70 Pine Street

Coordinates: 40°42′23″N 74°00′27″W / 40.70639°N 74.00750°W / 40.70639; -74.00750
This is a good article. Click here for more information.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Epicgenius (talk | contribs) at 12:59, 11 October 2022 (ce). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

70 Pine Street
Map
General information
TypeResidential (converted from offices)
Architectural styleArt Deco
Location70 Pine Street, Manhattan, New York
Coordinates40°42′23″N 74°00′27″W / 40.70639°N 74.00750°W / 40.70639; -74.00750
Construction started1930
Completed1932
OpeningMay 13, 1932
Cost$7 million (equivalent to about $156.32 million in 2023)
OwnerEastbridge Group, AG Real Estate
Height
Architectural952 ft (290 m)
Roof850 ft (260 m)
Top floor800 ft (240 m)
Technical details
Floor count70
Floor area864,988 sq ft (80,360.0 m2)
Lifts/elevators24
Design and construction
Architect(s)Clinton and Russell, Holton & George
DeveloperRose Associates
Structural engineerTaylor Fichter Steel Construction
Main contractorJames Stewart & Co. Builders
References
[1][2]
DesignatedJune 21, 2011
Reference no.2441, 2442

70 Pine Street – formerly known as the 60 Wall Tower, Cities Service Building, and American International Building – is a 67-story, 952-foot (290 m) residential building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Built from 1930 to 1932 by energy conglomerate Cities Service Company (later Citgo), the building was designed by the firm of Clinton & Russell, Holton & George in the Art Deco style. It was Lower Manhattan's tallest building and the world's third-tallest structure upon its completion.

70 Pine Street occupies a trapezoidal lot on Pearl Street between Pine and Cedar Streets. It features a brick, limestone, and gneiss facade with numerous setbacks. The building contains an extensive program of ornamentation, including the Cities Service Company's triangular logo and solar motifs. The interior features included escalators at the base and double-deck elevators linking the tower's floors. A three-story penthouse, intended for Cities Service's founder Henry Latham Doherty, was instead used as a public observatory.

70 Pine Street's construction was funded through a public offering of stock, rather than a mortgage loan. Despite having been built during the Great Depression, the building was profitable enough that it broke even by 1936, and 90 percent of its space was occupied five years later. The American International Group (AIG) bought the building in 1976, and it was acquired by another firm in 2009 after AIG went into bankruptcy. The building and its first floor interior were designated as official New York City landmarks in June 2011. In 2016, the building became a luxury rental residential property.

Site

70 Pine Street is in the Financial District of Manhattan, on a plot bounded by Pine Street to the south, Pearl Street to the east, and Cedar Street to the north.[3] The site covers 32,000 square feet (3,000 m2), measuring 247 feet (75 m) on Pine and Cedar Streets by 116 feet (35 m) on Pearl Street.[4] The terrain slopes downward to the east, toward Pearl Street, so that there is an upper lobby (accessed from Pine Street) and a lower lobby (accessed from Pearl Street).[5] Neighboring buildings include 56 Pine Street and the Down Town Association building to the northwest, 90–94 Maiden Lane across Cedar Street, and 60 Wall Street across Pine Street.[3]

Architecture

70 Pine Street is a 67-story building rising 952 feet (290 m).[1][6][7] The roof is 850 feet (260 m) tall[8][2] while the top story is 800 feet (240 m) high.[2] Like its contemporaries, 70 Pine Street has a Gothic-like spire-topped appearance.[9] Clinton & Russell, Holton & George designed 70 Pine Street in the Art Deco style, and was the last large commission by these architects.[10][11] Of that firm's principals, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission states that Thomas J. George was likely the most involved with the design.[11]

The building was constructed as part of an ongoing skyscraper race in New York City,[12] which resulted in the city having the world's tallest building from 1908 to 1974.[13] When completed, 70 Pine Street was the third-tallest building in the world, after the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building in Midtown Manhattan.[9][14][15] The building exceeded 40 Wall Street, the Manhattan Company's building, by 25 feet (7.6 m) to be Lower Manhattan's tallest building.[14] It was the last skyscraper to be built in Lower Manhattan prior to World War II, and was the tallest building in Lower Manhattan until the 1970s, when the World Trade Center was completed. With the collapse of the World Trade Center in the September 11 attacks, it regained the status of the tallest Lower Manhattan building until the completion of the new One World Trade Center in 2014.[2]

Form

Upper section of the building, showing the small terraces on each setback

The building contains numerous setbacks on its exterior.[11][14][16] Though setbacks in New York City skyscrapers were mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution in order to allow light and air to reach the streets below, they later became a defining feature of the Art Deco style.[17] As a result of the several layers of setbacks, the top stories are one-fourth the size of the lowest stories. The first setback happens on the 32nd floor, followed by another large setback on the 56th floor.[11] The intermediate levels also contained smaller setbacks, which were used as private patios for the offices on the respective floors.[11][18] There were multiple setbacks on each side, so the upper floors contained up to 20 sides.[16]

Above the 67th-floor observation deck is the building's spire, composed of a glass lantern rising 27 feet (8.2 m), topped by a stainless steel pinnacle extending another 97 feet (30 m).[11] The spire rises 124 feet (38 m) and weighs 8 short tons (7.1 long tons; 7.3 t).[19] The author Dirk Stichweh characterized the spire as giving the impression of a mountain peak covered with snow.[8] The spire had a beacon, which was described as being "visible for 200 miles at sea and inland",[11][20] though in reality the beacon could only be seen from 20 miles (32 km) away.[21] W. Parker Chase, writing in 1932, characterized the spire as being "almost sensational in its 'differentness'".[16][22]

