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{{short description|Public health issue of violent acts against women}}
{{short description|Public health issue of violent acts against women}}
'''Violence against women''', particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence, is a major public health problem and a [[Human rights in Pakistan#Violence against Women|violation of women's human rights in Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Violence against women |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women |website=www.who.int |publisher=WHO |accessdate=12 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Violence against women in Pakistan is part of an issue that faces the entire region the country is situated in.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Iftikhar|first=Rukhsana|date=2019|title=Break the Silence: Pakistani Women Facing Violence|url=|journal=Journal of Political Studies|volume=|issue=36|pages=63|via=Gale Academic OneFile}}</ref> Women in Pakistan mainly encounter violence by being [[Forced marriage|forced into marriage]], through [[workplace sexual harassment]], [[domestic violence]] and by [[Honor killing|honour killings]].<ref name=":1" />
'''Violence against women''', particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence, is a major public health problem and a [[Human rights in Pakistan#Violence against Women|violation of women's human rights in Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Violence against women |url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women |website=www.who.int |publisher=WHO |accessdate=12 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Violence against women in Pakistan is part of an issue that faces the entire region the country is situated in.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Iftikhar|first=Rukhsana|date=2019|title=Break the Silence: Pakistani Women Facing Violence|url=|journal=Journal of Political Studies|volume=|issue=36|pages=63|via=Gale Academic OneFile}}</ref> Pakistan is a highly patriarchal society, and took a long time to enact laws for the protection of women. In the 2019 Women, Peace and Security Index, Pakistan ranked 164 out of 167 countries<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The Women, Peace, and Security Index: A Global Index of Women's Wellbeing|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0165-20180006|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Human Rights Documents Online}}</ref>. Pakistan is worst among nine South Asian countries on access to mobile phones, financial inclusion, and discriminatory norms for women. Around 12.2 million girls, compared with 10.6 million boys, remain out of school in Pakistan, poverty compounding challenges to girls' educational opportunities<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cheema|first=Ahmed Raza|last2=Iqbal|first2=Mazhar|date=2017-03-08|title=Determinants of Girl’s School Enrollment In Pakistan|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v14i1.138|journal=Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17–35|doi=10.46568/pjgs.v14i1.138|issn=2663-8886}}</ref>. The only positive to take from the Index was Pakistan's achievement of 20 per cent representation for women in parliament and a slightly better indicator than India on bias towards sons<ref name=":2" />. In 2017 there were an estimated 746 honour crimes, 24 stove burnings, 18 cases of settlement marriages<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-02|title=Crimes against women in Pakistan|url=https://www.policyforum.net/crimes-against-women-in-pakistan/|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Policy Forum}}</ref>. Many cases go unreported, and many of these reported cases go unprosecuted. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) system in 2017 has been hailed as a success in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Legal experts are critical of the system, noting that ADR can delay action. Many remain concerned with patriarchal influence in a decision-making process that has traditionally disadvantaged women. In 2019, the Ombudsman for Sindh province informed the Supreme Court that out of 350 cases, action was taken in just eight cases. The largest province, Punjab, has received 116 complaints since the establishment of the office in 2013, resulted in 42 convictions, 15 acquittals, 27 withdrawals, and 24 still ongoing cases. It also reviewed 13 appeals<ref name=":3" />. Four decisions were set aside, five decisions upheld, two cases were declared time-barred, while two remain ongoing. Women in Pakistan mainly encounter violence by being [[Forced marriage|forced into marriage]], through [[workplace sexual harassment]], [[domestic violence]] and by [[Honor killing|honour killings]].<ref name=":1" />


A survey carried out by the [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]] ranked Pakistan as the sixth most dangerous country in the world for women.<ref>[https://poll2018.trust.org/ The world's most dangerous countries for women (2018)]. Thompson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved March 14th, 2020</ref>
A survey carried out by the [[Thomson Reuters Foundation]] ranked Pakistan as the sixth most dangerous country in the world for women.<ref>[https://poll2018.trust.org/ The world's most dangerous countries for women (2018)]. Thompson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved March 14th, 2020</ref>


