Kundal Shahi language
| Kundal Shahi | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Pakistan |
Native speakers | 700 (2005)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | shd |
| Glottolog | kund1257 |
Kundal Shahi is an endangered Dardic language of Pakistan. Speakers are shifting to Hindko.
Phonology
The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.[2]
Vowels
Kandal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.[2]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i iː | y yː | u uː | |
| Close-Mid | e eː | øː | ə | o oː |
| Open-Mid | ɛ ɛː | ʌ | ɔ ɔː | |
| Open | a aː | |||
Consonants
Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | (ŋ) | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | (q) | ||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | tʃ | ||||||
| aspirated | tʃʰ | |||||||
| voiced | dʒ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | h | ||
| voiced | z | ɣ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɽ | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||
Tone
Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.[3] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.[2]
References
- ^ Kundal Shahi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d Baart, Joan L. G. and Khawaja A. Rehman (2005), A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir (PDF), SIL International, pp. 10–13
- ^ Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6
External links
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