Facade

The entrance portals and lower-story windows are lavishly decorated.[21][23] The lower stories of the facade are covered with Indiana Limestone.[23][24] The upper stories are clad with four shades of brick, which darken toward the building's peak.[23] Red-and-black Morton gneiss wraps the ground floor.[25] An extensive lighting system highlighted the building's features at night; its inclusion was influenced by Cities Service's role as an energy provider.[23] An early publicist for 70 Pine Street said that Cities Service founder Henry Latham Doherty was personally involved in the structure's design, and that "he insisted on dignity with beauty, to the absolute avoidance of the garish, the flamboyant, and the over colorful."[26]

70 Pine Street was one of the first buildings to use aluminum extensively on its facade.[24] Cliff Parkhurst[a] of the Parkhurst Organization designed the aluminum ornamentation of 70 Pine Street. These ornamental features include reliefs above each set of entrance doors; spandrels with sharp arrises above the lower-story windows; and a ventilation grille on Cedar Street.[21][27][28] The reliefs above the doors are designed with motifs of butterflies and sunflowers, which appear as an abstract pattern from a distance.[21] In addition, there were 6,000 windows, ten million bricks, 9,000 cubic feet (250 m3) of marble, and 24,000 short tons (21,000 long tons; 22,000 t) of steel used in 70 Pine Street's construction.[18][29] The black and pink marble in the building was transported from Minnesota and Tennessee.[24]

Entrances

A miniature model of the building, incorporated between the eastern entrance portals on Pine and Cedar Streets

The building has four primary entrances: two on Pine Street and two on Cedar Street, which all lead to the main lobby. Another entrance on Pearl Street, which was formerly located under the Third Avenue elevated line, is more simply designed and leads to a lobby in the lower level.[14][30] All of these streets are narrower than the typical street in Manhattan: Pine Street is 25 feet (7.6 m) wide while Cedar Street is 35 feet (11 m) wide.[31] Because of the slope of the terrain, the western entrances are at the same level at the street, and the eastern entrances are accessed by short flights of steps rising from the street.[30]

The eastern entrances on Pine and Cedar Streets are near the centers of these elevations; they consist of large four-story portals with stepped arches. Both arches are divided by a limestone pillar that contains a freestanding limestone relief of 70 Pine Street.[32][33] These pillars, each 14 feet (4.3 m), may have been designed by Rene Paul Chambellan and were fairly accurate in their detailing.[33][b] Architectural critic Robert A. M. Stern wrote that 70 Pine Street's reliefs "surveyed the crowds of workers as a carved Madonna would bless the pilgrims of a Gothic cathedral."[16] There were three metal doors to either side of the pillars.[33] Above the doors were four tiers of sash windows; the lowest such tier was originally composed of glass louvers, which reduced wind pressure when the doors were being opened, but these were later replaced with glass panes.[27] Along the interior reveals of both portal arches are reliefs containing the triangular logo of Cities Service.[32][33] Inside each entrance were staircases leading to the upper and lower lobbies.[33]

The western entrances on Pine and Cedar Streets are located near the western end of the building and are two stories tall. Each portal contains two sets of revolving doors.[33]

Interior

At the time of 70 Pine Street's construction, developers had to consider skyscrapers' profitability in conjunction with height. 70 Pine Street was designed to accommodate between 7,000 and 8,000 employees, more than nearly every other skyscraper at the time. The interior spaces were thus designed with high capacity in mind.[12][34][35] The building contains 864,988 sq ft (80,360.0 m2) of interior space.[36] When it opened, there was 1,045,000 square feet (97,100 m2) of gross floor area, of which 680,000 square feet (63,000 m2) was available for lease.[29][37]

Lobby

The Art Deco lobby

The first-floor lobby is designed in the Art Deco style and are arranged into six hallways. Two of the hallways are 110 feet (34 m) long, traveling north to south between the pairs of entrances on Pine and Cedar Streets, while three other hallways are 140 feet (43 m) long and travel west to east; there is also a wide central hall. The passages are 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.1 m) wide, with the widest section of the lobby near Pine Street, where there is an information booth. The lobby is oriented slightly west, away from the elevated lines that formerly overshadowed Pearl Street, so that the westerly entrances could be located at ground level and so that the sky bridge to 60 Wall Street would be possible.[12]

Inside each entrance were retail spaces that faced the first-floor lobby.[30] Four storefronts were located on the southern portion of the lobby.[12] Until the early 2000s, these retail spaces contained such stores as "a drugstore, a bookstore, a tobacconist and a telegraph office".[38] There are stairs on the southern portion of the lobby near Pine Street, as well as at the eastern portion near Pearl Street; these stairs ascend to the second floor and descend to the basement lobby.[39] There were also escalators between every level from the basement to the sixth floor, near the western entrance on Pine Street.[16][39] The basement lobby is a simpler version of the first-floor lobby, serving mainly as a boarding area for the lower decks of 70 Pine Street's former double-deck elevators.[12] The upper decks of these elevators were served from the main lobby.[12][32] One critic said the use of separate elevator lobbies would "cut the possibility of elevator flirtations exactly in half".[32]

