Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search
Haplogroup G
Time of origin 9,500-20,000 years BP
Place of origin Caucasus or Southwest Asia
Ancestor F
Descendants G1 (M285), G2 (P287), G2a (P15), G2c (M377)
Defining mutations M201

In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89). Haplogroup G has an overall low frequency in most populations but is widely distributed within many ethnic groups of the Old World in Europe, Western Asia, northern Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East, India and Southeast Asia (including parts of China and the Malay Archipelago). Between 75 and 100 million males worldwide are in Haplogroup G.

Contents

[edit] Origins

Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for Haplogroup G. The National Geographic Society places its origins in the Middle East 10-20,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic.[1] Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Semino et al suggested 17,000 years ago.[2] Cinnioglu et al reduced that to 9,500 years ago.[3]

[edit] Distribution

[edit] Caucasus

The haplogroup is the most frequent in the Caucasus (found at over 60% in ethnic North Ossetian males and around 30% in Georgian males). The Kabardinian and Balkarian peoples of the northwestern Caucasus are known to be 29% G.[4] Armenians are known to have around 11% of their males in HgG.

The exceptionally high level of G in the North Ossetians has attracted attention and speculation. Since the Ossetians trace their descent from the Alans it was thought that the Alans and their presumed ancestors the Scythians must also have been high in Haplogroup G. However all but one of 11 Scythian skeletons from the Krasnoyarsk region were found to carry Y-DNA R1a1. A Scytho-Siberian skeleton from Sebÿstei also carried the R1a1 haplogroup. [5] Eight out of nine skeletons from the Andronovo culture which were DNA tested were also R1a1.[6] Nor does G predominate in the steppe regions once home to the Scythians. Nasidze et al concluded that, although the mtDNA of the Ossetians indicated an Iranian origin, their Y-DNA was the result of inter-mixture with their neighbours in the Caucasus, where they settled in the medieval period.[7]

[edit] Europe

In Europe Haplogroup G is found at 4.88% on average throughout the continent. Frequencies range from 5% to 11% north of the Caucasus, in southern Russia and eastern Ukraine. Frequencies also increase to >5% in central and southern sections of the continent, such as Greece, Italy, and parts of Spain. It has relatively high concentrations in the Greek island of Crete (approx. 7%[8] to 11%[9]), Sardinia (approx. 21% in Tempio, 14% in Cagliari, 12% in Sorgono),[10] and the Tyrol region of Austria (8%).[11] Moving north and westwards from the Alps, concentrations drop to around 7–5% in parts of Germany, Bohemia, Moravia and Hungary. In the British Isles, Scandinavia, northern France, northern Germany, the Netherlands and the Baltic countries it is less common, e.g. Britain and Norway at 2%. Around 4% of Welsh men are in Haplogroup G.

Around 10% of Ashkenazi Jewish males have Haplogroup G, and the Jewish diaspora to Europe from the Middle East and the Moorish (Arabs and Berbers) occupation of Spain are two other probable routes into Europe for certain types of G.[citation needed]

[edit] Southwest Asia & Northeast Africa

In Southwest Asia, Haplogroup G is found in approximately 13% to 15% of Iranian Persian, 11.5% of Pashtun,[12] and 11% of Turkish males,[3] similar to Armenians. Haplogroup G is found in approximately 18%[12] to 20%[13] of Kalash and approximately 16% of Brahui,[13] and at lesser percentages among some other populations in South Asia. In Northeastern Africa, the haplogroup reaches 9% in Egypt[14] and 8% in Libya.[15]

[edit] Central Asia

In Central Asia, G is found in small percentages in a belt extending from the Caucasus through the Central Asian steppes out to the Uyghurs of Xinjiang Province in western China. It has an overall frequency of 4.17% around Central Asia. The Belt then diverges and weakens; Haplogroup G is found at an average of 0.5% in North Asia and 0.25% in far East Asia (i.e. around 1,250,000 Han Chinese).

