Indices of economic freedom
A number of indicators of economic freedom are available for review. They differ in the methods by which they have been constructed, the purposes to which they have been put, and the conception of economic freedom they embody.
Indices
Index of Economic Freedom – Heritage Foundation and Wall Street Journal
The Index of Economic Freedom is a series of 12 economic measurements created by the Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. Per the Heritage Foundation, the index's definition is: "Economic freedom is the fundamental right of every human to control his or her own labor and property. In an economically free society, individuals are free to work, produce, consume, and invest in any way they please, with that freedom both protected by the state and unconstrained by the state. In economically free societies, governments allow labor, capital and goods to move freely, and refrain from coercion or constraint of liberty beyond the extent necessary to protect and maintain liberty itself."[1]
The index scores nations on 12 broad factors of economic freedom using statistics from organizations like the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Economist Intelligence Unit:
- Business freedom
- Trade freedom
- Monetary freedom
- Government size
- Fiscal freedom
- Property rights
- Investment freedom
- Financial freedom
- Freedom from corruption
- Labor freedom
The 12 factors are averaged equally into a total score.
Economic Freedom of the World – Fraser Institute
The annual Economic Freedom of the World is an indicator of economic freedom produced by James Gwartney and Robert Lawson, and is published by the Canadian Fraser Institute. This index uses a definition of economic freedom similar to laissez-faire capitalism and it has been more widely used than any measure of economic freedom. Its use stems in part from the longer time period covered (data exists from 1980–2008), and the fact that this index is constructed from third party information (in contrast to the index created by the Heritage Foundation). According to this index, the cornerstones of economic freedom are personal choice, voluntary exchange, freedom to compete, and security of privately owned property.
In practice, the index measures:
- Size of government: expenditures, taxes, and enterprises
- Legal structure and security of property rights
- Access to sound money
- Freedom to trade internationally
- Regulation of credit, labor, and business
The report uses 42 distinct variables collected from a number of different sources (including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and others). Some examples: tax rates, degree of juridical independence, inflation rates, costs of importing, and regulated prices. Each of the 5 areas above is given equal weight in the final score. Scores are available (largely dependent on data available) for 141 countries.[2]
World Survey of Economic Freedom – Freedom House
Freedom House published a measure of economic freedom in 1996, but publication of this measure has been discontinued. They defined economic freedom through two dimensions – lack of state infringements on citizens' rights to exchange goods and services, and state establishment of the rules governing contracts, property rights and other institutional prerequisites required for the conduct of economic affairs. To determine level of economic freedom Freedom House used six indicators:[3]
- freedom to hold property
- freedom to earn a living
- freedom to operate a business
- freedom to invest one's earnings
- freedom to trade internationally
- freedom to participate in the market economy
India
Two different measures have been proposed for India, both called Economic Freedom Index for India.[4] One is produced by Bibek Debroy, Shubashis Gangopadhyay and Laveesh Bhandari and places weight on measures of both positive freedom and negative freedom. The other is an adaption of the Fraser Institute measure produced by the Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies.[5]
Central Asia
In the 2016 Index of Economic Freedom, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan ranked as "mostly unfree" taking 96th and 149th places 178 respectively.[6] Uzbekistan (#166) and Turkmenistan (#174) ranked as "repressed".[6] Largest economy in the region, Kazakhstan is ahead of all other Central Asian countries and neighboring Russia. Kazakhstan ranked an overall score of 63.6 out of 100 taking 68th place out of 178 countries, one place better than last year.[6]
Critical analysis
In a review of the literature, Lawson and Hall documented that "[o]ver two-thirds of these studies found economic freedom to correspond to a 'good' outcome such as faster growth, better living standards, more happiness, etc. Less than 4% of the sample found economic freedom to be associated with a 'bad' outcome such as increased income inequality."[7][8] Furthermore, supporters contend that the size of government has shown correlations with negative growth.[9][10][11][12]
See also
References
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Index of Economic Freedom. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ Economic Freedom of the World: 2008 Annual Report Archived 2008-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ World Survey of Economic Freedom 1995–1996: A Freedom House Study. Transaction Publishers. 1996. ISBN 978-1-56000-929-0. pp. 5–7
- ^ Seetha: The paradox of economic freedom| March 08, 2004
- ^ Economic Freedom For States of India, 2005
- ^ a b c "Country Rankings". www.heritage.org.
- ^ Hall, Joshua C.; Lawson, Robert A. (2014). "Economic Freedom of the World: An Accounting of the Literature". Contemporary Economic Policy. 32 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1111/coep.12010. S2CID 154941466.
- ^ De Haan, Jakob (2006). "Market-oriented institutions and policies and economic growth: A critical survey". Journal of Economic Surveys. 20 (2): 157–91. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1023.6932. doi:10.1111/j.0950-0804.2006.00278.x. S2CID 13286949.
- ^ Bergh, Andreas; Henrekson, Magnus (2011). "Government Size and Growth: A Survey and Interpretation of the Evidence" (PDF). IFN Working Paper No. 858.
- ^ Afonso, Antonio; Romero-Barrutieta, Alma; Monsalve, Emma (December 2013). "Public Sector Efficiency: Evidence for Latin America". ISEG Economics Working Paper No. 20/2013/DE/UECE. SSRN 2365007.
- ^ Afonso, António; Schuknecht, Ludger; Tanzi, Vito (2005). "Public sector efficiency: An international comparison" (PDF). Public Choice. 123 (3): 321–47. doi:10.1007/s11127-005-7165-2. S2CID 153621605.
- ^ Barro, Robert J. (1991). "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Economics. 106 (2): 407–43. doi:10.2307/2937943. JSTOR 2937943.
Further reading
- For a comparison of the 3 major indices see Aleksynska, Mariya; Cazes, Sandrine (2014). "Comparing indicators of labour market regulations across databases: A post scriptum to the employing workers debate" (PDF). Conditions of Work and Employment Series. 50. Geneva: International Labour Office. ISSN 2226-8944. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
This paper offers a critical overview of labour market regulations' indicators developed by the World Economic Forum, the IMD, and the Fraser Institute. [Abstract]
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