== History ==
== History ==
According to Dr. Rukhsana Iftikhar and Dr. Maqbool Ahmad Awan in the ''Journal of Political Studies'', "Pakistan is an [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] state where the concept of personal ownership is very much common", with the two writing "Women are also considered personal properties in Pakistan".<ref name=":1" /> The two state that such violence persists due to religious and cultural norms within the country.<ref name=":1" /> [[Pakistani women]] are expected to maintain modesty while men are expected to project masculinity to keep honour among their families.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Honour killing : dilemma, ritual, understanding|last=Jafri|first=Amir H.|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195476316|location=Oxford|pages=|oclc=180753749}}</ref> Traditional views in Pakistan believe that if dishonour is not corrected, it may spread beyond singular incident and into the community.<ref name=":0" />
In Pakistan, [[domestic violence]] is considered a private matter, as it occurs in the family. [[Domestic violence|Spousal abuse]] is rarely considered a crime socially unless it takes an extreme form of murder or attempted murder. Various forms of domestic violence include physical, mental and [[Psychological abuse|emotional abuse]]. According to an estimate, approximately 70 to 90% of Pakistani women are subjected to domestic violence<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bibi|first=Seema|last2=Ashfaq|first2=Sanober|last3=Shaikh|first3=Farhana|last4=Pir|first4=Mohammad Ali|date=1969-12-31|title=PREVALENCE, INSTIGATING FACTORS AND HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF PHYSICAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN OF HYDERABAD, SINDH.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.12669/pjms.301.4533|journal=Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences|volume=30|issue=1|doi=10.12669/pjms.301.4533|issn=1681-715X}}</ref>. Almost one in three married Pakistani women report facing [[Violence|physical violence]] from their husbands. Only 22% of women are formally reported to participate in the Pakistani workforce. Intimate partner violence is expensive, in terms of medical cost, and missed days of work. In the late 70s and 80's, Pakistan witnessed a regression of women's rights and laws were amended to reflect this discrimination<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ali|last2=Asad|last3=Mogren|last4=Krantz|first4=Gunilla|date=2011-03|title=Intimate partner violence in urban Pakistan: prevalence, frequency, and risk factors|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s17016|journal=International Journal of Women's Health|pages=105|doi=10.2147/ijwh.s17016|issn=1179-1411}}</ref>. However, in the last 10-15 years, there has been some success in passing policies and laws to prevent practices such as early age marriages, honor killings, sexual harassment, domestic violence and rape. Many of these laws have been introduced by women parliamentarians in Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web|title=Addressing violence against women in Pakistan: time to act now|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/addressing-violence-against-women-pakistan-time-act-now|access-date=2020-12-06|website=blogs.worldbank.org|language=en}}</ref>. In a survey, 35% of women admitted in the hospitals reported being beaten by their husbands. At least two women were burned every day in domestic violence incidents. In 1998, 282 burn cases of women were reported in only one province. Out of the reported cases, 65% died of their injuries<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan: HRCP urges expedited efforts for ensuring women� rights|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014514|access-date=2020-12-06|website=Human Rights Documents online}}</ref>. According to Dr. Rukhsana Iftikhar and Dr. Maqbool Ahmad Awan in the ''Journal of Political Studies'', "Pakistan is an [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] state where the concept of personal ownership is very much common", with the two writing "Women are also considered personal properties in Pakistan".<ref name=":1" /> The two state that such violence persists due to religious and cultural norms within the country.<ref name=":1" /> [[Pakistani women]] are expected to maintain modesty while men are expected to project masculinity to keep honour among their families.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Honour killing : dilemma, ritual, understanding|last=Jafri|first=Amir H.|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195476316|location=Oxford|pages=|oclc=180753749}}</ref> Traditional views in Pakistan believe that if dishonour is not corrected, it may spread beyond singular incident and into the community.<ref name=":0" />


