Octopus minor: Difference between revisions

Octopus minor
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Order:	Octopoda
Family:	Octopodidae
Genus:	Octopus
Species:	O. minor
Binomial name
	Octopus minor; Sasaki, 1920
Synonyms
	Octopus minor minor Sasaki ; Polypus macropus minor Sasaki ; Polypus variabilis pardalis Sasaki ; Polypus variabilis typicus Sasaki ;

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Octopus minor, otherwise known as the Long arm Octopus or the Korean Common Octopus, is a small bodied octopus species distributed along the benthic coastal waters surrounding Eastern China, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula. It lives at depths ranging from 0 – 200m.^[1]^[2] O. minor is commonly found in the mudflats of sub-tidal zones leaving it exposed to significant environmental variations.^[3] It is grouped within the class Cephalopoda along with squids and cuttlefish.^[4]

O. minor carries cultural and economic value in the Asian countries in which it is found. It is important commercially to the fishing communities in Korea, it contributes to the $35 million octopus industry.^[5] It is recognised as a Korean culinary seafood option, commonly referred to as ‘Nakji’(낙지). The octopus is served both cooked and raw, and is often a snack during sporting events.^[6]

There have been multiple findings concerning the physiological makeup of the O. minor. It has been shown to host a dangerous parasite, whilst also demonstrating the ability to adapt its morphology to wide-ranging environmental conditions. These characteristics have increased interest in the species and its genome has been mapped.^[3]^[7]

Anatomy

The O. minor, similar to the rest of its Order Octopoda, is bilaterally symmetrical along a dorsoventral axis with two eyes and a mouth that centres its eight arms.^[8] The arms have evolved from feet as they are flexible and surround its mouth in a webbed formation.^[8] These arms contain two-thirds of the octopi’s neurons.^[9] On the underside of these arms, O. minor has “suckers” which are the circular, adhesive suction cups. These are predominantly used for manipulating, navigating and preparing food.^[8]^[9] O. minor has a dominant mantle and visceral hump which contains the majority of its fundamental organs. This corresponds with the translation of ‘Cephalopoda’ which means “head foot”, as its foot/feet are directly attached to its head.^[10]

O. minor is a small soft-bodied octopus with long arms hence its nickname ‘Long-arm Octopus’. O. minor features eight arms and a bulbous head.^[10] It can be identified by its grey colouring which matches the sandy plains in which it is commonly found, however when it finds itself threatened or in danger, it will shift its skin tone to a dark red.^[4]

Size

The O. minor reaches a mantle size of 18cm (7.1 inches) with arms of/up to 65cm (25.6 inches).^[11] It is the smaller side of its class compared to colossal squids which can reach over 10 metres (33 feet).^[12]

Distribution and Behaviour

Feeding

O. minor, alike other octopus populations, possess predatory traits.^[13] O. minor’s diet coincides with that of other bottom-dwelling octopuses, with over 50% accounted for by fish, 25% by cephalopods such as whelks and clams, the remainder being made up of crustaceans such as crabs, annelids and nematodes, other commonly found species sharing the O. minor habitat.^[14]. The small nature of the octopus means rejection of larger species including rock scallops and large fish.^[13]^[14]

The benthic nature of the O. minor allows it to move between rocks and through crevices.^[14] Once it has identified its prey, it makes a sudden pounce, using its suckers to grip onto it and pull it in.^[15] The O. minor preys on smaller targets by trapping them in the web-like structure of its legs.^[13] The O. minor injects its prey with a paralysing saliva, using miniature teeth at the end of their salivary papilla to dismember them.^[13] When targeting shelled molluscs, the O. minor creates a toxic saliva which enables the calcium carbonate of the shell to be broken down.^[14] Once the outer protection is penetrated, the preys muscles relax allowing the octopus to remove its soft issues, in-turn, killing it.^[13]^[14]

Feeding intensities differ between the males and females of the O. minor.^[14] Different intensities revolve around the ovarian maturation calendar of the female octopus.^[14] From months April to July the intensity of feeding in females decreased, alternatively an increase in males.^[14] Whilst 10 different taxa have been identified within the stomach of the O. minor, the Gobiidae family was most prevalent during the female’s ovarian maturation.^[14]

Locomotion

Different to other multi-limbed hydrostats such as crabs, the O. minor performs movements using all eight independent limbs.^[16] The arrangement of muscles within its arms allows for movement in any direction.^[17] Movements of the O. minor involve crawling between rocks and crevices. This combines with swimming with its dorsal fin in a leading position.^[17] Jet propulsion is another method of locomotion performed by the O. minor.^[17] The process of crawling involves the use the octopus’s suckers.^[18] Some are used to grip to surrounding environments allowing the octopus to pull itself forward using muscles within its legs. Others push from behind.^[18] This process is repeated until a change of locomotion is performed.^[18]

The O. minor performs a swimming motion using the expulsion of water from the mantle through its siphon into the ocean behind it.^[17]^[19]Force provided by the water allows the octopus to move in the opposite direction.^[19] The direction of movement is dependent on the way in which the siphon is faced. The long arms found on the O. minor provide it with a streamline swimming shape. Its bilateral symmetry allows it to move headfirst, with its legs trailing.^[17]^[19] Jet swimming is used predominantly for escape from danger.^[16]

The O. minor performs a movement known as “pumping”. This involves the legs of the O. minor contracting in unison, allowing for the production of a wave.^[17] This provides a force which moves the body. The O. minor uses its appendages to crawl outside of the water.^[20] For the O. minor this is performed between tide pools and when served as a culinary option.^[20]

Habitat

The habitats of the O. minor vary greatly between rocky floors, reefs and the ocean floor.^[21] It is a benthic octopus, meaning it lies at the lowest body of water, around the sediment surface and rock or coral cover.^[21] The O. minor is located within the mudflats of sub-tidal zones surrounding the south western coast of the Korean peninsula.^[4] O. minor residing within the mudflats of coastal regions are exposed to rough salinity, temperature and water movement conditions.^[3] The O. minor finds itself in rocky areas such as Jeju Island.^[21] Jeju Island is an Island within the province of South Korea, over 700 square miles in size.^[22]

The O. minor is commonly found in the Yellow Sea.^[21] This is a segment of the Western Pacific Ocean situated between the Korean Peninsula and mainland China, connected to the Gulf of Bohai.^[23] The sea extends over 950 kilometres from North to South and 700 kilometres wide.^[23] The sea has a cyclone current and semidiurnal tides with temperatures that range from -10 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius.^[23]