The lobby is decorated with marble walls, plaster ceilings, and aluminum metal grilles.[23][32] Despite Doherty's desire for "dignity with beauty", the lobby is highly ornamented with multicolored marbles from Europe.[16][23][26] Most of the wall area is composed of yellow marble, divided by vertical piers of dark-red marble. The floors are composed of panels of white and pink marble, arranged as in a checkerboard. The ceiling is made of plaster and is supported by large jagged corbels. It is mostly painted white, except for colored bands of relief, which emanate from elements such as the lighting fixtures.[23][40] Cliff Parkhurst furnished the elaborate metalwork in the lobby.[23] A writer for The New York Times compared the building's lobby to "something Bernini would have designed if he’d lived to see the Jazz Age".[41]

Other interior spaces

The basement contained a bank vault with the most advanced security systems available during that era.[18] There were also several features specifically for tenants. On the 29th floor, there was a library filled with law books and documents, which was made available only to tenants.[34][37][42] Just below the observatory was a conference room with leather paneling.[43] As of 2020, the skyscraper has many amenities, including an Elite by New York Sports Club fitness center on the lower level, a food market, and several lounges.[44]

Since its 2015–2016 conversion, 70 Pine Street includes 612 residential apartments.[45] The apartments are arranged as studio apartments or one- or two-bedroom units, and are generally outfitted with wooden floors.[46] Another 132 units are run as hotel rooms by Lyric, a startup company funded by Airbnb.[47] Retail tenants include a gourmet market and a high-end restaurant in the lobby.[48] The building also contains a fitness and recreation center, including a screening room, bowling alley, indoor golf facility, and game room in the former bank vault in the basement.[46][49]

Observation deck

The spire at sunset

The top three floors were originally slated to contain Doherty's private residence.[5][21] The suite contained a gym and a squash court; in addition, Doherty's bed was designed on a motorized platform that could slide out onto the terrace.[5] However, Doherty did not move into the space.[50][15]

In July 1932, the private suite opened to the public as an observation deck.[15][51] The deck comprised an open-air platform with a 23-by-33-foot (7.0 by 10.1 m) enclosed glass solarium above it on the 66th floor.[7] Decorations from France, Italy, and Spain were used in the observation deck.[24] It was served by a five-passenger elevator that rose through the floor slab and then retracted.[43] Until the 1973 construction of the World Trade Center, it was the highest observation deck of any building in Lower Manhattan.[7] The deck charged 40 cents for admission in 1939; by comparison, the deck at the Empire State Building cost $1.10 to enter.[52] During World War II, the attraction was closed to the public because it overlooked the nearby Brooklyn Navy Yard, an active military installation.[50]

The deck was permanently closed to the public before 1975.[53] Afterward, it was used as a private office for AIG's employees.[24] In 2019, as part of the building's 2010s conversion into residential apartments, James Kent and Jeff Katz turned the top four stories into the fine-dining restaurant SAGA,[54] and on the ground floor Crown Shy, a 120-seat eatery. Crown Shy is an à la carte eatery, with dishes being ordered individually.[48][55]

Mechanical features

Elevators

There are 24 elevators in total,[2] with six banks of four elevators each in the first-floor lobby.[12] There were eight double-deck elevators, which served alternating flors; six "express" elevators, which ran nonstop from the lobby to serve the upper floors; eight "local" elevators, which served the lower floors; and two freight elevators, which served all floors. All of the elevators were able to serve a combined 10,200 people every hour.[29] In an emergency, it was estimated that the elevators, along with the escalators serving with the lower floors, would be able to clear the building in 35 minutes.[39] The elevator doors in the main lobby are ornately designed, resembling those at the Fred F. French Building, 608 Fifth Avenue, and the Chrysler Building. Each elevator door is a double-leaf door made of aluminum, with diamond and trefoil patterns, which were cast in one piece.[28] The elevator doors in the lobbies contain octagonal relief panels sculpted by Chambellan. These reliefs alternately show a woman with an oil lamp and a man with an electric turbine.[38][56]

Because of 70 Pine Street's small lot size, and the setbacks that make the upper floors even smaller, it would have been unprofitable under normal building practices if it were taller than 48 stories.[5][8] Engineers from Otis Elevator Company told Doherty that double-deck elevators could solve the problem.[5][16][57] As such, the company manufactured eight double-deck elevators,[58][59][60] marking the first installation of Otis double-deck elevators.[24] The double-deck elevators traveled up to the 59th/60th floors, where another separate, single-deck elevator served the top six floors.[5] The upper deck of each elevator served odd-numbered floors while the lower deck served even-numbered floors.[60] The Cedar Street portion of the first-floor lobby contained elevator banks that only served the building's lower floors, while the Pine Street portion contained elevators that served higher floors.[39]

The Real Estate Record and Guide stated that the double-deck elevators, long anticipated by developers, were "permitted by special provision in the new elevator code".[11] Compared to 11 or 14 standard elevators, the double-deck elevators saved $200,000 in construction costs and freed up to 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of space,[c] at a time when office space could be rented at an average rate of $3.50 per square foot ($37.7/m2) per year.[5][58][60] Columnist Sam Love disagreed, saying that "the odds and the evens in the Cities Service Building will never see each other although they are the nearest neighbors", referring to the floor numbers.[61] The double-deck elevators were removed in 1972 and replaced with single-story cabs.[5][12][59] The double-deck elevators had reportedly been unpopular because the lower lobby entrance was not completed, and a proposed subway entrance was not opened.[62] The Citigroup Center adopted the same idea in the 1970s, becoming possibly the first building in New York City after 70 Pine Street to have double-deck elevators.[63]