== Acts of violence ==
== Acts of violence ==

Revision as of 20:24, 6 December 2020

Violence against women, particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence, is a major public health problem and a violation of women's human rights in Pakistan.[1] Violence against women in Pakistan is part of an issue that faces the entire region the country is situated in.[2] Pakistan is a highly patriarchal society, and took a long time to enact laws for the protection of women. In the 2019 Women, Peace and Security Index, Pakistan ranked 164 out of 167 countries[3]. Pakistan is worst among nine South Asian countries on access to mobile phones, financial inclusion, and discriminatory norms for women. Around 12.2 million girls, compared with 10.6 million boys, remain out of school in Pakistan, poverty compounding challenges to girls' educational opportunities[4]. The only positive to take from the Index was Pakistan's achievement of 20 per cent representation for women in parliament and a slightly better indicator than India on bias towards sons[3]. In 2017 there were an estimated 746 honour crimes, 24 stove burnings, 18 cases of settlement marriages[5]. Many cases go unreported, and many of these reported cases go unprosecuted. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) system in 2017 has been hailed as a success in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Legal experts are critical of the system, noting that ADR can delay action. Many remain concerned with patriarchal influence in a decision-making process that has traditionally disadvantaged women. In 2019, the Ombudsman for Sindh province informed the Supreme Court that out of 350 cases, action was taken in just eight cases. The largest province, Punjab, has received 116 complaints since the establishment of the office in 2013, resulted in 42 convictions, 15 acquittals, 27 withdrawals, and 24 still ongoing cases. It also reviewed 13 appeals[5]. Four decisions were set aside, five decisions upheld, two cases were declared time-barred, while two remain ongoing. Women in Pakistan mainly encounter violence by being forced into marriage, through workplace sexual harassment, domestic violence and by honour killings.[2]

A survey carried out by the Thomson Reuters Foundation ranked Pakistan as the sixth most dangerous country in the world for women.[6]

History

In Pakistan, domestic violence is considered a private matter, as it occurs in the family. Spousal abuse is rarely considered a crime socially unless it takes an extreme form of murder or attempted murder. Various forms of domestic violence include physical, mental and emotional abuse. According to an estimate, approximately 70 to 90% of Pakistani women are subjected to domestic violence[7]. Almost one in three married Pakistani women report facing physical violence from their husbands. Only 22% of women are formally reported to participate in the Pakistani workforce. Intimate partner violence is expensive, in terms of medical cost, and missed days of work. In the late 70s and 80's, Pakistan witnessed a regression of women's rights and laws were amended to reflect this discrimination[8]. However, in the last 10-15 years, there has been some success in passing policies and laws to prevent practices such as early age marriages, honor killings, sexual harassment, domestic violence and rape. Many of these laws have been introduced by women parliamentarians in Pakistan[9]. In a survey, 35% of women admitted in the hospitals reported being beaten by their husbands. At least two women were burned every day in domestic violence incidents. In 1998, 282 burn cases of women were reported in only one province. Out of the reported cases, 65% died of their injuries[10]. According to Dr. Rukhsana Iftikhar and Dr. Maqbool Ahmad Awan in the Journal of Political Studies, "Pakistan is an agrarian state where the concept of personal ownership is very much common", with the two writing "Women are also considered personal properties in Pakistan".[2] The two state that such violence persists due to religious and cultural norms within the country.[2] Pakistani women are expected to maintain modesty while men are expected to project masculinity to keep honour among their families.[11] Traditional views in Pakistan believe that if dishonour is not corrected, it may spread beyond singular incident and into the community.[11]

Acts of violence

Domestic violence

Main article: Domestic violence in Pakistan

In a 2008 survey, 70% of women respondents reported that they experienced domestic violence.[2] According to a 2009 Human Rights Watch report, 70-90% of Pakistani women suffered with some kind of domestic violence.[12] About 5,000 women are killed annually from domestic violence in Pakistan, with thousands of other women maimed or disabled.[13] Law enforcement authorities do not view domestic violence as a crime and usually refuse to register any cases brought to them.[14]

In the 2012-2013 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 3,867 married or previously married women were questioned.[15] Of the respondents, 47% of these women believed that physical violence was just if a wife had argued with her husband.[15] The survey found that such beliefs on domestic violence were often passed down to future generations of children.[15]