Colour change

The O. minor, when hunting and avoiding predators, use specialised pigment-filled bags known as chromatophores. These are found in the skin, allowing the octopus to adjust its colour or reflectivity.^[24] Colour variation of chromatophores include red, brown, black, grey, yellow or blue.^[4] Other colour methods include the use of an iridescent dermal tissue.^[24] This manipulated by the O. minor to communicate with other octopus and proceed with courtship rituals.^[4]

The O. minor possesses muscles on its mantle which change texture to assist in changing colour.^[4] The shallow water habitats which the O. minor inhabits has allowed it to evolve more diverse skin than fellow cephalopods.^[4]

Relationship to humans

O. minor is well represented within the Korean commercial fishery field, presenting a high annual yield of over 350,000 tonnes.^[3]^[25] This has led to its inclusion within multiple signature seafood dishes, mostly found within Korea.^[26] The rapid adaption of the organism to the stressful conditions of its habitat encouraged scientific research and the mapping of its genome.^[27]^[3]

Culinary use

Within most parts of Korea, O. minor or Nakji, is a culinary option, being served most commonly as a snack either raw, cooked or poached.^[26]

Nakji-bokkeum (cooked):

For this dish, O. minor is chopped, then stir-fried with vegetables such as carrots, onions and cabbage.^[28] It is marinated with a local Korean red pepper sauce, then served hot with warm rice, somyeon, or bean sprouts.^[28]^[6]

San-nakji (raw):

For this dish, O. minor is either chopped or whole and served raw on a plate. It is often served with sesame oil and sesame seeds.^[29] The significant number of nerve endings in the arms of the O. Minor combined with its sophisticated nervous system, allows for a variety of movements when disconnected from the brain, meaning the octopus performs movements whilst being served.^[29]^[30] As the suction cups are still active on the cephalopod’s arms, they may grip to one’s throat, therefore consumers are at risk of choking.^[29]

Nakji-yeonpo-tang (soup):

For this dish, O. minor is boiled in stock, before being chopped into fine pieces then served in the soup with spring onion, chilli and minced garlic. The dish is traditionally offered during funeral processions.^[31]

Dangers

A large percentage (22%) of O. Minor have been found to host a dangerous parasitic benthic crustacean.^[7] Their susceptibility is due to its loss of external shell compared to fellow cephalopod, the snail.^[32] The Octopicola Huanghaienis parasite is identified by a spike at the end of its labrum lap.^[7] The parasite is a health concern when O. Minor is served raw.^[7]

Genetic Research

O. minor’s adaption of its behavioural repertoire to assorted habitat conditions made it a promising model to be studied and to have its genome mapped.^[3] Distributions of the O. minor between the Korean Peninsula and Eastern China identified genetic differences in individuals from different habitats.^[21] The borders of these countries are connected by the Yellow Sea. Genetic structures of O. minor were analysed using a sequence of the CO1 gene as it shows higher base-substitution mutation rates.^[21]

Genome mapping

The morphology of the O. minor was analysed for genome mapping.^[3] O. minor was studied for its ability to tolerate environmental changes. Its molecular basis was studied for plasticity development and mechanisms underlying adaption.^[3] The concluding genome assembly of the octopus was 5.09 Gb, with over 30 010 genes; 44% were made up of repeated elements.^[3]^[21] The total number of gene families within O. Minor are 178.^[21] A highly identical nucleotide sequence across multiple species suggests the O. minor is actually the same species as Callinectes Ornatus and Micrococcus Luteus, despite them occupying different habitats.^[21]

