Shina (Urdu: شینا—Šīnā) (also known as Tshina) is a language from the Dardic sub-group of the Indo-Aryan languages spoken by the Shina people, a plurality of the people in the Gilgit–Baltistan autonomous territory of Pakistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas, the town of Dras[citation needed] in Ladakh[citation needed] and Gurez a region of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.[2] The valleys in which it is spoken include Astore, Chilas, Dareil, Tangeer, Gilgit, Ghizer, and a few parts of Baltistan[citation needed] and Kohistan. It is also spoken in Gurez, Drass, Kargil[citation needed], Karkit Badgam and Ladakh[citation needed] valleys. There were 321,00 speakers of Gilgiti Shina as of 1981, and an estimated total of speakers of all dialects of 550,000[citation needed].
Dialects are Gilgiti (the main dialect), Astori, Kohistani, and Chilasi. Related languages spoken by ethnic Shina are Brokskat (the Shina of Baltistan and Ladakh)[citation needed], Domaaki, Kohistani Shina, Palula, Savi, and Ushojo.[1]
Phonology[edit]
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Consonants[edit]
Tshina has two contrasting tones, level and rising.
Grammar[edit]
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Common words and phrases[edit]
Days of the week[edit]
| English |
Shina |
Sanskrit |
| Sunday |
Adit |
Aditya var |
| Monday |
Tsunduro |
Som var |
| Tuesday |
Ungaro |
Mangal var |
| Wednesday |
Boodo |
Budh var |
| Thursday |
Bresspat |
Brihaspati var |
| Friday |
Shukur |
Shukra var |
| Saturday |
Shimsher |
Sanisch var |
| “ |
These names are used in Gilgit, Hunza, Nager, and were most probably introduced by the Locals and have been use since times memorial in the country of the Indus. It would seem as if the natives, while introducing the Sanskrit days of the week, adopted in other respects the mode of computing time already existing in the country.[3] |
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- Gileet: Gilgit[4]
- Ala => Hey
- Thay nom jayk han? What is your name.
- May nom Peter han: My name is Peter.
- Jayk haal hay'n: How are you? (Yowk haal heen? >>astori dialect<<)
- Mas tutt khosh thamus(M)/thamis(F): I love(like) you
- Kontay bujano(M)/ bujani(F)? Where are you going?
- Mas tutt nafrat thamus(M)thamis(F)
- Tus jayk thayno(M)/ thayni(F)? What are you doing?
- Ash bala jayk thayno(M)/ thayni(F)? What are you doing nowadays?
- Tu kon hano(M)/ hani(F)? Where are you?
- Sadpara kon hin: Where is Sadpara?
- Kon?: Where?
- Aan: here
- Adaan (aatay): over here
- Aal (wah): there
- Paar Aal (Paar wah <<Shinakki>>): over there
- Khiri beyy: sit down
- Weyy pi: drink water
- Tutt pashaaram bey: let me show you now ( usually said with pressure when scolding)
- Tiki kha: eat food
- assal: good for you ( again said in scolding sarcasticliy)
- Peter inn wa: Peter come here.
- Lowko: quick
- Ma bujamus: I'm going.
- Baba: father
- Aaji: mother
- Ma England er har waa: come and take me to England
- Sah: sister
- Kaáka/Kaká): brother (also "Zraah" ... the beginning is a mix of the sounds "J" and "Z", and then an "R")
- Hunn the: pick up
- Agai/Hagai: sky
- Birdi: Land
- Balai: monster
- Ruiy: witch
- Attay: bring (it)
- Chaalbaal: children
- Mishti dish kon hin? What is the best place around?
- Pheepi: Aunt (mothers sister)
- Phapee:Aunt (fathers sister)
- chuni aaji: Aunt (fathers sister in law but classed as younger sister in law,)
- Bari aaji:Aunt (fathers sister in law but opposite of chuni aaji ( older sister in law)
- Tu kontay bujano(M)/ bujani(F)? Where are you going?
- Bilain:Medicines
- Mas tu maramus(M)maramis(F): I'm killing you
- Mas tu halaal thamus(M)thamis(F): I'm slaughtering you
- Daado: grand father
- Daddi: grand mother
- Maamo: uncle, or mamaa
- Mulai: girl
- Baal: boy
>>replace "o" with "i" to turn an adjective feminine <<
- BaRo(i): big
- Chuno(i): small
- Thulo(i): fat
- Ashaato(i): weak
- Dango(i): tall (also "Zigo(i)"...this is more commonly used)
- Khutto(i): short
- Dewano (i): crazy
- Mishto(i): good (the "sh" sound has a bit of an "r" in it...like in Shina)
- Dhohn gho(M) Dhohn ee(F)
- Atato(i): tiny
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Shina at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
Kohistani Shina at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
- ^ "Mosaic Of Jammu and Kashmir".
- ^ "Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh John Biddulph", Sang e meel Publications, p 93
- ^ Shina Urdu Lughat
- Calvin R. Rensch, Sandra J. Decker, Daniel G. Hallberg. (1992). Languages of Kohistan (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 1). National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 263 pp. ISBN 969-8023-11-9.
- Backstrom, Peter C. (1992). Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2). 417 pp. ISBN 969-8023-12-7.
- Degener, Almuth. (2007). Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts. Muhammad Amin Zia is a writer, poet and linguistic researcher from Gilgit–Baltistan. http://books.google.com/books?id=cOczIYoUKvwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
- Zia, Muhammad Amin. (1986). Shina Grammar. First Shina grammar to be written in Shina.
- Zia, Muhammad Amin. Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary). First available Shina dictionary, containing 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.
- Zia Muhammad Amin. Bayaak (Meeting Place)Shina Radio Features,translation and inter linear explanation in English by Prof.Dr.Gearg Buddruss
and Almuth Degener.Published in Germany
External links[edit]
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Other Indo-Iranian languages
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