Maragheh observatory

Coordinates: 37°23′45.88″N 46°12′32.97″E / 37.3960778°N 46.2091583°E / 37.3960778; 46.2091583
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Observatory site with protective dome housing remains of main building

Maragheh observatory (Persian: رصدخانه مراغه) was an astronomical observatory established in 1259 CE under the patronage of the Ilkhanid Hulagu and the directorship of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a Persian scientist and astronomer. Located in the heights west of Maragheh, which is today situated in the East Azerbaijan Province of Iran, it was once considered "the most advanced scientific institution in the Eurasian world".[1]

It was financed by waqf revenues, which allowed it to continue to operate even after the death of its founder, and was active for more than 50 years. It served as a model for later observatories including the 15th-century Ulugh Beg Observatory in Samarkand, the 16th-century Taqi al-Din observatory in Constantinople, and the 18th-century Jai Singh observatory in Jaipur.[2]

Description

View inside the dome of former main building

The observatory complex was composed of a main building, five circular buildings containing observational instruments, living quarters, a metalworking station, a tower, and a library.[3] It is believed that at one time the library held over 400,000 volumes of literature related to astronomy and astrology.[4] These buildings were made mainly of clay, brick, and mud.[4]

The main building is circular with a diameter of 22 m.[4] The entrance was 1.5 m wide and opened to a hallway that was 3.1 m wide that marked the meridian line.[4] There were six rooms on either side of the hallway.[3] The tower was in a 340 × 135 m citadel-like area and was four-stories, circular, and made of stone with a diameter of 28 m.[4]

The mural quadrant was housed within, and was a substantial part of, the main building. The mural quadrant was used to observe the positions of the stars and planets and was aligned with the meridian built into the structure. This meridian served as the prime meridian for the tables in the Zij-i Ilkhani. In total the observatory spans an area of 150 m by 350 m.[5] Today, considerable parts of the groundwork from these structures are preserved in the ruins at the site.

Due to recent discoveries and unearthing of the foundation of the observatory they have found that its construction has helped set the basis for other known observatories. The size, extravagance, and effectiveness of the observatory impressed one Ulugh-Bey such that he established a similar observatory in Samarqand in the 14th century.[citation needed] Ulugh-Bey's observatory was in turn used as a model for even some European observatories, such as Kepler's.[6]

History

Painting of Al-Tusi and colleagues working on the Zij-i Ilkhani at the observatory

The observatory was founded by Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher.[7] When the Mongols invaded the Western Persia region around 1253, they conquered Alamut Castle, where al-Tusi resided at the time.[8]Al-Tusi was respected as a scholar, and he met Hulagu Khan, grandchild of Genghis Khan and ruler of the recently established Ilkhanate.[7] Al-Tusi supposedly preyed on Hulagu's superstitions, telling him that he could predict the future if only Hulagu would sponsor him. Al-Tusi succeeded, becoming a trusted advisor to the khan.[9]Al-Tusi used this position of influence to save about 400,000 manuscripts from being destroyed in the sacking of Baghdad in 1258, also saving Ibn al-Fuwati, a young man who would one day become the librarian of the observatory.[10]

When al-Tusi complained to Hulagu that his astronomical tables would have to be adapted to the latitude and longitude of Hulagu's new capital, he gave al-Tusi permission and resources to build a new observatory in the location of his choosing.[11] Al-Tusi chose a location near the city of Maragha (or Maragheh), in modern day Iran, where he became the first director of the observatory.[7]The construction of the observatory began in 1259, and lasted a total of three years.[12] [13] This is according to multiple books including Jam-e-ttavarikhe rashidi (Persian: جامع التواريخ رشيدي), saf-e-elhofreh (Persian: صاف الحفره), and favat-o-lvafiyyat (Persian: فوات الوفيات) [14]Astronomer and engineer Mu'ayyid al-Din al-'Urdi designed and built many of the structures at the observatory, since much of the masonry also functioned as tools for astronomical measurement.[10] Hulagu's trust of al-Tusi was so great that he established Maragheh as his own capital, with many prominent Ilkhanate leaders converting to Islam.[10][15] Scholars and students of mathematics, science, and astronomy came to the Maragheh Observatory from across the Islamic world and further. The site had a reputation so widespread it had reached as far as China.[16] Evidence has been found to suggest a major focus on education; student oriented texts have been discovered that offer introductions to mathematical astronomy and astronomical tables.[17] One notable scholar in attendance was Bar-Hebraeus, who late in his life took residence close to the observatory in order to use the library for his studies. He has left a description of the observatory. [citation needed]

A number of other prominent astronomers worked with al-Tusi at the observatory, such as Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi, Mu'ayyid al-Din al-'Urdi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, and Hulagu's Chinese astronomer Fao Munji, whose Chinese astronomical experience brought improvements to the Ptolemaic system used by al-Tusi.[citation needed] After 12 years of intense work by al-Tusi and other scientists, including Mu’yed al-Din al-Arad-Najmedin Cathy, Najmd al-Din Qazvini, Allame Qutbuddin Shirazi, and Fakhruddin Maraghi, their works were compiled in the Zij-i Ilkhani.[4] The tables were published during the reign of Abaqa Khan, Hulagu's son, and were named after the patron of the observatory.