References

^ Lifeng, Li (March 2006). "Coastal Mollusks of the Yellow Sea Ecoregion and their habitats" (PDF). Coastal Mollusks of the Yellow Sea Ecoregion and their habitats. Retrieved 23 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ "Editorial board". Marine Behaviour and Physiology. 3 (3): ebi–ebi. 1975-01. doi:10.1080/10236247509378505. ISSN 0091-181X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Kim, Bo-Mi; Kang, Seunghyun; Ahn, Do-Hwan; Jung, Seung-Hyun; Rhee, Hwanseok; Yoo, Jong Su; Lee, Jong-Eun; Lee, SeungJae; Han, Yong-Hee; Ryu, Kyoung-Bin; Cho, Sung-Jin (2018-09-25). "The genome of common long-arm octopus Octopus minor". GigaScience. doi:10.1093/gigascience/giy119. ISSN 2047-217X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Vendetti, J (2006). "The Cephalopoda". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Glionna, J (2010). "South Korean fisherman, Health officials tangle over Octopus". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Raskin, Hanna (2013-01-22). "Nakji bokkeum, the classic Korean octopus dish that's a stated specialty of". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Du, Xin; Dong, Chao; Sun, Shi-Chun (2018-10-01). "Octopicola huanghaiensis n. sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Octopicolidae), a new parasitic copepod of the octopuses Amphioctopus fangsiao (d'Orbigny) and Octopus minor (Sasaki) (Octopoda: Octopodidae) in the Yellow Sea". Systematic Parasitology. 95 (8–9): 905–912. doi:10.1007/s11230-018-9819-8. ISSN 0165-5752.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Invertebrate Zoology [Working Title]". 2020. doi:10.5772/intechopen.82957. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ ^a ^b Wells, M. J. (1978). "Octopus". doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2468-5. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ ^a ^b El-Bawab, Fatma (2020), "Phylum Mollusca", Invertebrate Embryology and Reproduction, Elsevier, pp. 713–813, ISBN 978-0-12-814114-4, retrieved 2020-05-26
^ "Octopus bimaculoides Care Sheet (two-spot octopus)". The Octopus News Magazine Online. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ "Giant Squid | Smithsonian Ocean". ocean.si.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e A, Schmoldt; Hf, Benthe; G, Haberland (1975-09-01). "Digitoxin Metabolism by Rat Liver Microsomes". Biochemical pharmacology. PMID 10. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Bo, Qi-Kang; Zheng, Xiao-Dong; Chen, Zhi-Wei (2020-01-27). Chapman, Maura (Gee) Geraldine (ed.). "Feeding intensity and molecular prey identification of the common long-armed octopus, Octopus minor (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in the wild". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0220482. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220482. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6984699. PMID 31986139.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ Jm, Stein (1975-09-15). "The Effect of Adrenaline and of Alpha- And Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents on ATP Concentration and on Incorporation of 32Pi Into ATP in Rat Fat Cells". Biochemical pharmacology. PMID 12. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ ^a ^b Taylor, Jennifer R. A.; Kier, William M. (2006-04). "A pneumo-hydrostatic skeleton in land crabs". Nature. 440 (7087): 1005–1005. doi:10.1038/4401005a. ISSN 0028-0836. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Huffard, C. L. (2006-10-01). "Locomotion by Abdopus aculeatus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): walking the line between primary and secondary defenses". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3697–3707. doi:10.1242/jeb.02435. ISSN 0022-0949.
^ ^a ^b ^c J, Järvisalo; Ne, Saris (1975-09-15). "Action of Propranolol on Mitochondrial Functions--Effects on Energized Ion Fluxes in the Presence of Valinomycin". Biochemical pharmacology. PMID 13. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kassim, I.; Phee, L.; Ng, W.S.; Feng Gong; Dario, P.; Mosse, C.A. (2006-05). "Locomotion techniques for robotic colonoscopy". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine. 25 (3): 49–56. doi:10.1109/MEMB.2006.1636351. ISSN 0739-5175. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b Wood, James B.; Anderson, Roland C. (2004-04). "Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 7 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2. ISSN 1088-8705. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Kang, J.-H.; Park, J.-Y.; Choi, T.-J. (2012). "Genetic differentiation of octopuses from different habitats near the Korean Peninsula and eastern China based on analysis of the mDNA cytochrome C oxidase 1 gene". Genetics and Molecular Research. 11 (4): 3988–3997. doi:10.4238/2012.november.21.2. ISSN 1676-5680.
^ Calder, Joshua (2020). "World Island Info". World Island Info. Retrieved 24 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Uda; Valencia (2020). "Yellow Sea". Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Wood, James B.; Anderson, Roland C. (2004-04). "Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 7 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2. ISSN 1088-8705. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ "Octopus as Food - Octopus Facts and Information". Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ ^a ^b Jasti, Sunitha (2011). "Gender, Acculturation, Food Patterns, and Overweight in Korean Immigrants". American Journal of Health Behavior. doi:10.5993/ajhb.35.6.9. ISSN 1087-3244.
^ Muhammad, Faiz; Dou, Canfeng; Lü, Zhen-ming; Gong, Li; Du, Xun; Shafi, Muhammad (2018). "Genetic Structure of Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from Chinese Waters using Mitochondrial ATPase 6 Gene". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 51 (1). doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.sc5. ISSN 0030-9923.
^ ^a ^b Service (KOCIS), Korean Culture and Information. "Korean recipes: spicy stir-fried small octopus, nakji bokkeum (낙지볶음) : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c www.eatinkorea.com http://www.eatinkorea.com/en/food/sannakji-live-raw-octopus. Retrieved 2020-05-26. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ June 2017, Alina Bradford-Live Science Contributor 08. "Octopus Facts". livescience.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Nakji Jeongol (Korean Octopus Stew)". The Domestic Man. 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
^ Roumbedakis, Katina; Drábková, Marie; Tyml, Tomáš; di Cristo, Carlo (2018-11-20). "A Perspective Around Cephalopods and Their Parasites, and Suggestions on How to Increase Knowledge in the Field". Frontiers in Physiology. 9. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01573. ISSN 1664-042X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

This article related to the octopus is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[1] Lifeng, Li (March 2006). "Coastal Mollusks of the Yellow Sea Ecoregion and their habitats" (PDF). Coastal Mollusks of the Yellow Sea Ecoregion and their habitats. Retrieved 23 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[2] "Editorial board". Marine Behaviour and Physiology. 3 (3): ebi–ebi. 1975-01. doi:10.1080/10236247509378505. ISSN 0091-181X. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:0-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Kim, Bo-Mi; Kang, Seunghyun; Ahn, Do-Hwan; Jung, Seung-Hyun; Rhee, Hwanseok; Yoo, Jong Su; Lee, Jong-Eun; Lee, SeungJae; Han, Yong-Hee; Ryu, Kyoung-Bin; Cho, Sung-Jin (2018-09-25). "The genome of common long-arm octopus Octopus minor". GigaScience. doi:10.1093/gigascience/giy119. ISSN 2047-217X.

[:1-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Vendetti, J (2006). "The Cephalopoda". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[5] Glionna, J (2010). "South Korean fisherman, Health officials tangle over Octopus". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 April 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:2-6] Raskin, Hanna (2013-01-22). "Nakji bokkeum, the classic Korean octopus dish that's a stated specialty of". Seattle Weekly. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[:3-7] Du, Xin; Dong, Chao; Sun, Shi-Chun (2018-10-01). "Octopicola huanghaiensis n. sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Octopicolidae), a new parasitic copepod of the octopuses Amphioctopus fangsiao (d'Orbigny) and Octopus minor (Sasaki) (Octopoda: Octopodidae) in the Yellow Sea". Systematic Parasitology. 95 (8–9): 905–912. doi:10.1007/s11230-018-9819-8. ISSN 0165-5752.

[:4-8] "Invertebrate Zoology [Working Title]". 2020. doi:10.5772/intechopen.82957. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[:5-9] Wells, M. J. (1978). "Octopus". doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2468-5. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[:6-10] El-Bawab, Fatma (2020), "Phylum Mollusca", Invertebrate Embryology and Reproduction, Elsevier, pp. 713–813, ISBN 978-0-12-814114-4, retrieved 2020-05-26

[11] "Octopus bimaculoides Care Sheet (two-spot octopus)". The Octopus News Magazine Online. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[12] "Giant Squid | Smithsonian Ocean". ocean.si.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[:7-13] A, Schmoldt; Hf, Benthe; G, Haberland (1975-09-01). "Digitoxin Metabolism by Rat Liver Microsomes". Biochemical pharmacology. PMID 10. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[:8-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Bo, Qi-Kang; Zheng, Xiao-Dong; Chen, Zhi-Wei (2020-01-27). Chapman, Maura (Gee) Geraldine (ed.). "Feeding intensity and molecular prey identification of the common long-armed octopus, Octopus minor (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in the wild". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0220482. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220482. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6984699. PMID 31986139.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[15] Jm, Stein (1975-09-15). "The Effect of Adrenaline and of Alpha- And Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents on ATP Concentration and on Incorporation of 32Pi Into ATP in Rat Fat Cells". Biochemical pharmacology. PMID 12. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[:9-16] Taylor, Jennifer R. A.; Kier, William M. (2006-04). "A pneumo-hydrostatic skeleton in land crabs". Nature. 440 (7087): 1005–1005. doi:10.1038/4401005a. ISSN 0028-0836. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:10-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Huffard, C. L. (2006-10-01). "Locomotion by Abdopus aculeatus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): walking the line between primary and secondary defenses". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (19): 3697–3707. doi:10.1242/jeb.02435. ISSN 0022-0949.

