1914 in science

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The year 1914 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

[edit] Astronomy and space exploration

Sinope, the outermost known moon of Jupiter, is discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory.
A 76 cm refracting telescope is built at Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest refractor in the world.
Robert Goddard begins building rockets.
Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B.

August 1 - Swiss National Park (Parc Naziunal Svizzer) established in the Engadin region of Switzerland.
September 1 - Martha, the last known Passenger Pigeon, dies, in the Cincinnati Zoo.
November 6 - Jacques Loeb publishes a paper on artificial parthenogenesis in sea urchins.^[1]
November 26 - Karl von Frisch publishes his first significant paper on honey bee behavior, "Der Farbensinn und Formensinn der Biene".^[2]
Julian Huxley publishes The Courtship Habits of the Great Crested Grebe, a key text in ethology.
John Joly develops a method of extracting radium and applying it in radiotherapy.^[3]
Edward Calvin Kendall isolates thyroxine.

In analysis of the Riemann hypothesis
- G. H. Hardy shows there are infinitely many zeros on the critical line.^[4] Harald Bohr and Edmund Landau show that for any positive ε, all but an infinitely small proportion of zeros lie within a distance ε of the critical line;^[5] and R. J. Backlund introduces a better method of checking the zeros.
- J. E. Littlewood shows that the prime number theorem underestimates the cumulative total of primes.^[6]

James Franck and Gustav Hertz observe atomic excitation.
Ernest Rutherford suggests that the positively charged atomic nucleus contains protons.

February 5 - Alan Hodgkin (died 1998), Nobelaureate in physiology (1963).
March 8 - Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich (died 1987), astrophysicist.
May 19 - Max Perutz (died 2002), biologist.
June 4 - Alec Skempton (died 2001), pioneer of soil science and engineering historian.
October 6 - Thor Heyerdahl (died 2002), explorer, leader of the Kon-Tiki expedition.
October 14 - Raymond Davis Jr. (died 2006), chemist and physicist, Nobelaureate in Physics (2002).
October 21 - Martin Gardner (died 2010), writer on mathematics and games.
October 28 - Jonas Salk (died 1995), medical researcher.

^ Loeb, J. (1914-11-06). "Activation of the Unfertilized Egg by Ultra-Violet Rays". Science 40 (1036): 680–681. doi:10.1126/science.40.1036.680. PMID 17742992.
^ Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für allgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere (Jena) 35 (1914-15) pp. 1-182.
^ "Obituary". The Irish Times: p. 1. 16 December 1933.
^ Hardy, G. H. (1914). "Sur les zéros de la fonction ζ(s) de Riemann". Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (Paris) 158: 1012–1014. JFM 45.0716.04. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3111d.image.f1014.langEN. Reprinted in Borwein, Peter; Choi, Stephen; Rooney, Brendan et al, eds. (2008). The Riemann Hypothesis: A Resource for the Afficionado and Virtuoso Alike. CMS Books in Mathematics. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0387721255.
^ Bohr, H.; Landau, E. (1914). "Ein Satz über Dirichletsche Reihen mit Anwendung auf die ζ-Funktion und die L-Funktionen". Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo 37 (1): 269–272. doi:10.1007/BF03014823.
^ Granville, Andrew; Martin, Greg (January 2006). "Prime Number Races". American Mathematical Monthly 113 (1): 1–33. doi:10.2307/27641834. JSTOR 27641834. http://www.dms.umontreal.ca/%7Eandrew/PDF/PrimeRace.pdf.