1996 in science: Difference between revisions

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** The [[Google Search|Google]] [[web search engine]] originates as "BackRub", a research project using [[PageRank]] by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], PhD students at [[Stanford University]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html|title=Our history in depth|work=Corporate Information|accessdate=2012-04-16}}</ref>
** The [[Google Search|Google]] [[web search engine]] originates as "BackRub", a research project using [[PageRank]] by [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], PhD students at [[Stanford University]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/intl/en/corporate/history.html|title=Our history in depth|work=Corporate Information|accessdate=2012-04-16}}</ref>
** First [[USB]] specification issued.
** First [[USB]] specification issued.
* January 23 – The first version of the [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]] is released.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Daniel Paul|title=Hysterically Historical: January II|date=2015|publisher=Booktango|isbn=9781468964226|page=71|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-eZwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT71|language=en}}</ref>
* January 23 – The first version of the [[Java (programming language)|Java programming language]] is released.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davis|first1=Daniel Paul|title=Hysterically Historical: January II|date=2015|publisher=Booktango|isbn=9781468964226|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eZwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT71|language=en}}</ref>
* February 10 – [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] defeats [[chess]] grand-master [[Garry Kasparov]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Newborn|first1=Monty|title=Beyond Deep Blue: Chess in the Stratosphere|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780857293411|pages=7–9|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J10kBdYNBNwC&pg=PA7|language=en}}</ref>
* February 10 – [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]] defeats [[chess]] grand-master [[Garry Kasparov]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Newborn|first1=Monty|title=Beyond Deep Blue: Chess in the Stratosphere|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780857293411|pages=7–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J10kBdYNBNwC&pg=PA7|language=en}}</ref>
* February 27 – [[Pokémon Red and Blue|''Pokémon Red'' and ''Blue'']] are released by [[Nintendo]] in Japan as ''Pocket Monsters: Red'' and ''Green'', developed by [[Game Freak]] as the first [[role-playing video game]] in the [[Pokémon]] series.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Dustin|title=Game On!: Video Game History from Pong and Pac-Man to Mario, Minecraft, and More|date=2016|publisher=Feiwel & Friends|isbn=9781250080967|page=191|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=62fZDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|language=en}}</ref>
* February 27 – [[Pokémon Red and Blue|''Pokémon Red'' and ''Blue'']] are released by [[Nintendo]] in Japan as ''Pocket Monsters: Red'' and ''Green'', developed by [[Game Freak]] as the first [[role-playing video game]] in the [[Pokémon]] series.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Dustin|title=Game On!: Video Game History from Pong and Pac-Man to Mario, Minecraft, and More|date=2016|publisher=Feiwel & Friends|isbn=9781250080967|page=191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62fZDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA191|language=en}}</ref>
* April 3 – [[Jennifer Ringley]] becomes an early practitioner of [[lifecasting (video stream)]], from her dorm room at [[Dickinson College]] in [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennicam And The Birth Of 'Lifecasting'|url=http://digg.com/2015/reply-all-jennicam|website=Digg|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* April 3 – [[Jennifer Ringley]] becomes an early practitioner of [[lifecasting (video stream)]], from her dorm room at [[Dickinson College]] in [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jennicam And The Birth Of 'Lifecasting'|url=http://digg.com/2015/reply-all-jennicam|website=Digg|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* October – ''[[The Shetland Times]]'' and ''[[The Shetland News]]'' become involved in a landmark legal case over alleged copyright infringement and [[deep linking]] in their [[website]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shetland Times V. The Shetland News|url=http://www.lectlaw.com/files/elw10.htm|publisher=The 'Lectric Law Library|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref>
* October – ''[[The Shetland Times]]'' and ''[[The Shetland News]]'' become involved in a landmark legal case over alleged copyright infringement and [[deep linking]] in their [[website]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Shetland Times V. The Shetland News|url=http://www.lectlaw.com/files/elw10.htm|publisher=The 'Lectric Law Library|accessdate=2014-04-10}}</ref>
* The page ranking web search engine RankDex is originated by [[Robin Li]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/1005/technology-baidu-robin-li-man-whos-beating-google_2.html|title=The Man Who's Beating Google|journal=[[Forbes]]|date=2009-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/4236.707687 |title=Toward a qualitative search engine |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=24–29 |year=1998 |last1=Yanhong Li |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/b58cfc32dc9fc7ac587054c9250aa7f4b390a9f5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rankdex.com/about.html|title=About RankDex|publisher=IDD Information Services|accessdate=2014-06-04}}</ref><ref>USPTO,
* The page ranking web search engine RankDex is originated by [[Robin Li]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/1005/technology-baidu-robin-li-man-whos-beating-google_2.html|title=The Man Who's Beating Google|journal=[[Forbes]]|date=2009-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/4236.707687 |title=Toward a qualitative search engine |journal=IEEE Internet Computing |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=24–29 |year=1998 |last1=Yanhong Li |s2cid=14854613 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rankdex.com/about.html|title=About RankDex|publisher=IDD Information Services|accessdate=2014-06-04}}</ref><ref>USPTO,
[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT5920859&id=x04ZAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=yanhong+li&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=yanhong%20li&f=false "Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method"], US Patent number: 5920859, Inventor: Yanhong Li, Filing date: 5 February 1997, Issue date: 6 July 1999.</ref>
[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT5920859&id=x04ZAAAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=yanhong+li&printsec=abstract#v=onepage&q=yanhong%20li&f=false "Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method"], US Patent number: 5920859, Inventor: Yanhong Li, Filing date: 5 February 1997, Issue date: 6 July 1999.</ref>
* [[Brewster Kahle]], with [[Bruce Gilliat]], develops the [[Wayback Machine]] software to [[Web crawler|crawl]] and archive [[World Wide Web]] pages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kahle|first=Brewster|title=Archiving the Internet|url=http://www.uibk.ac.at/voeb/texte/kahle.html|journal=[[Scientific American]]|accessdate=2011-08-19|date=March 1997}}</ref>
* [[Brewster Kahle]], with [[Bruce Gilliat]], develops the [[Wayback Machine]] software to [[Web crawler|crawl]] and archive [[World Wide Web]] pages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kahle|first=Brewster|title=Archiving the Internet|url=http://www.uibk.ac.at/voeb/texte/kahle.html|journal=[[Scientific American]]|accessdate=2011-08-19|date=March 1997}}</ref>
* [[Lov Grover]], at [[Bell Labs]], publishes the [[Grover's algorithm|quantum database search algorithm]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The first quantum search algorithm on a scalable quantum computer has important implications|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604068/quantum-computing-now-has-a-powerful-search-tool/|website=MIT Technology Review|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Lov Grover]], at [[Bell Labs]], publishes the [[Grover's algorithm|quantum database search algorithm]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The first quantum search algorithm on a scalable quantum computer has important implications|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604068/quantum-computing-now-has-a-powerful-search-tool/|website=MIT Technology Review|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* [[IRCnet]] is founded.<ref>{{cite book|title=Getting information from the IRC system: Linux Basic. AL1-032|publisher=NOITE S.C.|page=5|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5jSMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP5|language=pl}}</ref>
* [[IRCnet]] is founded.<ref>{{cite book|title=Getting information from the IRC system: Linux Basic. AL1-032|publisher=NOITE S.C.|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jSMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP5|language=pl}}</ref>