[:11-18] J, Järvisalo; Ne, Saris (1975-09-15). "Action of Propranolol on Mitochondrial Functions--Effects on Energized Ion Fluxes in the Presence of Valinomycin". Biochemical pharmacology. PMID 13. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[:12-19] Kassim, I.; Phee, L.; Ng, W.S.; Feng Gong; Dario, P.; Mosse, C.A. (2006-05). "Locomotion techniques for robotic colonoscopy". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine. 25 (3): 49–56. doi:10.1109/MEMB.2006.1636351. ISSN 0739-5175. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:13-20] Wood, James B.; Anderson, Roland C. (2004-04). "Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 7 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2. ISSN 1088-8705. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[:14-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Kang, J.-H.; Park, J.-Y.; Choi, T.-J. (2012). "Genetic differentiation of octopuses from different habitats near the Korean Peninsula and eastern China based on analysis of the mDNA cytochrome C oxidase 1 gene". Genetics and Molecular Research. 11 (4): 3988–3997. doi:10.4238/2012.november.21.2. ISSN 1676-5680.

[22] Calder, Joshua (2020). "World Island Info". World Island Info. Retrieved 24 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:15-23] Uda; Valencia (2020). "Yellow Sea". Britannica. Retrieved 25 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:16-24] Wood, James B.; Anderson, Roland C. (2004-04). "Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 7 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2. ISSN 1088-8705. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[25] "Octopus as Food - Octopus Facts and Information". Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[:17-26] Jasti, Sunitha (2011). "Gender, Acculturation, Food Patterns, and Overweight in Korean Immigrants". American Journal of Health Behavior. doi:10.5993/ajhb.35.6.9. ISSN 1087-3244.

[27] Muhammad, Faiz; Dou, Canfeng; Lü, Zhen-ming; Gong, Li; Du, Xun; Shafi, Muhammad (2018). "Genetic Structure of Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from Chinese Waters using Mitochondrial ATPase 6 Gene". Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 51 (1). doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.sc5. ISSN 0030-9923.

[:18-28] Service (KOCIS), Korean Culture and Information. "Korean recipes: spicy stir-fried small octopus, nakji bokkeum (낙지볶음) : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[:19-29] www.eatinkorea.com http://www.eatinkorea.com/en/food/sannakji-live-raw-octopus. Retrieved 2020-05-26. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[30] June 2017, Alina Bradford-Live Science Contributor 08. "Octopus Facts". livescience.com. Retrieved 2020-05-26. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[31] "Nakji Jeongol (Korean Octopus Stew)". The Domestic Man. 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2020-05-26.

[32] Roumbedakis, Katina; Drábková, Marie; Tyml, Tomáš; di Cristo, Carlo (2018-11-20). "A Perspective Around Cephalopods and Their Parasites, and Suggestions on How to Increase Knowledge in the Field". Frontiers in Physiology. 9. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01573. ISSN 1664-042X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

