome.[56]

In 1994, the AMA, American Lung Association, US EPA and the US Consumer Product Safety Commission published a booklet on indoor air pollution that discusses MCS, among other issues. The booklet further states that a pathogenesis of MCS has not been definitively proven, and that symptoms that have been self-diagnosed by a patient as related to MCS could actually be related to allergies or have a psychological basis, and recommends that physicians should counsel patients seeking relief from their symptoms that they may benefit from consultation with specialists in these fields.[57]

In 1995, an Interagency Workgroup on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity was formed under the supervision of the Environmental Health Policy Committee within the United States Department of Health and Human Services to examine the body of research that had been conducted on MCS to that date. The work group included representatives from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Department of Energy, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, and the National Institutes of Health. The Predecisional Draft document generated by the workgroup in 1998 recommended additional research in the basic epidemiology of MCS, the performance of case-comparison and challenge studies, and the development of a case definition for MCS. However, the workgroup also concluded that it was unlikely that MCS would receive extensive financial resources from federal agencies because of budgetary constraints and the allocation of funds to other, extensively overlapping syndromes with unknown cause, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and Gulf War syndrome. The Environmental Health Policy Committee is currently inactive, and the workgroup document has not been finalized.[58]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Gavura, Scott (3 July 2014). "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: Separating facts from fiction". sciencebasedmedicine.org. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Genuis, SJ (May 2013). "Chemical sensitivity: pathophysiology or pathopsychology?". Clinical Therapeutics (Review). 35 (5): 572–7. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.04.003. PMID 23642291.
  3. ^ a b Sears, Margaret E. 2007. "The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities." Note: The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Canadian Human Rights Commission.
  4. ^ a b c Gots RE (1995). "Multiple chemical sensitivities--public policy". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 33 (2): 111–3. doi:10.3109/15563659509000459. PMID 7897748. The phenomenon of multiple chemical sensitivities is a peculiar manifestation of our technophobic and chemophobic society. It has been rejected as an established organic disease by the American Academy of Allergy and Immunology, the American Medical Association, the California Medical Association, the American College of Physicians, and the International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. It may be the only ailment in existence in which the patient defines both the cause and the manifestations of his own condition.
  5. ^ J. Das-Munshi, G. J. Rubin, S. Wessely, Multiple chemical sensitivities: A systematic review of provocation studies, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 118, pp.1257-1264 (2006)
  6. ^ Bornschein S, Hausteiner C, Römmelt H, Nowak D, Förstl H, Zilker T (2008). "Double-blind placebo-controlled provocation study in patients with subjective Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) and matched control subjects" (PDF). Clin Toxicol. 46 (5): 443–9. doi:10.1080/15563650701742438. PMID 18568800.
  7. ^ Bornschein, S; Förstl, H; Zilker, T (October 2001). "Idiopathic environmental intolerances (formerly multiple chemical sensitivity) psychiatric perspectives". Journal of Internal Medicine. 250 (4): 309–21. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2001.00870.x. PMID 11576318.
  8. ^ a b c d Task Force on Environmental Health (2017). Time for leadership: recognizing and improving care for those with ME/CFS, FM and ES/MCS. Phase 1 report. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d Viziano, A.; Micarelli, A.; Pasquantonio, G.; Della-Morte, D.; Alessandrini, M. (November 2018). "Perspectives on multisensory perception disruption in idiopathic environmental intolerance: a systematic review". Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 91 (8): 923–935. doi:10.1007/s00420-018-1346-z. PMID 30088144.
  10. ^ a b Task Force on Environmental Health (2017). Time for leadership: recognizing and improving care for those with ME/CFS, FM and ES/MCS. Phase 1 report. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2017. p. 53.
  11. ^ a b c d A Scientific Review of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: Identifying Key Research Needs. Published in 2010 by the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Australian Government. Canberra, Australia. p.21 http://test.nicnas.gov.au/Media/Latest_News/MCS.asp
  12. ^ Albright JF, Goldstein RA. Is there evidence of an immunologic basis for multiple chemical sensitivity? Toxicol Ind Health 1992; 8(4): 215-9.
  13. ^ Meggs WJ (1992) MCS and the immune system. Toxicol Ind Health 8(4):203-214.
  14. ^ A Scientific Review of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: Identifying Key Research Needs. Published in 2010 by the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Australian Government. Canberra, Australia. p.22. http://test.nicnas.gov.au/Media/Latest_News/MCS.asp
  15. ^ Graveling RA, Pilkington A, George JPK, Butler MP & Tannahill SN (1999) A review of multiple chemical sensitivity. Occup Environ Med 56:73-85.