Marital rape is also a common form of spousal abuse as it is not considered to be a crime under the Zina laws.[16] A study by the United Nations found that 50% of married Pakistani women have experienced sexual violence and 90% have been psychologically abused.[17]

Forced conversion of minority girls

Main article: Forced conversion to Islam

In Pakistan, Hindu and Christian girls are kidnapped, raped, forcibly converted to Islam and forced to marry Muslim men. About 1,000 non-muslim girls are forcibly converted to Islam in Pakistan every year.[18][19] However according to "[t]he All Pakistan Hindu Panchayat (APHP)...[the] majority of cases of marriages between Hindu women and Muslim men were result of love affairs. It said due to honour, the family members of women concoct stories of abduction and forced conversions".[20]

Honour killing

Main article: Honour killing in Pakistan

Historically, honour killings have occurred in Pakistan for thousands of years[11] and authorities in the country, legally obligated to treat such incidents as a crime of homicide, often ignore such killings.[21] As of 2019, thousands of honour killings occurred annually in Pakistan.[2]

Rape and sexual violence

Main article: Rape in Pakistan

The topic of sex is a taboo subject in Pakistan, therefore women often refrain from reporting their experiences with rape.[16] According to a study carried out by Human Rights Watch there is a rape once every two hours[12] and a gang rape every hour.[22][23]

Women's Studies professor Shahla Haeri stated that rape in Pakistan is "often institutionalized and has the tacit and at times the explicit approval of the state".[24][25] According to lawyer Asma Jahangir, who was a co-founder of the women's rights group Women's Action Forum, up to seventy-two percent of women in custody in Pakistan are physically or sexually abused.[26]

Transgender women

In 2020, a transgender woman named Gul Panra was shot dead in the Pakistani city of Peshawar. This is the latest case of attacked on the LGBT community in the county. Along with her, a friend of Gul's were also injured, but escaped death. Gul was a Pashto singer in her professional life. Since 2015, it is reported that 68 transgendered people were murdered in Pakistan. However, a total of 479 transgendered people were attacked since 2018 in the Pakistani provence of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa alone. But, these figures may not include the actual figure, as recording of anti-trans violence is poor.[27]

Law

The majority of women who are victims of violence have no legal recourse within Pakistan.[14]

Existing laws

Article 25 of the 1973 Pakistani constitution states: "All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law. There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex. Nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any special provision for the protection of women and children.[28]"

Article 23 of the 1973 Constitution states: "Provision as to property. Every citizen shall have the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property in any part of Pakistan, subject to the Constitution and any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the public interest."[29]

Article 310A states: “Punishment for giving a female in marriage or otherwise in badla-e-sulh, wanni or swara.- Whoever gives a female in marriage or otherwise compels her to enter into marriage, as badal-e-sulh, wanni, or swara or any other custom or practice under any name, in consideration of settling a civil dispute or a criminal liability, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years but shall not be less than three years and shall also be liable to fine of five hundred thousand rupees.”[30]

The Prevention of Anti Women Practices Act 2011 states: "Whoever by deceitful or, illegal means deprives any woman from inheriting any movable or immovable property at the time of opening of succession shall be punished with imprisonment for either description for a term which may extend to ten years but not be less than five years or with a fine of one million rupees or both."[31]

Domestic Violence during Covid19

Domestic Violence cases surged during the lock-down period that was imposed because of Covid 19.[32]  Many media outlets reported cases of domestic violence nationwide. Statistics show a 25% rise in domestic violence for one province only. Government agencies and NGOs working for the victims have suffered from the Pandemic as well and are lacking in infrastructure. Many of the shelters have been turned into quarantine stations due to which domestic violence cases cannot be entertained. The government has issued a Covid 19 alert that provides a helpline, 1099, and a Whatsapp number 0333 908 5709, to report cases of domestic violence during lock down.

List of government departments and NGOs working for women

Further information: List of domestic violence hotlines § Pakistan

Legal hotlines provide emergency support and referral services over the phone those in volatile relationships. Hotlines are generally dedicated to women escaping abusive relationships and provide referral to women's shelters. There are various helplines providing services to women in sufferings in Pakistan.