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+Octopus minor, otherwise known as the Long arm Octopus or the Korean Common Octopus, is a small bodied octopus [[species]] distributed along the [[Benthic zone|benthic]] coastal waters surrounding Eastern [[China]], [[Japan]], and the [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]]. It lives at depths ranging from 0 – 200m.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coastal Mollusks of the Yellow Sea Ecoregion and their habitats|url=https://www.wwf.or.jp/activities/data/200710y-seamap05e.pdf|last=Lifeng|first=Li|date=March 2006|website=Coastal Mollusks of the Yellow Sea Ecoregion and their habitats|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=1975-01|title=Editorial board|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236247509378505|journal=Marine Behaviour and Physiology|volume=3|issue=3|pages=ebi–ebi|doi=10.1080/10236247509378505|issn=0091-181X}}</ref> ''O. minor'' is commonly found in the mudflats of [[Neritic zone|sub-tidal]] zones leaving it exposed to significant environmental variations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Bo-Mi|last2=Kang|first2=Seunghyun|last3=Ahn|first3=Do-Hwan|last4=Jung|first4=Seung-Hyun|last5=Rhee|first5=Hwanseok|last6=Yoo|first6=Jong Su|last7=Lee|first7=Jong-Eun|last8=Lee|first8=SeungJae|last9=Han|first9=Yong-Hee|last10=Ryu|first10=Kyoung-Bin|last11=Cho|first11=Sung-Jin|date=2018-09-25|title=The genome of common long-arm octopus Octopus minor|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gigascience/giy119|journal=GigaScience|doi=10.1093/gigascience/giy119|issn=2047-217X}}</ref> It is grouped within the class [[Cephalopod|Cephalopoda]] along with [[Squid|squids]] and [[cuttlefish]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Vendetti|first=J|date=2006|title=The Cephalopoda|url=https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/cephalopoda.php|journal=|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
-'''''Octopus minor''''', commonly called '''long arm octopus''' or '''Korean common octopus''',<ref name="NCBI">{{NCBI|515824|''Callistoctopus minor''|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref> is an [[octopus]] species found along the coastal waters of [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[Sakhalin]].<ref name="WoRMS">{{Cite WoRMS|author=Sasaki|year=1920|title=''Octopus minor'' (Sasaki, 1920)|id=342002|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Zheng">{{Cite book|last=Zheng|first=Xiao-Dong|last2=Qian|first2=Yao-Sen|last3=Liu|first3=Chang|last4=Li|first4=Qi|chapter=Octopus minor|title=Cephalopod Culture|publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]]|year=2014|isbn=978-94-017-8647-8|editor-last=Iglesias|editor-first=José|editor-last2=Fuentes|editor-first2=Lidia|editor-last3=Villanueva|editor-first3=Roger|pages=415–426|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-8648-5_22}}</ref><ref name="NIFS">{{cite web|title=nakji|url=http://www.nifs.go.kr/frcenter/species/?_p=species_view&mf_tax_id=MF0012332|website=[[National Institute of Fisheries Science]]|accessdate=3 June 2017|language=ko|script-title=ko:낙지}}</ref> The species, called ''nakji'' ({{lang|ko|낙지}}) in Korean, is sometimes translated as "baby octopus" due to its relatively small size compared to the [[Enteroctopus dofleini|giant octopus]] (''Enteroctopus dofleini'').<ref name="Baker">{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Vicky|title=Stomach-churning foods from around the world|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/nov/07/stomach-churning-food-across-world|accessdate=30 April 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="SKLD">{{Cite web|title=Nakji|url=http://stdweb2.korean.go.kr/search/View.jsp?idx=405108|website=[[Standard Korean Language Dictionary]]|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean Language]]|accessdate=3 May 2018}}</ref>
+''O. minor'' carries [[Culture|cultural]] and [[Economy|economic]] value in the Asian countries in which it is found. It is important commercially to the fishing communities in Korea, it contributes to the $35 million octopus industry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Korean fisherman, Health officials tangle over Octopus|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-oct-29-la-fg-korea-octopus-20101029-story.html|last=Glionna|first=J|date=2010|website=Los Angeles Times|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> It is recognised as a Korean culinary seafood option, commonly referred to as ‘Nakji’(낙지). The octopus is served both cooked and raw, and is often a snack during sporting events.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Nakji bokkeum, the classic Korean octopus dish that's a stated specialty of|url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/food/nakji-bokkeum-the-classic-korean-octopus-dish-thats-a-stated-specialty-of/|last=Raskin|first=Hanna|date=2013-01-22|website=Seattle Weekly|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>
-On top of its small size it also possesses a shorter life cycle (approximately 1 year), thinner arms, and a lower ratio between head size and arm length compared to other ''Octopus'' species. It is a promising model organism for studies of the molecular basis of plasticity and adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. To enable the study of these features the genome of ''O. minor'' has been sequenced, coming to 5.09 Gb in size and having 30,010 genes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=An|first=Hye Suck|last2=Park|first2=Hyun|last3=Cho|first3=Sung-Jin|last4=Ryu|first4=Kyoung-Bin|last5=Han|first5=Yong-Hee|last6=Lee|first6=SeungJae|last7=Lee|first7=Jong-Eun|last8=Yoo|first8=Jong Su|last9=Rhee|first9=Hwanseok|date=2018-11-01|title=The genome of common long-arm octopus Octopus minor|journal=GigaScience|language=en|volume=7|issue=11|doi=10.1093/gigascience/giy119|pmc=6279123|pmid=30256935}}</ref>. Additionally, similar to many octopi, ''O. minor'' has shown its intelligence when tested in a laboratory setting. Given the choice, ''O. minor'' tends to conform to the predictions of [[Optimal foraging theory|Optimal Foraging theory]]. That is, it picks the option that maximizes profitability and minimizes handling time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Song|first=Minpeng|last2=Wang|first2=Jinhai|last3=Zheng|first3=Xiaodong|date=Sep 2019|title=Prey preference of the common long-armed octopus Octopus minor (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) on three different species of bivalves|journal=Journal of Oceanology and Limnology|language=en|volume=37|issue=5|pages=1595–1603|doi=10.1007/s00343-019-8217-7|issn=2096-5508}}</ref>
-They are also a potential host species for the parasitic [[Copepod]] ''Octopicola huanghaiensis''. In a 2018 study, the parasite showed a prevalence of 22.2% for ''O. minor'' caught in the [[Yellow Sea|Yellow sea]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Du|first=Xin|last2=Dong|first2=Chao|last3=Sun|first3=Shi-Chun|date=Nov 2018|title=Octopicola huanghaiensis n. sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Octopicolidae), a new parasitic copepod of the octopuses Amphioctopus fangsiao (d'Orbigny) and Octopus minor (Sasaki) (Octopoda: Octopodidae) in the Yellow Sea|journal=Systematic Parasitology|language=en|volume=95|issue=8–9|pages=905–912|doi=10.1007/s11230-018-9819-8|pmid=30276653|issn=0165-5752}}</ref>
