Automatic parking
Automatic parking is an autonomous car maneuvering from a traffic lane into a parking place to perform parallel parking, perpendicular or angle parking. The automatic parking aims to enhance the comfort and safety of driving in constrained environments where much attention and experience is required to steer the car. The parking maneuver is achieved by means of coordinated control of the steering angle and speed which takes into account the actual situation in the environment to ensure collision-free motion within the available space.[1]
The car is an example of a nonholonomic system where the number of control commands available is less than the number of coordinates that represents its position and orientation.
One of the first assistance systems for car parking used four jacks with wheels to raise the car and then move it sideways into the available parking space. This mechanical system was proposed in 1934, yet it was never offered on any production model.[2]
One of the first experimental prototypes of automatic parallel parking was developed at INRIA on a Ligier electric car in the mid 1990s.[3] It was extended to an automatic perpendicular parking in the early 2000s.[4]
Automatic parking systems are being developed by several automobile manufacturers. A commercial version of automatic parallel parking was introduced by Toyota Motor Corporation in Toyota Prius in 2003.[5] BMW recently demonstrated its Remote Park Assist system on a 750i.[6] This system initiates parking by keychain remote. Lexus also debuted a car, the 2007 LS, with an Advanced Parking Guidance System. As well in 2007 the Volkswagen Touran debuted with an automatic parking system developed by Valeo,[7] which by June 2009 is also offered on the Passat, Passat CC, Golf, Tiguan, Sharan and Polo.
[edit] References
- ^ Paromtchik, Igor; Laugier, Christian (1996). "Autonomous Parallel Parking of a Nonholonomic Vehicle", Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, September 1996, pp. 13-18.
- ^ "Four Wheels On Jacks Park Car", Popular Science, September 1934.
- ^ Paromtchik, Igor; Laugier, Christian (1998). "Automatic Parallel Parking and Returning to Traffic", Video Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Belgium, May 1998.
- ^ Paromtchik, Igor (2004). "Steering and Velocity Commands for Parking Assistance", Proceedings of the 10th IASTED Conference on Robotics and Applications, USA, August 2004, pp. 178-183.
- ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20070505060924/http://www.modbee.com/life/wheels/story/8015603p-8880060c.html
- ^ http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2006/07/12/014519.html?title=BMW
- ^ http://www.valeo.com/en/home/the-group/business-groups/comfort-and-driving-assistance-systems.html?0=
[edit] See also
- Intelligent Parking Assist System
- Advanced Driver Assistance Systems
- Car safety
- Dry steering
- Laser rangefinder
- Parking
- Sonar
 |
This electronics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