Other features

Looking up from ground level

At the 16th floor, a sky bridge connected 70 Pine Street with 60 Wall Street.[14][15] There was another connection, a tunnel, between the two buildings.[52] The connections enabled 70 Pine Street to initially claim a Wall Street address, which was perceived as more distinguished than a regular address in the Financial District.[15][24] The bridge was destroyed in 1975 when the original 60 Wall Street building was demolished to make way for the current, larger building. At the time, it was one of a few sky bridges in the city.[64][d] In 1979, a replacement bridge was built, connecting the sixth and seventh floors of 70 Pine Street to the seventh and eighth floors of 72 Wall Street.[42]

When it opened, 70 Pine Street featured escalators between its first through sixth floors, as another space-saving measure. The escalators were reversible to accommodate peak flows, running upstairs in the morning and downstairs in the afternoon. The escalators could reportedly allow the basement through sixth floors to be emptied within 10 minutes.[42][66][67] Since these floors housed Cities Service's clerical staff at the time of 70 Pine Street's completion, the floors were linked by escalators rather than elevators, because studies had shown that escalators saved more space.[39][68] This was one of the first uses of escalators in a major office building.[42] Though the Empire State Building had also included escalators between its lobby and mezzanine, 70 Pine Street was modeled on the layout of a department store, the first office building in New York City to be designed in this manner.[39] These escalators were hidden behind a false marble wall.[39]

70 Pine Street also included a hot-water heating system, innovative for its time, which obviated the need for boiler facilities. The building had a "unit ventilating system" as well; this system utilized spaces over the radiators and inside the walls to provide ventilation without any dust or noise.[18][66]

History

Context and planning

Henry Latham Doherty became successful by operating numerous companies in the manufactured-gas and electric utility sectors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[69] He formed the Cities Service Company as a "light, heat, and power" firm in 1910,[70] and Doherty's business interests grew extensively in subsequent years.[68][71] At the time, his main offices were located at the 27-story 60 Wall Street (built 1905 and demolished 1975), which he had occupied since 1906, and was located just south of the present building site.[72] Doherty, who already owned several Lower Manhattan properties, purchased 60 Wall Street in December 1924 with the aim of expanding the structure.[73] Four years later, in January 1929, he formed the Pine Street Realty Company,[74] having failed to develop "a great business centre" near Battery Park.[73][75] The firm of Clinton & Russell were retained as architects and proposed two plans for the site: a simple slab rising from the ground and a Gothic Revival design rising 60 floors.[73] The New York City Department of Buildings rejected the proposed structure on Wall Street.[73][76]

The Pine Street Realty Company then started buying land across Pine Street. The site was in the core of the Financial District, near the Third Avenue elevated line, and was surrounded by shorter buildings.[73][77] The company bought twelve buildings in January 1929, forming a plot with 17,000 square feet (1,600 m2).[78] Another five plots were acquired via lease in November 1929, and the Cities Service Company was in negotiations to acquire the Down Town Association building as well. At the time, the company planned to build between 25 and 50 stories.[79] Two more lots were leased in July 1930.[80] In total, the Pine Street Realty Company acquired 23 lots, which all contained low-rise three- to five-story masonry buildings, at a total cost of $2 million, relatively cheap for the time.[4][81] The economist W. C. Clark investigated the planned Cities Service building's design and, in October 1929, spoke about his findings at the Engineers' Club. He found that taller buildings on small lots could be profitable, provided that these included double-deck elevators due to the lot's small size.[82] As a result, the proposed Cities Service building was most economically viable as a 63-story building.[11]

Clinton & Russell, under the leadership of Thomas George, designed the new building in the Art Deco style. This contrasted with the firm's earlier works, which were largely designed in the classical style; the original partners had died before 70 Pine Street was constructed.[76] Doherty submitted the building's architectural plans to the Department of Buildings in May 1930. The structure was slated to have 63 stories, including double-decker elevators due to the lot's small size, and it would cost $7 million.[83][84] It was one of several buildings that Doherty planned to erect in Lower Manhattan,[84] though none of the other projects were realized because of a lack of funding following the Great Depression.[4] After the building plans were submitted, the height was increased to 66 stories, and a spire was added, increasing the total height to 950 feet (290 m)[11] or 952 feet (290 m).[71] The Cities Service building thus beat the 927-foot (283 m) 40 Wall Street to become the tallest building in Manhattan south of 34th Street.[11]

Construction

70 Pine Street (left background) and other structures seen from the East River piers in 1941

Demolition of existing buildings and site excavation began almost immediately after the building plans were submitted.[4] The western portion of the site was the first to be cleared; some 100,000 short tons (89,000 long tons; 91,000 t) was excavated to as deep as 60 feet (18 m).[85] The foundation took 245,000 worker-hours to complete.[29] Work was complicated by the presence of a holdout: building lessee Nik Coutroulas, a cafeteria operator who also operated a Lindy's franchise. Doherty's company could not reach a lease agreement with Coutroulas prior to the start of work.[86] Coutrolas's building was demolished anyway and he sued Doherty for damages, eventually receiving a $5,000 compensation.[87]

Construction was funded using a then-unconventional method of public offering. Henry L. Doherty & Co. sold $15.7 million of interest-free stocks, described at the time as "financially unique among large New York office buildings".[4][88] This avoided the need for the building's owners to take out a mortgage loan.[89][90] James Stewart & Company was hired as the general contractor,[2][27][91] Taylor Fichter Steel Construction was the structural engineer,[2] and John M. Parrish was the project's general superintendent.[27][92]