+There have been multiple findings concerning the [[Physiology|physiological]] makeup of the ''O. minor''. It has been shown to host a dangerous [[Parasitism|parasite]], whilst also demonstrating the ability to adapt its [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] to wide-ranging environmental conditions. These characteristics have increased interest in the species and its [[genome]] has been mapped.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Du|first=Xin|last2=Dong|first2=Chao|last3=Sun|first3=Shi-Chun|date=2018-10-01|title=Octopicola huanghaiensis n. sp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Octopicolidae), a new parasitic copepod of the octopuses Amphioctopus fangsiao (d’Orbigny) and Octopus minor (Sasaki) (Octopoda: Octopodidae) in the Yellow Sea|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11230-018-9819-8|journal=Systematic Parasitology|volume=95|issue=8-9|pages=905–912|doi=10.1007/s11230-018-9819-8|issn=0165-5752}}</ref>
-== Culinary use ==
+== Anatomy ==
+The ''O. minor'', similar to the rest of its Order [[Octopus|Octopoda]], is [[Symmetry in biology|bilaterally symmetrical]] along a [[Anatomical terms of location|dorsoventral]] axis with two eyes and a mouth that centres its eight arms.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|date=2020|title=Invertebrate Zoology [Working Title]|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82957|doi=10.5772/intechopen.82957}}</ref> The arms have evolved from feet as they are flexible and surround its mouth in a [[Webbed foot|webbed]] formation.<ref name=":4" /> These arms contain two-thirds of the octopi’s [[Neuron|neurons]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Wells|first=M. J.|date=1978|title=Octopus|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2468-5|doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2468-5}}</ref> On the underside of these arms, ''O. minor'' has “[[Cephalopod limb|suckers]]” which are the circular, adhesive suction cups. These are predominantly used for manipulating, navigating and preparing food.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> ''O. minor'' has a dominant mantle and visceral hump which contains the majority of its fundamental organs. This corresponds with the translation of ‘Cephalopoda’ which means “''head foot''”, as its foot/feet are directly attached to its head.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=El-Bawab|first=Fatma|title=Phylum Mollusca|date=2020|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814114-4.00011-4|work=Invertebrate Embryology and Reproduction|pages=713–813|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-814114-4|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>
-In [[Korean cuisine]], long arm octopuses are stir-fried into ''[[nakji-bokkeum]]'' (stir-fried octopus) or eaten raw as ''[[san-nakji]]'' (sliced raw octopus).<ref name="Holliday">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/16/foodanddrink/eating-korea-food-guide/index.html|title=Eating Korea: 10 of South Korea's most delicious dishes|last=Holliday|first=Graham|date=17 April 2017|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Kirn">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/foods-you-can-eat-alive-2016-6|title=7 foods you can eat while they're still alive|last=Kirn|first=Eloise|date=14 June 2016|work=[[Business Insider Australia]]|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref>
+''O. minor'' is a small soft-bodied octopus with long arms hence its nickname ‘Long-arm Octopus’. ''O. minor'' features eight arms and a bulbous head.<ref name=":6" /> It can be identified by its grey colouring which matches the sandy plains in which it is commonly found, however when it finds itself threatened or in danger, it will shift its skin tone to a dark red.<ref name=":1" />
-<gallery>
-File:서산 9품 갯벌낙지.jpg|Mudflat long arm octopus
+=== Size ===
-File:Long arm octopus (Octopus minor).jpg|Long arm octopus for sale at a fish market in [[South Korea]]
+The ''O. minor'' reaches a mantle size of 18cm (7.1 inches) with arms of/up to 65cm (25.6 inches).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Octopus bimaculoides Care Sheet (two-spot octopus)|url=https://tonmo.com/articles/octopus-bimaculoides-care-sheet-two-spot-octopus.6/|website=The Octopus News Magazine Online|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> It is the smaller side of its class compared to [[Colossal squid|colossal squids]] which can reach over 10 metres (33 feet).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Giant Squid {{!}} Smithsonian Ocean|url=http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/giant-squid|website=ocean.si.edu|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>
-File:Nakji-bokkeum.jpg|''[[Nakji-bokkeum]]'' (stir-fried octopus)
-File:서산 9미 밀국낙지탕.jpg|''Nakji-tang'' (octopus soup)
+== Distribution and Behaviour ==
-File:Korean.cuisine-Sannakji.hoe-01.jpg|''[[San-nakji]]'' (sliced raw octopus)
-File:Ojingochaejeot and nakjijeot.jpg|''Nakji-[[jeotgal|jeot]]'' (salted octopus)
+=== Feeding ===
-</gallery>
+''O. minor'', alike other octopus populations, possess [[Predation|predatory traits]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Digitoxin Metabolism by Rat Liver Microsomes|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10/|last=A|first=Schmoldt|last2=Hf|first2=Benthe|date=1975-09-01|website=Biochemical pharmacology|language=en|pmid=10|access-date=2020-05-26|last3=G|first3=Haberland}}</ref> ''O. minor’s'' [[diet]] coincides with that of other bottom-dwelling octopuses, with over 50% accounted for by [[fish]], 25% by cephalopods such as [[Whelk|whelks]] and [[Clam|clams,]] the remainder being made up of [[Crustacean|crustaceans]] such as [[Crab|crabs]], [[Annelid|annelids]] and [[Nematode|nematodes]], other commonly found species sharing the ''O. minor'' habitat.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Bo|first=Qi-Kang|last2=Zheng|first2=Xiao-Dong|last3=Chen|first3=Zhi-Wei|date=2020-01-27|editor-last=Chapman|editor-first=Maura (Gee) Geraldine|title=Feeding intensity and molecular prey identification of the common long-armed octopus, Octopus minor (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in the wild|url=https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220482|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=e0220482|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0220482|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC6984699|pmid=31986139}}</ref>. The small nature of the octopus means rejection of larger species including [[Crassadoma|rock scallops]] and large fish.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />
+[[File:Img octopus arm and suckers 057513.jpg|thumb|187x187px|Octopus "suckers"]]
+The [[Benthic zone|benthic]] nature of the ''O. minor'' allows it to move between rocks and through crevices.<ref name=":8" /> Once it has identified its prey, it makes a sudden pounce, using its [[Sucker (zoology)|suckers]] to grip onto it and pull it in.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Effect of Adrenaline and of Alpha- And Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents on ATP Concentration and on Incorporation of 32Pi Into ATP in Rat Fat Cells|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12/|last=Jm|first=Stein|date=1975-09-15|website=Biochemical pharmacology|language=en|pmid=12|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The ''O. minor'' preys on smaller targets by trapping them in the [[Webbed foot|web-like structure]] of its legs.<ref name=":7" /> The ''O. minor'' injects its prey with a paralysing saliva, using [[Tooth|miniature teeth]] at the end of their salivary [[papilla]] to dismember them.<ref name=":7" /> When targeting [[Mollusca|shelled molluscs]], the ''O. minor'' creates a [[Toxicity|toxic]] saliva which enables the [[calcium carbonate]] of the shell to be broken down.<ref name=":8" /> Once the outer [[protection]] is penetrated, the preys [[Muscle|muscles]] relax allowing the octopus to remove its [[Soft tissue|soft issues]], in-turn, [[killing]] it.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />
+Feeding intensities differ between the [[Male|males]] and females of the ''O. minor''.<ref name=":8" /> Different intensities revolve around the [[Ovary|ovarian maturation]] calendar of the female octopus.<ref name=":8" /> From months April to July the intensity of feeding in females decreased, alternatively an increase in males.<ref name=":8" /> Whilst 10 different [[Taxon|taxa]] have been identified within the [[stomach]] of the ''O. minor'', the [[Gobiidae]] family was most prevalent during the female’s ovarian maturation.<ref name=":8" />
+[[File:Octopus minor with scale.jpg|thumb|''O. minor'' with scale]]
+=== Locomotion ===
+Different to other multi-limbed [[Hydrostatics|hydrostats]] such as crabs, the ''O. minor'' performs movements using all eight [[independent]] limbs.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Jennifer R. A.|last2=Kier|first2=William M.|date=2006-04|title=A pneumo-hydrostatic skeleton in land crabs|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/4401005a|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=440|issue=7087|pages=1005–1005|doi=10.1038/4401005a|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> The arrangement of muscles within its arms allows for movement in any [[direction]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Huffard|first=C. L.|date=2006-10-01|title=Locomotion by Abdopus aculeatus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): walking the line between primary and secondary defenses|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/doi/10.1242/jeb.02435|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|language=en|volume=209|issue=19|pages=3697–3707|doi=10.1242/jeb.02435|issn=0022-0949}}</ref> Movements of the ''O. minor'' involve [[Crawl|crawling]] between [[Rock (geology)|rocks]] and [[Crevice|crevices]]. This combines with [[swimming]] with its [[dorsal fin]] in a leading position.<ref name=":10" /> [[Jet propulsion]] is another method of [[locomotion]] performed by the ''O. minor''.<ref name=":10" /> The process of crawling involves the use the octopus’s [[Sucker (zoology)|suckers]].<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Action of Propranolol on Mitochondrial Functions--Effects on Energized Ion Fluxes in the Presence of Valinomycin|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13/|last=J|first=Järvisalo|last2=Ne|first2=Saris|date=1975-09-15|website=Biochemical pharmacology|language=en|pmid=13|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> Some are used to grip to surrounding [[Environment|environments]] allowing the octopus to pull itself forward using [[Muscle|muscles]] within its legs. Others push from behind.<ref name=":11" /> This process is repeated until a change of locomotion is performed.<ref name=":11" />
+The ''O. minor'' performs a [[swimming]] motion using the [[expulsion]] of water from the mantle through its siphon into the ocean behind it.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Kassim|first=I.|last2=Phee|first2=L.|last3=Ng|first3=W.S.|last4=Feng Gong|last5=Dario|first5=P.|last6=Mosse|first6=C.A.|date=2006-05|title=Locomotion techniques for robotic colonoscopy|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1636351/|journal=IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine|volume=25|issue=3|pages=49–56|doi=10.1109/MEMB.2006.1636351|issn=0739-5175}}</ref>[[Force]] provided by the [[water]] allows the octopus to move in the opposite [[direction]].<ref name=":12" /> The direction of movement is [[Dependant|dependent]] on the way in which the [[Siphon (mollusc)|siphon]] is faced. The long arms found on the ''O. minor'' provide it with a [[streamline]] swimming shape. Its bilateral symmetry allows it to move headfirst, with its legs [[trailing]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" /> Jet swimming is used predominantly for escape from [[danger]].<ref name=":9" />
+The ''O. minor'' performs a movement known as “[[pumping]]”. This involves the legs of the ''O. minor'' contracting in [[unison]], allowing for the production of a [[wave]].<ref name=":10" /> This provides a force which moves the body. The ''O. minor'' uses its [[Appendage|appendages]] to [[crawl]] outside of the water.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=James B.|last2=Anderson|first2=Roland C.|date=2004-04|title=Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2|journal=Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=95–106|doi=10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2|issn=1088-8705}}</ref> For the ''O. minor'' this is performed between [[Tide pool|tide pools]] and when served as a [[Culture|culinary]] option.<ref name=":13" />
+[[File:Long-arm Octopus (Octopus sp.) (6072545789).jpg|thumb|''O. minor'' camouflaging with habitat]]
+=== Habitat ===
+The [[Habitat|habitats]] of the ''O. minor'' vary greatly between rocky floors, [[Reef|reefs]] and the [[Seabed|ocean floor]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Kang|first=J.-H.|last2=Park|first2=J.-Y.|last3=Choi|first3=T.-J.|date=2012|title=Genetic differentiation of octopuses from different habitats near the Korean Peninsula and eastern China based on analysis of the mDNA cytochrome C oxidase 1 gene|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2012.november.21.2|journal=Genetics and Molecular Research|volume=11|issue=4|pages=3988–3997|doi=10.4238/2012.november.21.2|issn=1676-5680}}</ref> It is a benthic octopus, meaning it lies at the lowest body of water, around the [[sediment]] surface and rock or coral cover.<ref name=":14" /> The ''O. minor'' is located within the [[Mudflat|mudflats]] of sub-tidal zones surrounding the south western coast of the [[Korean Peninsula|Korean peninsula]].<ref name=":1" /> ''O. minor'' residing within the mudflats of coastal regions are exposed to rough [[salinity]], [[temperature]] and water movement conditions.<ref name=":0" /> The ''O. minor'' finds itself in rocky areas such as [[Jeju Island]].<ref name=":14" /> Jeju Island is an Island within the [[Provinces of South Korea|province of South Korea]], over 700 [[Square mile|square miles]] in size.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Island Info|url=http://worldislandinfo.com/|last=Calder|first=Joshua|date=2020|website=World Island Info|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>
+The ''O. minor'' is commonly found in the [[Yellow Sea]].<ref name=":14" /> This is a segment of the Western [[Pacific Ocean]] situated between the Korean Peninsula and mainland China, connected to the [[Bohai Sea|Gulf of Bohai]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Yellow Sea|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Yellow-Sea|last=Uda|first=|last2=Valencia|date=2020|website=Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> The sea extends over 950 kilometres from North to South and 700 kilometres wide.<ref name=":15" /> The sea has a [[cyclone]] current and [[Tide|semidiurnal tides]] with temperatures that range from -10 degrees Celsius to 28 degrees Celsius.<ref name=":15" />
+=== Colour change ===
+The ''O. minor'', when [[hunting]] and avoiding predators, use specialised [[Pigment|pigment-filled]] bags known as [[Chromatophore|chromatophores]]. These are found in the [[Skin|skin,]] allowing the octopus to adjust its [[Color|colour]] or [[Reflectance|reflectivity]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=James B.|last2=Anderson|first2=Roland C.|date=2004-04|title=Interspecific Evaluation of Octopus Escape Behavior|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2|journal=Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=95–106|doi=10.1207/s15327604jaws0702_2|issn=1088-8705}}</ref> Colour variation of chromatophores include red, brown, black, grey, yellow or blue.<ref name=":1" /> Other colour methods include the use of an [[Iridescence|iridescent]] [[Dermis|dermal tissue]].<ref name=":16" /> This manipulated by the ''O. minor'' to communicate with other octopus and proceed with [[Courtship display|courtship rituals]].<ref name=":1" />