  16. ^ Labarge XS & McCaffrey RJ (2000) Multiple chemical sensitivity: a review of the theoretical and research literature. Neuropsychol Rev 10(4):183-211.
  17. ^ a b c Belpomme D, Campagnac C, Irigaray P. Reliable disease biomarkers characterizing and identifying electrohypersensitivity and multiple chemical sensitivity as two etiopathogenic aspects of a unique pathological disorder. Rev Environ Health 2015; 30(4): 251-71.
  18. ^ Valderrama Rodríguez M, Revilla López MC, Blas Diez MP, Vázquez Fernández del Pozo S, Martín Sánchez JI. Review of the scientific evidence on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Spanish Ministry of health, social services and equality. The Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Spain; 2015. p.16
  19. ^ Hybenova M, Hrda P, Prochazkova J, Stejskal V, Sterzl I. The role of environmental factors in autoimmune thyroiditis. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2010; 31(3): 283-9.
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  22. ^ Lax MB, Henneberger PK (1995). "Patients with multiple chemical sensitivities in an occupational health clinic: presentation and follow-up". Arch. Environ. Health. 50 (6): 425–31. doi:10.1080/00039896.1995.9935978. PMID 8572720.
  23. ^ a b c d e Bailer J, Witthöft M, Paul C, Bayerl C, Rist F (2005). "Evidence for overlap between idiopathic environmental intolerance and somatoform disorders". Psychosom Med. 67 (6): 921–9. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000174170.66109.b7. PMID 16314597.
  24. ^ Binkley KE, Kutcher S (1997). "Panic response to sodium lactate infusion in patients with multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 99 (4): 570–4. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70086-1. PMID 9111504.
  25. ^ Hetherington, Lh; Battershill, Jm (2013-01-01). "Review of evidence for a toxicological mechanism of idiopathic environmental intolerance". Human & Experimental Toxicology. 32 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1177/0960327112457189. ISSN 1477-0903. PMID 23060407.
  26. ^ "Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance May Have Psychological Component". Medscape.com. Retrieved 2008-01-13.
  27. ^ Witthöft M, Rist F, Bailer J (2008). "Evidence for a specific link between the personality trait of absorption and idiopathic environmental intolerance". J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A. 71 (11–12): 795–802. doi:10.1080/15287390801985687. PMID 18569578.
  28. ^ Shorter, E (1997). "Multiple chemical sensitivity: pseudodisease in historical perspective". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment, and Health. 23 (Supplement 3): 35–42. PMID 9456064.
  29. ^ Tuuminen, Tamara (2018). "Multiple Chemical Sensitivity". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 60 (8): e429. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000001369. PMID 29851734.
  30. ^ Davidoff AL, Fogarty L. Psychogenic origins of multiple chemical sensitivities syndrome: a critical review of the research literature. Arch Environ Health 1994; 49(5): 316-25.    
  31. ^ Davidoff AL, Keyl PM. Symptoms and health status in individuals with multiple chemical sensitivities syndrome from four reported sensitizing exposures and a general population comparison group. Arch Environ Health 1996; 51(3): 201-13.
  32. ^ Task Force on Environmental Health (2017). Time for leadership: recognizing and improving care for those with ME/CFS, FM and ES/MCS. Phase 1 report. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2017.p.17
  33. ^ Magill MK, Suruda A (September 1998). "Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome". Am Fam Physician. 58 (3): 721–8. PMID 9750540.
  34. ^ Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association (1992). "Clinical ecology". JAMA. 268 (24): 3465–7. doi:10.1001/jama.268.24.3465. PMID 1460738. No evidence based on well-controlled clinical trials is available that supports a cause-and-effect relationship between exposure to very low levels of substances and the myriad symptoms reported by clinical ecologists to result from such exposure.… Until such accurate, reproducible, and well-controlled studies are available, the American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs believes that multiple chemical sensitivity should not be considered a recognized clinical syndrome.
  35. ^ "Safety and Health Topics | Multiple Chemical Sensitivities". Osha.gov. Retrieved 2014-06-08.