The steel structure was built at an average rate of three floors per week.[27][66] The New York Times reported in April 1931 that the steel had been erected to the 27th floor.[93] By mid-1931, steel frame construction had reached the 59th floor, while the facade had been built up to the 50th floor. At the time, 70 Pine Street's construction employed 600 workers, and the structure had no official name.[14][18] To date, workers had been on the project for 119,000 hours without any major accidents.[18][29] The spire was installed in October 1931.[19] The sky bridge between 70 Pine Street and 60 Wall Street was completed in February 1932, at which point the building at 70 Pine Street became known as the 60 Wall Tower.[15]

Cities Service usage

By early 1932, the 60 Wall Tower was completed.[94] The city's Department of Buildings gave the building a temporary occupancy certification in March 1932, followed by a permanent certification that August.[15] The building was dedicated on May 13, Doherty's 62nd birthday.[95] The event celebrated Doherty's reinstatement as executive of Cities Service after he had taken a six-year hiatus from the position due to health problems.[96][97] It included a luncheon attended by 200 businessmen; the dedication of Doherty's bronze bust; the spire's floodlighting; and a radio announcement that Doherty made from the spire using then-new "moonbeam" technology.[15][96][98]

Tenants had started moving into 70 Pine Street prior to its official dedication.[85] Upon opening, the second through seventeenth floors were occupied by about 3,000 employees of Cities Service.[42] The remaining floors were leased to a large range of tenants, including manufacturers, lawyers, accountants, and the Western Union Telegraph Company.[66] However, most tenants on the upper floors were lawyers, who took advantage of the 29th-floor law library.[34][37][42] The second and third floors were also occupied by the Emergency Unemployment Relief Committee.[99] The building was reportedly two-thirds rented by 1933, but it did not reach 90 percent occupancy until 1941.[42] Later tenants included the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which took space in 70 Pine Street in 1941.[100] One tenant, boxer Artie McGovern, operated an athletic club on the seventh floor, which was reportedly visited by over a thousand men daily and included a gymnasium, handball and squash courts, ping-pong tables, and golf facilities.[34][42] The radio station WGYN also established its studios and transmitter at 70 Pine Street when it was founded in December 1941,[101] though WGYN stopped broadcasting in May 1950.[102]

One portion of 70 Pine Street was separately owned from the rest of the building, so that the two sections could be separated if it became necessary. This section, covering 10,000 square feet (930 m2), was owned by the estate of aviator Cortlandt F. Bishop and leased to a wholly owned subsidiary of the Cities Service Company, Sixty Wall Tower Inc. In June 1950, the land under the building was placed for auction by the New York Trust Company on behalf of Bishop's estate.[103] After World War II, Cities Service downsized its Manhattan staff and leased out several lower floors.[42] Merrill was one such tenant, leasing ten floors in a 1957 transaction,[104] and ultimately moving 3,400 of its 8,600 employees to 70 Pine Street by 1965.[105] Though Cities Service became known as Citgo in 1965, the building retained the "Cities Service Building" name.[42][106]

Later ownership

Being renovated, 2014

Citgo announced in 1973 that it would move its executive headquarters to Tulsa, Oklahoma, and sell off 70 Pine Street and several other buildings in Manhattan.[107] The move would affect about 250 personnel at 70 Pine Street.[42][108] Citgo subsequently moved to Tulsa in 1975.[64] The following year, the building was purchased for $15 million by the American International Group (AIG),[109] which wanted to double the amount of space available for its 500 New York City employees.[110] 70 Pine Street was renamed the American International Building, and AIG workers moved into the structure over the next two years.[111] Under AIG's ownership, the lobby was renovated, and the sky bridge to Wall Street was demolished and rebuilt.[42] AIG bought the nearby 175 Water Street in 1995, but kept its headquarters at 70 Pine Street.[112]

70 Pine Street served as AIG's world headquarters until the financial crisis of 2007–08, when the company went bankrupt. Consequently, AIG decided to sell several assets in order to raise money,[113] so 70 Pine Street was sold to developer Youngwoo & Associates in 2009.[114][115] 70 Pine Street's exterior and its first-floor interior were designated New York City Landmarks in June 2011.[116][117] The building was purchased by MetroLoft in January 2012, which planned to turn 70 Pine Street into an apartment building or a combined hotel/apartment complex with about 1,000 total units.[118][119] MetroLoft sold 70 Pine Street to Rose Associates later that year.[120]

Rose and DTH Capital transformed 70 Pine Street into a mixed-use building featuring luxury rental apartments and a variety of retail and restaurants starting in 2015.[121] Leasing of the residential units started in December 2015,[122] and the renovation was completed the next year.[123] Unlike the top floors of other converted residential buildings, which were generally turned into penthouse apartments, Rose decided to add amenities to the top floors of 70 Pine Street.[124] Space in 70 Pine Street's lobby and upper floors was originally set to contain restaurants by April Bloomfield and Ken Friedman, who withdrew from the project in July 2016.[125] Ultimately, the upper-floor restaurant spaces hosted James Kent and Jeff Katz's restaurant Crown Shy, which opened in 2019.[48] Mint House opened a 132-unit hotel for business travelers inside the building in November 2020.[126][127] The Overstory bar opened on the 64th floor in August 2021,[128] and the Saga restaurant opened atop the building later that year.[129][130]