Ministry of Human Rights Women Centre and helplines

The Ministry of Human Rights is managing and operating Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Human Rights Centre for Women in Islamabad. Victims of violence can share their sufferings in strict confidentiality with volunteers and social of pain and humiliation. The Centers is equipped with facilities including free medical, legal, and Shelter Home.

Address: Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Human Rights Centre for Women, Sector H-8/1, St # 04, Pitrass Bukhari Road, Near City School, Ministry of Human Rights, Islamabad. Contact: Manager Numbers:- 051-9101256, 9101257, 9101258[33]

Moreover, a helpline — 1099 — has been launched by the ministry to provide free legal advice on the matter.[29]

PCSW helpline

The Punjab Women's Toll-Free Helpline 1043 and online complaint form is available 24/7. Managed and supervised by PCSW, this helpline team comprises all-women call agents, three legal advisors, phycho social counselor, supervisors and management staff to address inquiries and complaints, and to provide psycho social counseling, on workplace harassment, gender discrimination, property disputes and inheritance rights, domestic violence and other women's issues.[34]

AGHS Legal Aid Cell

AGHS provides legal aid in the violation of human rights by the state or non- state actors, women in obtaining their rights under family law and to women and children, and other victims of the abuse of due process and in prisons to women and juveniles. Email us: aghs@brain.net.pk | Call: 042-35842256-7[35]

SLACC Helpline

Any person across the Pakistan can call the Sindh Legal Advisory Call Centre (SLACC) free of cost on toll free no. 0800-70806 for seeking legal advice on civil, criminal, public service related matters.[36]

DRF Helpline

Digital Rights Foundation's Cyber Harassment Helpline is toll-free Helpline for victims of online harassment and violence. The Helpline will provide a free service. You can call on toll-free number: 0800-39393 everyday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Email at helpdesk@digitalrightsfoundation.pk [36]

Rozan Helpline

Rozan is working on issues related to emotional and psychological health, gender, violence against women and children, and the psychological and reproductive health of adolescents. FREE Telephonic Counseling 0800-22444, 0303-4442288 (*Regular charges) Mon-Sat, 10:00 am – 6:00 pm[37]