[edit] Subgroups

  • G*
  • G1 (M285, M342)
    • G1*
    • G1a (P20)
    • G1b (P76)
  • G2 (P287)
    • G2* -
    • G2a (P15)
      • G2a* -
      • G2a1 (P16)
        • G2a1* -
        • G2a1a (P17, P18)
      • G2a2 (M286)
      • G2a3 (L30/S126, L32/S148)
        • G2a3a (M406)
        • G2a3b (P303)
    • G2b (M287)
    • G2c (M377)

Three commonly occurring subgroups of Haplogroup G have been identified so far: G1 (M285), G2a (P15) and G2c (M377). G2b (M287) exists but is rarely found in the G population.[citation needed]

[edit] G1

The highest reported concentration of G1 is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries.

[edit] G2

G2 represents the majority of Haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in all countries, and a recently discovered subcategory (likely to be called G2a3) accounts for a high percentage of G in all sampled countries.

[edit] G2c

Main article: Haplogroup G2c (Y-DNA)

A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2c persons, with just three other G2c haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. The extreme rarity of G2c in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2c in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Mecedonian, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). These two reported Pakistani G2c haplotypes are quite divergent from the Ashkenazi Jewish clade, and therefore do not at all indicate a recent common origin. The Turkish G2c is somewhat closer, but not identical. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G2c haplotypes in other populations — this is some indication that G2c occurs at low levels in the Near East. Early reports that Ashkenazi G men were all G1 are now proven incorrect. There are also Jewish genetic clades within G2 and G1 whose members are not closely related to the G2c men. All G2c men tested so far have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. Among Jews worldwide, Haplogroup G comprises between 10–20% of the population. Though forming some recognizable clades, Jews today comprise a small percentage of the total number of G men worldwide.

[edit] Phylogeny

This is a synthesis of the data about the internal phylogeny of Haplogroup G from the latest published data[citation needed]:

Recent changes to the phylogeny are listed in red.

     G      


G*


     G1 (M285,M342)     


G1*


      (P20)    

G1a


      (P76)    

G1b [new]



     G2 (P287) [new G2]     



G2* [new]


     G2a (P15, L31 = S149) [old G2]     


G2a* [old G2*]


     G2a1 (P16) [old G2a]     


G2a1* [old G2a]


         (P18)       

 G2a1a [old G2a1]



     (M286)     

G2a2 [old G2b]


     G2a3 (L30 = S126, L32 = S148 = U8) [new]     



G2a3* [new]


     G2a3a (M406) [new]     



G2a3a* [new]        




(L14 = S133) G2a3a1 [new]        




     G2a3b (P303) [new]     


G2a3b1 (U1 = S135)  [new]        


     G2a3b1* [new]        




(L13 = S131 = U13) G2a3b1a [new]        





(S147, S148) G2a3b2a [new]        








     (M287)     

G2b [old G3]


     (M377)     

G2c* [old G5]

     (M283) [new]     

G2c1 [new]





Haplogroup G SNP reference table
Ref SNP ID Ethnoancestry Family Tree DNA G SNP Project
rs35160044 G2
rs34134567 S126 L30 U8
rs35474563 S130 L14 U16?
rs9786706 S131 L13 U13
rs9786246 S132
rs35169834 S133
rs34977142 S134 U16?
rs9786316? S135 U1?
rs34334142 S146
rs35251548 S147
rs7892988 S148 L32
rs35617575 S149 L31



[edit] Famous members

See also: List of genetic results derived from historical figures

Joseph Stalin, from a genetic test on his grandson (his son Vasily's son; Alexander Burdonsky) shows his Y-DNA haplogroup to be G2a1 [2]

DYS 393 390 19 391 385A 385B 426 388 439 389I 392 389II 458 459A 459B 455 454 447 437 448 449 464A 464B 464C 464D
Alleles 14 23 15 9 15 16 11 12 11 11 10 28 17 9 9 11 11 25 16 21 28 13 13 14 14