Incidents

In 1976, two thousand tenants were evacuated after a fire broke out on the eighth floor, causing several minor injuries.[131] In November 2016, Justin Casquejo, a thrill-seeking teenage free solo climber and stunt performer, hung from 70 Pine Street. He was charged with misdemeanor base jumping and trespassing for climbing on the tower.[132]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Sometimes spelled "Clif"
  2. ^ Self-referential reliefs were also used in other New York City landmarks such as 20 Exchange Place, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, 500 Fifth Avenue, the Chrysler Building, the Empire State Building, the Fuller Building, and the Woolworth Building.[33]
  3. ^ The New York Times and Trager 2003, p. 471 state that up to 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of total space was saved. The Washington Post says 24,000 square feet (2,200 m2) of rentable space was saved.[60]
  4. ^ Other nearby buildings with sky bridges included the Trinity and United States Realty Buildings, and 20 Exchange Place to 55 Wall Street. These might have inspired the creation of 70 Pine's sky bridge.[65] In addition, sky bridges existed between the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower and Metropolitan Life North Building; the Fashion Institute of Technology; Gimbels department store, now Manhattan Mall, at Herald Square; the Bloomingdale's flagship at 60th Street; and Hunter College.[64]

Citations

  1. ^ a b "70 Pine Street". Emporis. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "70 Pine - The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. April 7, 2016. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  3. ^ a b "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 3.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Gray, Christopher (March 8, 1998). "Streetscapes/70 Pine Street; An Art Deco Tower With Double-Deck Elevators". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  6. ^ Yankopolus, Jennifer Evans; Cramer, James A. (2005). Almanac of Architecture & Design 2006 (Almanac of Architecture and Design). Greenway Communication. p. 368. ISBN 0-9755654-2-7. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017.
  7. ^ a b c Trager, James (2003). The New York chronology: the ultimate compendium of events, people, and anecdotes from the Dutch to the present. HarperResource. p. 471. ISBN 0-06-052341-7. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Stichweh, Dirk (2016). New York Skyscrapers. Prestel Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-3-7913-8226-5. OCLC 923852487.
  9. ^ a b Wolfe, Gerard R. (2003). New York, 15 walking tours: an architectural guide to the metropolis. McGraw-Hill. p. 56. ISBN 0-07-141185-2. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  10. ^ White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 4.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2011, p. 4.
  13. ^ "History of Measuring Tall Buildings". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. December 2009. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "New Building Height Level For Wall Street: Henry L. Doherty Tower Will Be 25 Feet Higher Than Present Champion". New York Herald-Tribune. June 28, 1931. p. E1. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 8.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. p. 602. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977.
  17. ^ Willis, Carol (March 1986). "Zoning and "Zeitgeist": The Skyscraper City in the 1920s". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. Vol. 45, no. 1. pp. 47–59. doi:10.2307/990128. JSTOR 990128.
  18. ^ a b c d e f "Provide Terraces In Office Building". The New York Times. July 12, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  19. ^ a b "Eight-Ton Mast Set in Place". The New York Times. October 21, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  20. ^ Hill 1932, p. 13.
  21. ^ a b c d e Robins 2017, p. 21.
  22. ^ Chase, W. Parker (1983) [1932]. New York, the Wonder City. New York: New York Bound. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-9608788-2-6. OCLC 9946323. Archived from the original on April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2011, p. 6.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g Žaknić, Ivan; Smith, Matthew; Rice, Dolores B.; Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (1998). 100 of the world's tallest buildings. Gingko Press. p. 170. ISBN 3-927258-60-1. OCLC 40110184.
  25. ^ Thiel, George A.; Dutton, Carl E. (1935). The Architectural, Structural, and Monumental Stones of Minnesota (PDF). Minnesota Geological Survey Bulletin 25. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 90. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Hill 1932, p. 9.
  27. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 7.
  28. ^ a b Parkhurst, Cliff (July 1932). "Skilful [sic] Craftsmanship and Advanced Engineering Knowledge Reflected in Manhattan's Newest Skyscraper". Metalcraft. Vol. 9. pp. 4, 8. OCLC 1587827.
  29. ^ a b c d e "Wall Street's Highest Weighs 100,000 Tons: 67-Story Doherty Tower Contains 10 Million Bricks, 23,500 Pounds of Cement $15,000,000 Investment Excavated Material 6,000 Tons Heavier Than Building Three Highest in Wall Street". New York Herald-Tribune. March 6, 1932. p. D1. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  30. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 5.
  31. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2011, p. 3.
  32. ^ a b c d e Robins 2017, p. 22.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 6.
  34. ^ a b c d Abramson 2001, p. 156.
  35. ^ Hill 1932, p. 17.
  36. ^ The American International Building, Art Deco Era, part 3, New York Scrapers, greatgridlock.net.
  37. ^ a b c "Upper Floors Rented in 60 Wall Tower". The New York Times. February 7, 1932. p. 43. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  38. ^ a b Higgins, Michelle (February 27, 2015). "Restoring Historic Lobbies in Luxury Buildings". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2011, p. 5.
  40. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 145.
  41. ^ Wells, Pete (June 11, 2019). "At Crown Shy, the Only False Step Is the Name". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  42. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 9.
  43. ^ a b Nash, Eric (2005). Manhattan Skyscrapers. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-56898-652-4. OCLC 407907000.