==Exploration==
==Exploration==
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==Technology==
==Technology==
* [[Zenith Electronics Corporation|Zenith]] introduces the first [[High-definition television|HDTV]]-compatible front projection television in the United States. Broadcasters, TV & PC manufacturers set industry standards for digital HDTV.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Constable|first1=George|last2=Somerville|first2=Bob|title=A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed Our Lives|date=2003|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=9780309089081|page=71|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IyVFweSZu0cC&pg=PA71|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Zenith Electronics Corporation|Zenith]] introduces the first [[High-definition television|HDTV]]-compatible front projection television in the United States. Broadcasters, TV & PC manufacturers set industry standards for digital HDTV.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Constable|first1=George|last2=Somerville|first2=Bob|title=A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed Our Lives|date=2003|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|isbn=9780309089081|page=71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyVFweSZu0cC&pg=PA71|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Advanced Photo System|APS]] [[film format]] is introduced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Philip|title=Langford's Starting Photography: The Guide to Creating Great Images|date=2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781317552833|page=46|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hNOoCgAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA46|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Advanced Photo System|APS]] [[film format]] is introduced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Andrews|first1=Philip|title=Langford's Starting Photography: The Guide to Creating Great Images|date=2015|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781317552833|page=46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNOoCgAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA46|language=en}}</ref>