  36. ^ Valderrama Rodríguez M, Revilla López MC, Blas Diez MP, Vázquez Fernández del Pozo S, Martín Sánchez JI. Review of the scientific evidence on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Spanish Ministry of health, social services and equality. The Aragon Institute of Health Sciences, Spain; 2015. p.17
  37. ^ A Scientific Review of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: Identifying Key Research Needs. Published in 2010 by the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Australian Government. Canberra, Australia http://test.nicnas.gov.au/Media/Latest_News/MCS.asp
  38. ^ Ziem GE. Multiple chemical sensitivity: treatment and followup with avoidance and control of chemical exposures. Toxicol Ind Health 1992; 8(4): 73-86.
  39. ^ Sanders, Lisa (2006-02-26). "On Her Last Legs - New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  40. ^ "1.1.2 Studies on the prevalence of MCS in other countries." A Scientific Review of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: Identifying Key Research Needs. Published in 2010 by the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Australian Government. Canberra. http://test.nicnas.gov.au/Media/Latest_News/MCS.asp
  41. ^ Task Force on Environmental Health (2017). Time for leadership: recognizing and improving care for those with ME/CFS, FM and ES/MCS. Phase 1 report. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2017. p.37
  42. ^ Steinemann AC. A national population stexpudy of the prevalence of multiple chemical sensitivity. Arch Environ Health 2005; 59(6): 300-5.
  43. ^ Steinemann AC. A national population study of the prevalence of multiple chemical sensitivity. Arch Environ Health 2005; 59(6): 300-5.
  44. ^ Caress S, Steinemann AC. Asthma and chemical hypersensitivity: prevalence, etiology, and age of onset. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:71–78.
  45. ^ a b Steinemann A. National Prevalence and Effects of Multiple Chemical Sensitivities. J Occup Environ Med 2018;60(3): e152-e6.
  46. ^ Task Force on Environmental Health (2017). Time for leadership: recognizing and improving care for those with ME/CFS, FM and ES/MCS. Phase 1 report. Toronto, Ontario: Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care; 2017. p.37.
  47. ^ Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2014, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care Share File, Statistics Canada.
  48. ^ Pigatto PD, Guzzi G. Prevalence and Risk Factors for MCS in Australia. Preventive Medicine Reports 2019.
  49. ^ a b "Common chemical products making Australians sick, study finds". The University of Melbourne Newsroom. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  50. ^ Steinemann A. Prevalence and effects of multiple chemical sensitivities in Australia. Prev Med Rep 2018; 10: 191-4.
  51. ^ Gray GC, Gackstetter GD, Kang HK, Graham JT, Scott KC (2004). "After more than 10 years of Gulf War Veteran medical evaluations, what have we learned?". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 26 (5): 443–452. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.02.006. PMID 15165662.
  52. ^ a b Black DW, Doebbeling BN, Voelker MD, Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Barrett DH, Schwartz DA (April 2000). "Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: symptom prevalence and risk factors in a military population". Arch. Intern. Med. 160 (8): 1169–76. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1169. PMID 10789611.
  53. ^ Thomas HV, Stimpson NJ, Weightman AL, Dunstan F, Lewis G (2006). "Systematic review of multi-symptom conditions in Gulf War veterans." Multi-symptom illnesses, unexplained illness, and Gulf War Syndrome"" (PDF). Psychological Medicine. 36 (6): 735–747. doi:10.1017/s0033291705006975. PMID 16438740.
  54. ^ Ismail K, Lewis G (2006). "Multi-symptom illnesses, unexplained illness, and Gulf War Syndrome". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 361 (1468): 543–551. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1815. PMC 1569616. PMID 16687260.
  55. ^ &Na (1999). "ACOEM position statement. Multiple chemical sensitivities: idiopathic environmental intolerance. College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine". J Occup Environ Med. 41 (11): 940–2. doi:10.1097/00043764-199911000-00003. PMID 10570497.
  56. ^ Donnay Albert H (1999). "On the Recognition of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity in Medical Literature and Government Policy". International Journal of Toxicology. 18 (6): 383–392. doi:10.1080/109158199225099.
  57. ^ Indoor Air Pollution: An Introduction for Health Professionals. Co-sponsored by: The American Lung Association (ALA), The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), and The American Medical Association (AMA). 1994. Retrieved 2008-06-30. [D]efinition of the phenomenon is elusive and its pathogenesis as a distinct entity is not confirmed....The current consensus is that in cases of claimed or suspected MCS, complaints should not be dismissed as psychogenic, and a thorough workup is essential. Primary care givers should determine that the individual does not have an underlying physiological problem and should consider the value of consultation with allergists and other specialists.
  58. ^ "A Report on Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)". Web.health.gov. 1998-08-24. Retrieved 2014-06-08.

External links

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