  44. ^ "Amenities". 70 Pine. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  45. ^ Deffenbaugh, Ryan (May 8, 2019). "Airbnb-backed startup plans first city location at 70 Pine". Crain's New York Business. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  46. ^ a b Hylton, Ondel (June 3, 2016). "Art-Deco Masterpiece 70 Pine Street Opens, Offering Two Months Free Rent". 6sqft. Archived from the original on July 10, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  47. ^ kevin-r (May 9, 2019). "Lyric - Hospitality Startups - 70 Pine Street". The Real Deal New York. Archived from the original on October 22, 2019. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  48. ^ a b c Kahn, Howie (May 16, 2019). "This FiDi Restaurant Hopes to Feel 'Like a Party in a Penthouse'". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  49. ^ Sugar, Rachel (March 10, 2017). "Live at the pinnacle of 70 Pine, an Art Deco landmark, from $8,500/month". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
  50. ^ a b Gray, Christopher (March 31, 2011). "Where Was That Wraparound View?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  51. ^ "Tower Observatory Open". The New York Times. July 10, 1932. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  52. ^ a b Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City Guide. New York: Random House. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. (Reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1976; often referred to as WPA Guide to New York City.)
  53. ^ Goldberger, Paul (December 15, 1975). "From 110 Stories Up: A Silent City Far Below". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  54. ^ Bagli, Charles V. (May 31, 2015). "Up on the Roof: Top-Floor Attractions Help Maximize Revenues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  55. ^ Tuder, Stefanie (March 18, 2019). "An Eleven Madison Park Star Chef Strikes Out on His Own Tonight in FiDi". Eater NY. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  56. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 2011, p. 7.
  57. ^ "Double Deck Elevator Designed For New Cities Service Building". New York Herald Tribune. January 18, 1931. p. 9. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  58. ^ a b "Otis Elevators, Products Of Yonkers Plant, Boost Modern City Skyline" (PDF). Yonkers Herald-Statesman. June 27, 1938. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com Open access icon.
  59. ^ a b Gambee, Robert (1999). Wall Street: financial capital. W.W. Norton. pp. 172. ISBN 0-393-04767-9.
  60. ^ a b c d "Skyscraper to Have 2-Story Elevators". The Washington Post. October 18, 1931. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  61. ^ Love, Sam (October 24, 1931). "New York: Inside Out" (PDF). The Citizen Advertiser. p. 4. Retrieved April 1, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com.
  62. ^ Carmody, Deirdre (November 15, 1970). "Elevator Progress Riding the Up Car". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  63. ^ Postal, Matthew A (December 6, 2016). "Citicorp Center" (PDF). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
  64. ^ a b c "A Skywalk Demolished In Wall St. Razing Plan". The New York Times. May 13, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  65. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 12.
  66. ^ a b c d "Doherty Bldg. Ready By May 1". Wall Street Journal. February 25, 1932. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  67. ^ "Escalators to Serve New Office Buildings; Metropolitan Life and Cities Service Edifices Provide Added Service". The New York Times. May 17, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  68. ^ a b "Cities Service Sets Records During Year". Hartford Courant. December 29, 1929. p. 66. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  69. ^ Rose, Mark H. (1995). Cities of Light and Heat: Domesticating Gas and Electricity in Urban America. Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-271-03980-0. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  70. ^ "$50,000,000 Co. Charter; City Service Company of New York to Furnish Light, Heat, and Power". The New York Times. September 3, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  71. ^ a b Robins 2017, p. 20.
  72. ^ "60 Wall Street". Insurance Engineering. Vol. 10. 1905. p. 143. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  73. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 2011, p. 2.
  74. ^ "Other Manhattan Sales; Deals in Business and Other Parcels Reported Yesterday". The New York Times. January 26, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  75. ^ "Battery Harbor View Attracting Realty Operators". Wall Street Journal. December 1, 1919. p. 10. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  76. ^ a b Robins 2017, p. 21.
  77. ^ Hill 1932, p. 10.
  78. ^ "12 Buildings Are Sold to HL Doherty & Co; Properties on Pine, Cedar and Pearl Streets Form a Plot of 17,000 Square Feet". The New York Times. January 29, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  79. ^ "Seek to Enlarge Skyscraper Site; Doherty Interests Negotiating for Downtown Club Properties". The New York Times. November 30, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  80. ^ "Bishop Heirs Lease Two Large Sites; Close Cedar Street Contract With Doherty Interests, Who Will Erect New Building". The New York Times. July 12, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  81. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 25.
  82. ^ "75-Story Buildings Found Economical; Advisable Where Land is $400 a Foot, Says W.C. Clark, S.W. Straus Economist". The New York Times. September 22, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  83. ^ "H.L. Doherty Files Skyscraper Plans; 63-Story Office Building to Rise on Pearl Street, Between Pine and Cedar". The New York Times. May 9, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  84. ^ a b "Doherty Files Plans for Tower of 63 Stories". New York Herald-Tribune. May 9, 1930. p. 41. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  85. ^ a b "Sixty Wall Tower Opens on May 13". The New York Times. May 8, 1932. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  86. ^ "Hampers Doherty Project; Cafeteria Owner Holds Building in Pine Street Against Excavators". The New York Times. May 22, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  87. ^ "Asks $5,000 Award for Ruined Building; Arbitrator in Pine Street Case Criticized by Supreme Court Justice Peters". The New York Times. December 21, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  88. ^ Abramson 2001, p. 29.