==Publications==
==Publications==
* May - [[Sokal affair]]: American mathematical physicist [[Alan Sokal]] hoaxes the editors into publishing a deliberately nonsensical paper, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity", in a "[[science wars]]" issue of the journal ''[[Social Text]]'' ([[Duke University Press]])<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/466856 |jstor=466856 |title=Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity |journal=Social Text |issue=46/47 |pages=217–252 |year=1996 |last1=Sokal |first1=Alan D. |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c8833dbd65a05b7826e46e1c5a3df2b464184c00 }}</ref> as a critique of the intellectual rigor of [[postmodernism]] in academic [[cultural studies]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html|title=A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies|accessdate=2015-03-09|last=Sokal|first=Alan D.|journal=[[Lingua Franca (magazine)|Lingua Franca]]|date=May 1996}}</ref>
* May - [[Sokal affair]]: American mathematical physicist [[Alan Sokal]] hoaxes the editors into publishing a deliberately nonsensical paper, "Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity", in a "[[science wars]]" issue of the journal ''[[Social Text]]'' ([[Duke University Press]])<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/466856 |jstor=466856 |title=Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity |journal=Social Text |issue=46/47 |pages=217–252 |year=1996 |last1=Sokal |first1=Alan D. |s2cid=1546862 }}</ref> as a critique of the intellectual rigor of [[postmodernism]] in academic [[cultural studies]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html|title=A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies|accessdate=2015-03-09|last=Sokal|first=Alan D.|journal=[[Lingua Franca (magazine)|Lingua Franca]]|date=May 1996}}</ref>
* Belgian physical chemist [[Ilya Prigogine]] publishes ''[[:fr:La Fin des certitudes|La Fin des certitudes]]'' (translated as ''The End of Certainty: time, chaos, and the new laws of nature'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prigogine|first1=Ilya|title=La Fin des certitudes|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B019HTPUJA/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1|website=Amazon|publisher=Éditions Odile Jacob|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=French|date=1 January 1996}}</ref>
* Belgian physical chemist [[Ilya Prigogine]] publishes ''[[:fr:La Fin des certitudes|La Fin des certitudes]]'' (translated as ''The End of Certainty: time, chaos, and the new laws of nature'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prigogine|first1=Ilya|title=La Fin des certitudes|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B019HTPUJA/ref=dp-kindle-redirect?_encoding=UTF8&btkr=1|website=Amazon|publisher=Éditions Odile Jacob|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=French|date=1 January 1996}}</ref>
* French-born archaeologist [[Denise Schmandt-Besserat]] publishes ''How Writing Came About''.<ref>{{cite book|title=How Writing Came About By Denise Schmandt-Besserat|url=https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/schhop|website=University of Texas a Press|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=en|isbn=9780292774865|date=1996-06-05|last1=Schmandt-Besserat|first1=Denise}}</ref>
* French-born archaeologist [[Denise Schmandt-Besserat]] publishes ''How Writing Came About''.<ref>{{cite book|title=How Writing Came About By Denise Schmandt-Besserat|url=https://utpress.utexas.edu/books/schhop|website=University of Texas a Press|accessdate=20 February 2018|language=en|isbn=9780292774865|date=1996-06-05|last1=Schmandt-Besserat|first1=Denise}}</ref>
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==Deaths==
==Deaths==
* January 12 – [[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden]] (b. [[1903 in science|1903]]), Dutch [[mathematician]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080930664|page=175|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RBrWwKVbmMUC&pg=PA175|language=en}}</ref>
* January 12 – [[Bartel Leendert van der Waerden]] (b. [[1903 in science|1903]]), Dutch [[mathematician]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080930664|page=175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBrWwKVbmMUC&pg=PA175|language=en}}</ref>
* February 20 – [[Solomon Asch]] (b. [[1907 in science|1907]]), [[Polish American]] [[social psychologist]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Solomon Asch|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/aschcenter/about/solomon.htm|website=www.brynmawr.edu|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