[edit] References

  1. ^ Atlas of the Human Journey: Haplogroup G (M201)
  2. ^ O. Semino et al The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective, Science, vol. 290 (2000), pp. 1155-59.
  3. ^ a b Cinnioglu, Cengiz, et al., Excavating Y-Chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia, Human Genetics vol. 114 (2004), pp. 127–48.
  4. ^ Vincenza Battaglia et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence of the cultural diffusion of agriculture in southeast Europe," European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication 24 December 2008; doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.249.
  5. ^ C. Keyser, Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people, Human Genetics online May 16, 2009 doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0.
  6. ^ Bouakaze, C., Keyser, C., Amory, S. and Crubezy, E. First successful assay of Y-SNP typing by SNaPshot minisequencing on ancient DNA, International Journal of Legal Medicine vol. 121 (2007), pp. 493-499.
  7. ^ Nasidze, Ivan et al., Genetic Evidence concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians, Annals of Human Genetics, vol. 68 (2004), pp. 588–99.
  8. ^ Laisel Martinez, Peter A Underhill, Lev A Zhivotovsky, Tenzin Gayden, Nicholas K Moschonas, Cheryl-Emiliane T Chow, Simon Conti, Elisabetta Mamolini, L Luca Cavalli-Sforza and Rene J Herrera, "Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) 15, 485–493.
  9. ^ R. J. King, S. S. Özcan, T. Carter, E. Kalfoğlu, S. Atasoy, C. Triantaphyllidis, A. Kouvatsi, A. A. Lin, C-E. T. Chow, L. A. Zhivotovsky, M. Michalodimitrakis, P. A. Underhill (2008), "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic," Annals of Human Genetics 72 (2), 205–214 doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x
  10. ^ Daniela Contu, Laura Morelli, Federico Santoni, Jamie W. Foster, Paolo Francalacci, Francesco Cucca et al. (2008), "Y-Chromosome Based Evidence for Pre-Neolithic Origin of the Genetically Homogeneous but Diverse Sardinian Population: Inference for Association Scans." PLoS ONE 3(1): e1430. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001430.[1]
  11. ^ Ray Banks, Haplogroup G, region by region and country by country.
  12. ^ a b Firasat, Sadaf et al., "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan," European Journal of Human Genetics (2007) Vol. 15, p. 121–126. http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html
  13. ^ a b Sengupta, Sanghamitra, "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists," American Journal of Human Genetics, 2006, vol. 78(2), pp. 202–21.
  14. ^ Luis et al. (2001) 13/147
  15. ^ Immel et al. (2005) 5/63
  • Haplogroup G SNP project
  • Some Information and Theories on Haplogroup G
  • Cinnioglu, Cengiz, et al., "Excavating Y-Chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia," Human Genetics,2004, vol. 114, pp. 127–48.
  • DiGiacomo, F. et al. "Clinal Patterns of Human Y Chromosomal Diversity in Continental Italy and Greece 2003, vol 23, pp. 387–95. [Lists in table 1 G2 percentages in small samples in various towns]
  • Nasidze, Ivan et al., "Testing Hypotheses of Language Replacement in the Caucasus: Evidence from the Y Chromosome," Human Genetics, 2003, vol. 112, pp. 255–61.
  • Nasidze, Ivan et al., "Concomitant Replacement of Language and mtDNA in South Caspian Populations of Iran," Current Biology, 2006, vol. 16, pp. 668–73.
  • Nasidze, Ivan et al., "Genetic Evidence concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians," Annals of Human Genetics, 2004, vol. 68, pp. 588–99.
  • Nasidze, Ivan et al., "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromsome Variation in the Caucasus," Annals of Human Genetics, 2004, vol. 68, pp 204–21.
  • Nasidze, Ivan et al., "MtDNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups," Annals of Human Genetics, 2005, vol. 69, pp. 401–12.
  • Qamar, Raheel, "Y Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan," American Journal of Human Genetics, 2002, vol. 70(5), pp. 1107–24.
  • Regueiro, M., et al., "Iran: Tricontinental Nexus for Y-Chromosome Driven Migration," Human Heredity,2006, vol. 61, pp. 132–43.
  • Sahoo, Sanghamitra, "A Prehistory of Indian Y Chromosomes: Evaluating Demic Diffusion Scenarios," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 2006, vol. 103(4), pp. 843–48.
  • Zei, Gianna, et al., "From Surnames to the History of Y Chromosomes: the Sardinian Population as a Paradigm," European Journal of Human Genetics, 2003, vol. 11, pp. 802–07.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links


Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups (by ethnic groups · famous haplotypes)
most recent common Y-ancestor
|
A BT
|
B CT
|
CF DE
| |
C F D E
|
G H IJK
|
IJ K
| |
I J L M NOP S T
|
NO P
| |
N O Q R
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)"
Personal tools