  89. ^ "No Mortgage on Sixty Wall Tower". Wall Street Journal. August 10, 1932. p. 2. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  90. ^ "Sixty Wall Tower Built Without Usual Mortgage". New York Herald-Tribune. August 7, 1932. p. C8. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  91. ^ "A. M. Stewart Dies, Noted Builder". The New York Times. December 22, 1939. p. 19. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  92. ^ "J.M. Parrish Dies; A Noted Engineer". The New York Times. December 18, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  93. ^ "Huge Pearl St. Edifice; Cities Service Building of 67 Stories Covers Large Plot". The New York Times. April 5, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  94. ^ "Sixty Wall Tower Ready; Formal Opening of Doherty Sky-scraper is Set for May 13". The New York Times. April 30, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  95. ^ "Doherty Will Open Tower on 62d Birthday". New York Herald-Tribune. May 12, 1932. p. 34. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  96. ^ a b "'Dancing' Moonbeam Carries Human Voice; New Use of 'Electric Eye' Made for First Time During Tribute to Henry L. Doherty". The New York Times. May 14, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  97. ^ "Business: Return of Doherty". Time. May 23, 1932. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  98. ^ Hill 1932, p. 5.
  99. ^ "Relief Workers Given Space in Doherty Tower: Utilities Magnate Donates 65,000 Sq. Ft. of Offices in Pine Street Building". New York Herald-Tribune. September 24, 1932. p. 28. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  100. ^ "2 Floors Leased by Reserve Bank; Federal Institution Signs for 50,000 Square-Foot Space in 70 Pine Street". The New York Times. September 4, 1941. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  101. ^ "Muzak's W47NY Starts Schedule" (PDF). Broadcasting. December 29, 1941. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  102. ^ "Radio and Television; WGYN, FM Station, Quits Broadcasting as Result of Unprofitable Operations". The New York Times. May 12, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  103. ^ "Fee to 70 Pine Street Offered at Auction". The New York Times. June 6, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  104. ^ "Ten Floors Leased; Merrill Lynch Takes Space in Cities Service Building". The New York Times. June 13, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  105. ^ Vartan, Vartanig G. (June 26, 1965). "View of the Market From 70 Pine Street; Merrill Lynch Busy as Investors Jam the Board Room". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  106. ^ Carlson, Walter (May 5, 1965). "Advertising: New Name and Emblem at Cities Service". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  107. ^ Tomasson, Robert E. (November 29, 1973). "Cities Service Is Leaving City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  108. ^ "Cities Service Sets Sale of Buildings". The New York Times. November 30, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  109. ^ "American International Group". Wall Street Journal. May 7, 1976. p. 22. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 134071914.
  110. ^ Horsley, Carter B. (May 7, 1976). "Insurance Concern to Buy Skyscraper Headquarters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  111. ^ Oser, Alan S. (March 22, 1978). "About Real Estate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  112. ^ Holusha, John (November 12, 1996). "Insurer Plans 1,800 New Jobs in Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  113. ^ "AIG to leave New York headquarters". Financial Times. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  114. ^ Amateau, Albert (May 3, 2012). "New landmark at 70 Pine St". Downtown Express. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
  115. ^ "AIG sells Manhattan headquarters". Boston.com. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  116. ^ Newman, Andy (June 22, 2011). "Landmark Status for a Skyscraper in Lower Manhattan". City Room. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  117. ^ "New landmark at 70 Pine St". The Villager. June 29, 2011. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  118. ^ "Metro Loft closes on purchase of 70 Pine". The Real Deal New York. January 4, 2012. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  119. ^ Hughes, C. J. (March 22, 2012). "Rentals Offered, With Bragging Rights". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  120. ^ Cuozzo, Steve (August 7, 2012). "Rose takes over at 70 Pine St". New York Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  121. ^ Cuozzo, Steve (October 29, 2013). "New plans for downtown's 70 Pine St. are sky-high". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  122. ^ Plitt, Amy (December 4, 2015). "At 70 Pine Street, a Long-Closed Art Deco Landmark Prepares for Residents". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  123. ^ Cuozzo, Steve (January 25, 2016). "Landmark 70 Pine St. begins a new life in 21st century". New York Post. Archived from the original on June 28, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  124. ^ Gregor, Alison (August 29, 2013). "The Top Floor? You're All Invited". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  125. ^ Fabricant, Florence (July 15, 2016). "April Bloomfield Won't Open Restaurant in Financial District". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  126. ^ "Mint House Unveils New York City Flagship with the Acquisition of 70 Pine Street – Hospitality Net". Hospitality Net. May 30, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  127. ^ "Startup bets high-tech hotel will beckon pandemic-era business travelers". Crain's New York Business. November 19, 2020. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
  128. ^ Simonson, Robert (March 7, 2022). "Manhatta to Reopen With a Focus on Drinks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  129. ^ Fabricant, Florence (August 17, 2021). "Saga, From the Crown Shy Team, to Open High Above the Financial District". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  130. ^ "First Look at SAGA, the Restaurant Atop 70 Pine". Untapped New York. September 1, 2021. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  131. ^ "2,000 Routed by Blaze In Pine St. Skyscraper". The New York Times. March 11, 1976. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  132. ^ Keith, Ross; Kochman, Ben; Jacobs, Shayna (December 3, 2016). "WTC-climbing teen daredevil surrenders to cops after photos of new stunts surface". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2020.

Sources

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 70 Pine Street.


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=70_Pine_Street&oldid=1115434226"