* February 20 – [[Solomon Asch]] (b. [[1907 in science|1907]]), [[Polish American]] [[social psychologist]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Solomon Asch|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/aschcenter/about/solomon.htm|website=www.brynmawr.edu|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
* March 19 – [[Chen Jingrun]] (b. [[1933 in science|1933]]), [[Chinese people|Chinese]] mathematician.<ref>{{cite book|last=Song|first=Yuwu|title=Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGbyzKLVh30C&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0298-1|page=35}}</ref>
* March 19 – [[Chen Jingrun]] (b. [[1933 in science|1933]]), [[Chinese people|Chinese]] mathematician.<ref>{{cite book|last=Song|first=Yuwu|title=Biographical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGbyzKLVh30C&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-0298-1|page=35}}</ref>
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* October 5 – [[Seymour Cray]] (b. [[1925 in science|1925]]), American supercomputer architect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seymour R. Cray - American engineer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seymour-R-Cray|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=21 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* October 5 – [[Seymour Cray]] (b. [[1925 in science|1925]]), American supercomputer architect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seymour R. Cray - American engineer|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seymour-R-Cray|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=21 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* November 13 – [[Bobbie Vaile]] (b. [[1959 in science|1959]]), Australian astrophysicist.<ref>{{cite web|title=U-W - Women in Astronomy: A Comprehensive Bibliography (Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/womenastro/womenastro-uw.html|website=www.loc.gov|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
* November 13 – [[Bobbie Vaile]] (b. [[1959 in science|1959]]), Australian astrophysicist.<ref>{{cite web|title=U-W - Women in Astronomy: A Comprehensive Bibliography (Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/womenastro/womenastro-uw.html|website=www.loc.gov|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
* November 19 – [[Grace Bates]] (b. [[1914 in science|1914]]), American mathematician.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beery|first1=Janet L.|author1-link=Janet Beery|last2=Greenwald|first2=Sarah J.|last3=Jensen-Vallin|first3=Jacqueline A.|last4=Mast|first4=Maura B.|author4-link=Maura Mast|title=Women in Mathematics: Celebrating the Centennial of the Mathematical Association of America|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319666945|page=97|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eDVBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|language=en}}</ref>
* November 19 – [[Grace Bates]] (b. [[1914 in science|1914]]), American mathematician.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Beery|first1=Janet L.|author1-link=Janet Beery|last2=Greenwald|first2=Sarah J.|last3=Jensen-Vallin|first3=Jacqueline A.|last4=Mast|first4=Maura B.|author4-link=Maura Mast|title=Women in Mathematics: Celebrating the Centennial of the Mathematical Association of America|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319666945|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDVBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|language=en}}</ref>
* November 21 – [[Abdus Salam]] (b. [[1926 in science|1926]]), Punjabi-born winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1998.0025 |title=Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E.. 29 January 1926–21 November 1996 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=44 |pages=387–401 |year=1998 |last1=Kibble |first1=T. W. B. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* November 21 – [[Abdus Salam]] (b. [[1926 in science|1926]]), Punjabi-born winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1998.0025 |title=Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E.. 29 January 1926–21 November 1996 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=44 |pages=387–401 |year=1998 |last1=Kibble |first1=T. W. B. |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* December 20 – [[Carl Sagan]] (b. [[1934 in science|1934]]), American [[astronomer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CNN - Carl Sagan dies at 62 - Dec. 20, 1996|url=http://edition.cnn.com/US/9612/20/sagan/|website=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
* December 20 – [[Carl Sagan]] (b. [[1934 in science|1934]]), American [[astronomer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=CNN - Carl Sagan dies at 62 - Dec. 20, 1996|url=http://edition.cnn.com/US/9612/20/sagan/|website=edition.cnn.com|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:26, 2 June 2020