+The ''O. minor'' possesses muscles on its mantle which change [[texture]] to assist in changing colour.<ref name=":1" /> The [[shallow]] water habitats which the ''O. minor'' inhabits has allowed it to evolve more [[Diversity|diverse]] skin than fellow cephalopods.<ref name=":1" />
+== Relationship to humans ==
+[[File:Nakji-bokkeum.jpg|thumb|Nakji-bokkeum (cooked)]]
+[[File:San-nakji (32013691345).jpg|thumb|San-nakji (raw)]]
+''O. minor'' is well represented within the Korean [[Commercial fishing|commercial fishery field]], presenting a high [[Annual percentage yield|annual yield]] of over 350,000 tonnes.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Octopus as Food - Octopus Facts and Information|url=https://octopusworlds.com/octopus-as-food/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> This has led to its inclusion within multiple signature [[seafood dishes]], mostly found within Korea.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Jasti|first=Sunitha|date=2011|title=Gender, Acculturation, Food Patterns, and Overweight in Korean Immigrants|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.35.6.9|journal=American Journal of Health Behavior|doi=10.5993/ajhb.35.6.9|issn=1087-3244}}</ref> The rapid [[Adaptation|adaption]] of the organism to the stressful conditions of its habitat encouraged [[Scientific method|scientific research]] and the [[Gene mapping|mapping of its genome]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Muhammad|first=Faiz|last2=Dou|first2=Canfeng|last3=Lü|first3=Zhen-ming|last4=Gong|first4=Li|last5=Du|first5=Xun|last6=Shafi|first6=Muhammad|date=2018|title=Genetic Structure of Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) (Cephalopoda: Octopoda) from Chinese Waters using Mitochondrial ATPase 6 Gene|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.sc5|journal=Pakistan Journal of Zoology|volume=51|issue=1|doi=10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.sc5|issn=0030-9923}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
+=== Culinary use ===
+Within most parts of Korea, ''O. minor'' or ''Nakji,'' is a culinary option, being served most commonly as a [[snack]] either [[raw]], cooked or [[poached]].<ref name=":17" />
+====== Nakji-bokkeum (cooked): ======
+For this dish, ''O. minor'' is chopped, then [[Stir frying|stir-fried]] with vegetables such as [[Carrot|carrots]], [[Onion|onions]] and cabbage.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|title=Korean recipes: spicy stir-fried small octopus, nakji bokkeum (낙지볶음) : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=132155|last=Service (KOCIS)|first=Korean Culture and Information|website=www.korea.net|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> It is [[Marination|marinated]] with a local Korean [[red pepper]] sauce, then served hot with warm [[rice]], [[Sōmen|somyeon]], or [[bean sprouts]].<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":2" />
+====== San-nakji (raw): ======
+For this dish'', O. minor'' is either chopped or whole and served raw on a plate. It is often served with [[sesame oil]] and [[sesame seeds]].<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eatinkorea.com/en/food/sannakji-live-raw-octopus|website=www.eatinkorea.com|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The significant number of [[Nerve|nerve endings]] in the arms of the ''O. Minor'' combined with its sophisticated [[nervous system]], allows for a variety of [[Movement|movements]] when disconnected from the [[brain]], meaning the octopus performs movements whilst being served.<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Octopus Facts|url=https://www.livescience.com/55478-octopus-facts.html|last=June 2017|first=Alina Bradford-Live Science Contributor 08|website=livescience.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>  As the [[Suction cup|suction cups]] are still active on the cephalopod’s arms, they may grip to one’s [[throat]], therefore consumers are at risk of [[choking]].<ref name=":19" />
+[[File:Korean soup-Galbi-nakji-yeonpo-tang.jpg|thumb|Nakji-Yeonpo-tang (soup)]]
+====== Nakji-yeonpo-tang (soup): ======
+For this dish'', O. minor'' is boiled in [[Stock (food)|stock]], before being chopped into fine pieces then served in the soup with [[Scallion|spring onion]], [[Chili pepper|chilli]] and minced [[garlic]]. The dish is traditionally offered during [[Funeral procession|funeral processions]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nakji Jeongol (Korean Octopus Stew)|url=https://thedomesticman.com/2016/07/05/nakji-jeongol-korean-octopus-stew/|date=2016-07-05|website=The Domestic Man|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>
+=== Dangers ===
+A large percentage (22%) of ''O. Minor'' have been found to host a dangerous [[Parasitism|parasitic]] [[Crustacean|benthic crustacean]].<ref name=":3" /> Their [[susceptibility]] is due to its loss of [[Shell|external shell]] compared to fellow cephalopod, the [[snail]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roumbedakis|first=Katina|last2=Drábková|first2=Marie|last3=Tyml|first3=Tomáš|last4=di Cristo|first4=Carlo|date=2018-11-20|title=A Perspective Around Cephalopods and Their Parasites, and Suggestions on How to Increase Knowledge in the Field|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01573|journal=Frontiers in Physiology|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fphys.2018.01573|issn=1664-042X}}</ref> The ''Octopicola Huanghaienis'' parasite is identified by a spike at the end of its [[Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)|labrum lap]].<ref name=":3" /> The parasite is a health concern when ''O. Minor'' is served raw.<ref name=":3" />
+== Genetic Research ==
+''O. minor’s'' adaption of its behavioural [[repertoire]] to assorted habitat conditions made it a promising model to be studied and to have its [[Gene mapping|genome mapped]].<ref name=":0" /> Distributions of the ''O. minor'' between the [[Korea|Korean Peninsula]] and [[East China|Eastern China]] identified [[Gene|genetic differences]] in individuals from different habitats.<ref name=":14" /> The [[Border|borders]] of these countries are connected by the [[Yellow Sea]]. Genetic structures of ''O. minor'' were analysed using a sequence of the [[Gene|''CO1'' gene]] as it shows higher base-substitution [[mutation]] rates.<ref name=":14" />
+=== Genome mapping ===
+The [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the ''O. minor'' was analysed for genome mapping.<ref name=":0" /> ''O. minor'' was studied for its ability to [[Toleration|tolerate]] environmental changes. Its [[Molecules (journal)|molecular basis]] was studied for [[Plasticity (physics)|plasticity]] development and mechanisms underlying [[Adaptation|adaption]].<ref name=":0" /> The concluding genome [[assembly]] of the octopus was 5.09 Gb, with over 30 010 genes; 44% were made up of repeated [[Element|elements]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":14" /> The total number of gene families within ''O. Minor'' are 178.<ref name=":14" /> A highly identical [[Nucleic acid sequence|nucleotide sequence]] across multiple species suggests the ''O. minor'' is actually the same species as ''Callinectes Ornatus'' and ''Micrococcus Luteus,'' despite them occupying different habitats.<ref name=":14" />
 == References ==