References

  1. ^ "Violence against women". www.who.int. WHO. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Iftikhar, Rukhsana (2019). "Break the Silence: Pakistani Women Facing Violence". Journal of Political Studies (36): 63 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
  3. ^ a b "The Women, Peace, and Security Index: A Global Index of Women's Wellbeing". Human Rights Documents Online. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  4. ^ Cheema, Ahmed Raza; Iqbal, Mazhar (2017-03-08). "Determinants of Girl's School Enrollment In Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies. 14 (1): 17–35. doi:10.46568/pjgs.v14i1.138. ISSN 2663-8886.
  5. ^ a b "Crimes against women in Pakistan". Policy Forum. 2019-12-02. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  6. ^ The world's most dangerous countries for women (2018). Thompson Reuters Foundation. Retrieved March 14th, 2020
  7. ^ Bibi, Seema; Ashfaq, Sanober; Shaikh, Farhana; Pir, Mohammad Ali (1969-12-31). "PREVALENCE, INSTIGATING FACTORS AND HELP SEEKING BEHAVIOR OF PHYSICAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN OF HYDERABAD, SINDH". Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 30 (1). doi:10.12669/pjms.301.4533. ISSN 1681-715X.
  8. ^ Ali; Asad; Mogren; Krantz, Gunilla (2011-03). "Intimate partner violence in urban Pakistan: prevalence, frequency, and risk factors". International Journal of Women's Health: 105. doi:10.2147/ijwh.s17016. ISSN 1179-1411. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ "Addressing violence against women in Pakistan: time to act now". blogs.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  10. ^ [http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-0035-2014514 "Pakistan: HRCP urges expedited efforts for ensuring women� rights"]. Human Rights Documents online. Retrieved 2020-12-06. {{cite web}}: replacement character in |title= at position 58 (help)
  11. ^ a b c Jafri, Amir H. (2008). Honour killing : dilemma, ritual, understanding. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195476316. OCLC 180753749.
  12. ^ a b Gosselin, Denise Kindschi (2009). Heavy Hands: An Introduction to the Crime of Intimate and Family Violence (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 13. ISBN 978-0136139034.
  13. ^ Hansar, Robert D. (2007). "Cross-Cultural Examination of Domestic Violence in China and Pakistan". In Nicky Ali Jackson (ed.). Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 211. ISBN 978-0415969680.
  14. ^ a b Zakar, Rubeena; Zakar, Muhammad; Mikolajczyk, Rafael; Kraemer, Alexander (2013). "Spousal Violence Against Women and Its Association With Women's Mental Health in Pakistan". Health Care for Women International. 34 (9): 795–813. doi:10.1080/07399332.2013.794462. PMID 23790086. S2CID 36059658.
  15. ^ a b c Aslam, Syeda; Zaheer, Sidra; Shafique, Kashif (2015). "Is Spousal Violence Being "Vertically Transmitted" through Victims? Findings from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13". PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0129790. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129790. PMC 4470804. PMID 26083619.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ a b Hussain, Rafat; Khan, Adeel (2008-04-28). "Women's Perceptions and Experiences of Sexual Violence in Marital Relationships and Its Effect on Reproductive Health". Health Care for Women International. 29 (5): 468–483. doi:10.1080/07399330801949541. ISSN 0739-9332. PMID 18437595. S2CID 28441918.
  17. ^ Nasrullah, Muazzam; Haqqi, Sobia; Cummings, Kristin (2009). "The epidemiological patterns of honour killing of women in Pakistan". European Journal of Public Health. 19 (2): 193–197. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp021. PMID 19286837.
  18. ^ "1,000 girls forcibly converted to Islam in Pakistan every year".
  19. ^ "Forced conversions torment Pakistan's Hindus". Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  20. ^ Yudhvir Rana (January 30th, 2020). Most marriages between Hindu women and Muslim men result of. Times of India. Retrieved March 3rd, 2020.
  21. ^ Reuters (24 July 2004). "Pakistan's honour killings enjoy high-level support". Taipei Times. The Liberty Times Group. Retrieved 1 January 2010. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ Aleem, Shamim (2013). Women, Peace, and Security: (An International Perspective). p. 64. ISBN 9781483671123.
  23. ^ Foerstel, Karen (2009). Issues in Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: Selections. Sage. p. 337. ISBN 978-1412979672.
  24. ^ Reuters (2015-04-10). "Lahore gets first women-only auto-rickshaw to beat 'male pests'". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2019-10-18. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  25. ^ Haeri, Shahla (2002). No Shame for the Sun: Lives of Professional Pakistani Women (1st ed.). Syracuse University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0815629603.
  26. ^ Goodwin, Jan (2002). Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World. Plume. p. 51. ISBN 978-0452283770.
  27. ^ https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/712365-transgender-woman-gul-panra-shot-dead-friend-wounded-in-peshawar
  28. ^ "Article: 25 Equality of citizens". The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 Developed by Zain Sheikh. Pakistan Constitution Law. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  29. ^ a b "Human rights ministry launches awareness drive about women's right to inheritance". DAWN.COM. Dawn Newspaper. 14 September 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  30. ^ "Forced Marriage" (PDF). NA Pak. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  31. ^ "The Prevention of Anti Women Practices Act 2011 | The Institute for Social Justice (ISJ)". ISJ. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  32. ^ "Domestic violence increases amid coronavirus lockdown | Dialogue | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  33. ^ "Ministry of Human Rights". www.mohr.gov.pk. MOHR. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  34. ^ "Helpline | PCSW". pcsw.punjab.gov.pk. PCSW. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  35. ^ "LEGAL AID". AGHS. AGHS Legal Help. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  36. ^ a b "Cyber Harassment Helpline". Digital Rights Foundation. DRF. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  37. ^ "Who We Are | Rozan". rozan.org. ROZAN. Retrieved 12 October 2019.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Violence_against_women_in_Pakistan&oldid=992730452"