List of years in science (table)
+...

The year 1996 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

The cloning process that produced Dolly.

Biology

Chemistry

Computer science

Exploration

Medicine

Meteorology

Philosophy

Technology

  • Zenith introduces the first HDTV-compatible front projection television in the United States. Broadcasters, TV & PC manufacturers set industry standards for digital HDTV.[36]
  • APS film format is introduced.[37]

Publications

Awards

Births

Deaths

References

  1. ^ "Comet Hyakutake in March 1996". epod.usra.edu. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  2. ^ "Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  3. ^ "Hale-Bopp and Hyakutake". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  4. ^ Gleick, James (1996-12-01). "A Bug and A Crash". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
  5. ^ "Mars Global Surveyor". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  6. ^ "Keck telescopes". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  7. ^ "1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned". BBC News. 22 February 1997. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  8. ^ "CNN - Ancient meteorite may point to life on Mars - Aug. 7, 1996". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  9. ^ Engel, Stacia R.; Dietrich, Fred S.; Fisk, Dianna G.; Binkley, Gail; Balakrishnan, Rama; Costanzo, Maria C.; Dwight, Selina S.; Hitz, Benjamin C.; Karra, Kalpana; Nash, Robert S.; Weng, Shuai; Wong, Edith D.; Lloyd, Paul; Skrzypek, Marek S.; Miyasato, Stuart R.; Simison, Matt; Cherry, J. Michael (2014). "The Reference Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Then and Now". G3. 4 (3): 389–398. doi:10.1534/g3.113.008995. PMC 3962479. PMID 24374639.
  10. ^ Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Heßberger, F. P.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; Münzenberg, G.; Schött, H. J.; Popeko, A. G.; Yeremin, A. V.; Saro, S.; Janik, R.; Leino, M. (1996). "The new element 112". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 354 (3): 229–230. Bibcode:1996ZPhyA.354..229H. doi:10.1007/BF02769517.
  11. ^ "Our history in depth". Corporate Information. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
  12. ^ Davis, Daniel Paul (2015). Hysterically Historical: January II. Booktango. p. 71. ISBN 9781468964226.
  13. ^ Newborn, Monty (2011). Beyond Deep Blue: Chess in the Stratosphere. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 7–9. ISBN 9780857293411.
  14. ^ Hansen, Dustin (2016). Game On!: Video Game History from Pong and Pac-Man to Mario, Minecraft, and More. Feiwel & Friends. p. 191. ISBN 9781250080967.
  15. ^ "Jennicam And The Birth Of 'Lifecasting'". Digg. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  16. ^ "The Shetland Times V. The Shetland News". The 'Lectric Law Library. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  17. ^ Greenberg, Andy (2009-10-05). "The Man Who's Beating Google". Forbes.
  18. ^ Yanhong Li (1998). "Toward a qualitative search engine". IEEE Internet Computing. 2 (4): 24–29. doi:10.1109/4236.707687. S2CID 14854613.
  19. ^ "About RankDex". IDD Information Services. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
  20. ^ USPTO, "Hypertext Document Retrieval System and Method", US Patent number: 5920859, Inventor: Yanhong Li, Filing date: 5 February 1997, Issue date: 6 July 1999.
  21. ^ Kahle, Brewster (March 1997). "Archiving the Internet". Scientific American. Retrieved 2011-08-19.
  22. ^ "The first quantum search algorithm on a scalable quantum computer has important implications". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  23. ^ Getting information from the IRC system: Linux Basic. AL1-032 (in Polish). NOITE S.C. p. 5.
  24. ^ "Historical Badass: Goran Kropp, the Man Who Rode to Everest - adventure journal". www.adventure-journal.com. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  25. ^ "About the Cochrane Library". The Cochrane Library. Archived from the original on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
  26. ^ Will, R.G; Ironside, J.W; Zeidler, M.; Estibeiro, K.; Cousens, S.N; Smith, P.G; Alperovitch, A.; Poser, S.; Pocchiari, M.; Hofman, A. (1996). "A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK". The Lancet. 347 (9006): 921–925. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91412-9. PMID 8598754.
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