List of the twenty-eight Buddhas

Part of a series on
Buddhism
History Timeline Gautama Buddha Councils Later Buddhists
Dharma Concepts Four Noble Truths Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Non-self Dependent Origination Middle Way Emptiness Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology
Practices Three Jewels Buddhist Paths to liberation Morality Perfections Meditation Mindfulness Wisdom Compassion Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism Laity
Nirvāṇa Four Stages Arahant Buddha Bodhisattva
Traditions Canons Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana
Outline Buddhism portal

Buddhist men at the Sule Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar, paying homage to the 28 Buddhas described in Chapter 27 of the Buddhavamsa

Sumedha, the youth who would in the distant future become Gautama Buddha, receiving his niyatha vivarana (prediction of future Buddhahood) from the Dīpankara Buddha

In countries where Theravāda Buddhism is practiced by the majority of people (Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand), it is customary for Buddhists to hold elaborate festivals, especially during the fair weather season, paying homage to the 28 Buddhas described in Chapter 27 of the Buddhavamsa. The Buddhavamsa is a text which describes the life of Gautama Buddha and the 27 Buddhas who preceded him. The Buddhavamsa is part of the Khuddaka Nikāya, which in turn is part of the Sutta Piṭaka. The Sutta Piṭaka is one of three main sections of the Pāli Canon of Theravāda Buddhism.

The first three of these Buddhas—Taṇhaṅkara, Medhaṅkara, and Saraṇaṅkara—lived before the time of Dīpankara Buddha. The fourth Buddha, Dīpankara, is especially important, as he was the Buddha who gave niyatha vivarana (prediction of future Buddhahood) to the Brahmin youth who would in the distant future become the bodhisattva Gautama Buddha. After Dīpankara, 23 more noble people (ariya-puggala) would attain enlightenment before Gautama, the historical Buddha.^{[citation needed]}

The 28 Buddhas described in the Buddhavamsa are not the only Buddhas believed to have existed. Indeed, Gautama Buddha taught that innumerable Buddhas have lived in past kalpas.^{[citation needed]}

Many Buddhists also pay homage to the future (and 29th) Buddha, Maitreya. According to Buddhist scripture, Maitreya will be a successor of Gautama who will appear on Earth, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure Dharma. The prophecy of the arrival of Maitreya is found in the canonical literature of all Buddhist sects (Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna), and is accepted by most Buddhists as a statement about an event that will take place when the Dharma will have been forgotten on Jambudvipa (the terrestrial realm, where ordinary human beings live).^{[citation needed]}

Maitreya Buddha from the 2nd century Gandharan Art Period

The 28 named Buddhas

	Pāli name	Caste	Birthplace	Parents	Bodhirukka (tree of enlightenment)
1	Taṇhaṅkara
2	Medhaṅkara
3	Saraṇaṅkara
4	Dīpankara	Brahmin	Rammawatinagara	Sudheva, and Sumedhaya	Pipphala	Sumedha (also Sumati or Megha Mānava, a rich Brahman)
5	Koṇḍañña	Kshatriya	Rammawatinagara	Sunanda, and Sujata	Salakalyana	Vijitawi (a Chakravarti in Chandawatinagara of Majjhimadesa)
6	Maṅgala	Brahmin	Uttaranagara (Majhimmadesa)	Uttara, and Uttara	a naga	Suruchi (in Siribrahmano)
7	Sumana	Kshatriya	Mekhalanagara	Sudassana and Sirima	a naga	King Atulo, a Naga
8	Revata	Brahmin	Sudhannawatinagara	Vipala and Vipula	a naga	A Veda-versed Brahman
9	Sobhita	Kshatriya	Sudhammanagara	Sudhammanagara (father) and Sudhammanagara (mother)	a naga	Sujata, a Brahman (in Rammavati)
10	Anomadassi	Brahmin	Chandawatinagara	Yasava and Yasodara	ajjuna	A Yaksha king
11	Paduma	Kshatriya	Champayanagara	Asama, and Asama	salala	A lion
12	Nārada		Dhammawatinagara	King Sudheva and Anopama	sonaka	a tapaso in Himalayas
13	Padumuttara	Kshatriya	Hansawatinagara	Anurula, and Sujata	salala	Jatilo an ascetic
14	Sumedha	Kshatriya	Sudasananagara	Sumedha (father), and Sumedha (mother)	nipa	Native of Uttaro
15	Sujāta		Sumangalanagara	Uggata, and Pabbavati	welu	a chakravarti
16	Piyadassi		Sudannanagara	Sudata, and Subaddha	kakudha	Kassapa, a Brahmin (at Siriwattanagara)
17	Atthadassi	Kshatriya	Sonanagara	Sagara and Sudassana	champa	Susino, a Brahman
18	Dhammadassī	Kshatriya	Surananagara	Suranamaha, and Sunanada	bimbajala	Indra, the leader of the gods (devas)
19	Siddharttha		Vibharanagara	Udeni, and Suphasa	kanihani	Mangal, a Brahman
20	Tissa		Khemanagara	Janasando, and Paduma	assana	King Sujata of Yasawatinagara
21	Phussa	Kshatriya	Kasi	Jayasena, and Siremaya	amalaka	Vijitavi
22	Vipassī	Kshatriya	Bandhuvatinagara	Vipassi (father), and Vipassi (mother)	patali	King Atula
23	Sikhī	Kshatriya	Arunavattinagara	Arunavatti, and Paphavatti	pundariko	Arindamo (at Paribhuttanagara)
24	Vessabhū	Kshatriya	Anupamanagara	Suppalittha, and Yashavati	sala	Sadassana (in Sarabhavatinagara)
25	Kakusandha	Brahmin	Khemavatinagara	Agidatta the purohitta Brahman of King Khema, and Visakha	airisa	King Khema
26	Koṇāgamana	Brahmin	Sobhavatinagara	Yannadatta the Brahman, and Uttara	udumbara	King Pabbata of a mountainous area in Mithila
27	Kassapa	Brahmin	Baranasinagara	Brahmadatta a Brahman, and Dhanavati	nigroda	Jotipala (at Vappulla)
28	Gautama	Kshatriya	Kapilavastu	King Suddhodana, and Maya	pipal
29	Maitreya	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown

See also

• Five Dhyani Buddhas
• Glossary of Buddhism
• List of Buddhas
• List of Buddha claimants
• List of bodhisattvas

References

• Beal, S (1875). The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha: from the Chinese-Sanscrit. London: Trubner & Company, Ludgate Hill. 

• Malalasekera, GP (2007). Dictionary of Pāli proper names. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. ISBN 978-81-208-3020-2.