The stagnation and downturn of the Maragheh observatory began in the late 13th century.[18] After al-Tusi's death in 1274, his son took over as director.[18] However, the major blow came when the observatory lost its patronage after the deaths of Hulagu in 1265 and his son Abaqa in 1282.[18] Over time the site turned to ruins as a result of frequent earthquakes and a lack of funding. Over centuries of enduring conflict in the region, the contents of the observatory's library were stolen or destroyed.[5]Shah Abbas the Great of Persia arranged for repair sometime in the early 17th century, but the Shah died before the restoration could begin.The observatory became inactive by the beginning of the 14th century, but the design of the observatory influenced several other observatories, including the Ulugh Beg Observatory in Samarkand.[18]

A celestial globe from the observatory made around 1279 is now preserved in Dresden, Germany.[citation needed] It is a rare example of decorative art from Iran of the 13th century, designed by al-Urdi and made of bronze inlaid with silver and gold.

Current status

Tour group inside protective dome

After 1978, Tabriz University, which is located near the observatory, was placed in charge of its preservation.[19] Today the site is home to occasional star parties and, though there are no official tours offered, the public is still welcome to come and see the remains of the observatory.[3]

The ruins of the main building of the observatory are currently covered with a brass dome and is situated two miles west of the current city of Maragheh. To save the installation from further destruction, the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran built the dome-framed shelter and it plans to hold an exhibit of astronomical devices used at Maragheh Observatory.

Painting depicting Hulagu's capture of Baghdad

Astronomers who worked at the observatory

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Tusi couple from Vat. Arabic ms 319

Nasir Al-Din al-Tusi and his team worked at the Maragheh observatory in the 13th century.[6] He was born in Tus in the year 1201 A.D.[6] Nasir Al-Din al-Tusi's most notable work was the creation of the Tusi-couple, a geometry based system that solved some of the fundamental issues with the Ptolemaic system's description of planetary motion.[20] He disagreed with the fact that Ptolemy stuck with the overall agreed on idea at the time in the astrology world that the earth was the center of the universe. He also was not a fan with the form that Ptolemy decided to measure the motion of planets such as Venus because of his flawed artificial machinery. This is what lead him to the Tusi-couple.[6] The Tusi-couple uses two different sized circles with the smaller of the two placed with its center tangent to the larger circle.[20] When a point is placed on the smaller sphere and both are set into motion, both rotating at different speeds with the smaller circle's center rotating with the larger circle, the point looks as if it was oscillating about a line.[20] Some other notable works Tusi conducted were commentaries and revisions of Euclid's Elements and Ptolemy's Almagest as well as the astronomical handbook titled Zīj-i Īlkhānī detailing the movement of the planets, of which he was the lead author.[20] He also helped with the accuracy of astronomy readings with his use of mathematics. Along with it he was able to discover may new stars and help composed and organize new star catalogues with this information. Overall, precision seemed to be a major focus due to the fact that they were able to use trigonometry and calculus when doing his research.[citation needed] Under Nasir Al-Din al-Tusi, there was an expansion of instruments used in the observatory. It is said that under his direction the art of creating instruments reached its peak. The instruments were formed in such a shape, that they lead the competition with their European competitors.[6]

Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī

Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī  was an astronomer who worked with Tusi at the observatory. Here he made his contributions the furtherment of knowledge of Astronomy. Here at the observatory, his main goal was to determine the new order of parameters for the Ptolemaic lunar model which was explained in his in his Talkhīṣ al-majisṭī, "Compendium of the Almagest".[21] This process was long and strenuous, taking him over eleven years to just collect the starting data. The three Lunar eclipses he used were from March 7, 1263, April 7, 1270, and January24, 1274. He used the collected data for these eclipses to measure the lunar epicycle radius and means of motion. He then used a observation that was recorded on April 20, 1264 to determine the lunar eccentricity. He then compiled the information for the new parameters and came up with his model.[21] He tested the model using an observation from April 20, 1264 and another from March 15, 1262 to determine the lunar parallax. He has come to be known as the only Islamic astronomer that left some sort of explanation of how he got to the lunar parameters and data that he fond through his observations to be able to reach his final results. It showed his determination through all the obstacles.[21]

Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Wābkanawī

Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Wābkanaw was born in 1254 A.D. and died in 1320 A.D.[21] Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad al-Wābkanawī adopted all of Maghribi’s parameter values in his Zij but had some minor changes that he wanted to make. He decreased the original parameter value for the mean longitude of the moon of epoch by 0;13,11°. It is claimed that the results given in the astronomical table from his adjustment goes along with true modern tables.[21] The accuracy to true modern tables may be due to his correction in measurements and that his process included analyzing the times of lunar eclipses and new moons during a time frame from 1270-1320 and comparing them.[21]

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi was a 13th century Persian Astronomer, mathematician, physician, physicist and scientist. He was born in 1236AD and died in 1311AD. He was from Shiraz, Iran. While at the observatory he worked with his master Nasir al-Din Tusi and wrote critiques of the “Almagest” of Ptolemy. He also continued the studies of Alhazen. He gave the first correct explanation to the formation of rainbows which was later further explained by one of his students Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī. Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi produced two prominent works on astronomy while working at the observatory.[citation needed] The first work was "The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens" which was completed in 1281. The second work was “The Royal Present” which he completed in 1284. Both works presented his ideas and models for planetary motion. His goal of his works was to improve Ptolemy’s principles. In his first work "The Limit of Accomplishment concerning Knowledge of the Heavens" he discussed the possibility of heliocentrism. Outside of the observatory he wrote extensively on medicine, mathematics, and traditional Islamic sciences.[citation needed]

Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī

Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī was a Persian Islamicate philosopher and logician of the Shafi’I school.[citation needed] He was another student of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and a major astronomer at the observatory. During his life he was the author of two major works, one on logic ”Al-Risala al-Shamsiyya” and the other on metaphysics and natural sciences “ HIkmat al-‘Ain.[citation needed] His work on logic was commonly used as the first major text on logic in Sunni Madrasahs and could possibly be the most studied book on logic ever. His logic was inspired by the formal Avicennian system of temporal modal logic, but varies from it in several ways. Avicenna considers ten modalities and examines six of them, where al-Katibi examines thirteen.[citation needed]

Mu'ayyid al-Din al-'Urdi

Armillary Sphere

Mu'ayyid al-Din al-'Urdi was an astronomer and engineer who was asked by Tusi to come to Marāgha and help design and construct the observatory.[22] He played a key part in the building of the observatory by producing large water wheels to bring water towards the hill where the observatory would be.[22] Al-'Urdi was noted as one of the instrument makers in the observatory and he wrote the treatise ‘Urḍī's Risāla fī Kayfiyyat al‐arṣād, which is preserved in a manuscript in Paris, and details the instruments in the observatory that were constructed before 1262 AD.[22] Some notable instruments documented in this treatise include the Mural quadrant, an armillary sphere which was used to measure the ecliptic longitude and latitude, a solstitial armilla which was used to determine the obliquity of the ecliptic, and an equinoctial armilla which was used to determine when the sun entered the equatorial plane as well as the path of the sun.[22] Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi tracked 3 lunar eclipses while at the Maragheh observatory, which he then compared to Ptomely's observations of lunar eclipses to calculate the average lunar longitudinal, anomalous, and retrograde motions.[23]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Blake, Stephen P. (2016). "The observatory in Maragha". Astronomy and Astrology in the Islamic World. Edinburgh University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0748649112. In the history of Islamic astronomy the thirteenth century was the most important. It witnessed the founding of the Maragha Observatory, the most advanced scientific institution in the Eurasian world.
  2. ^ Dallal, Ahmad (2010). Islam, science, and the challenge of history. Yale University Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780300159110.
  3. ^ a b c "UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal – Show entity". www3.astronomicalheritage.net. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "بهنام". www.ichodoc.ir. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
  5. ^ a b "Maragheh Observatory". www.iranreview.org. Retrieved 2019-03-17.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ballay, Ute (1 January 1990). "The Astronomical Manuscripts of Nasir Al-Din Tusi". Arabica. 37 (3): 389–392. doi:10.1163/157005890X00050. JSTOR 4057148. ProQuest 1303887194.
  7. ^ a b c "UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal – Show entity". www3.astronomicalheritage.net. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
  8. ^ "بهنام". www.ichodoc.ir. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  9. ^ "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  10. ^ a b c Saliba, George (2007). Islamic science and the making of the European Renaissance. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-28288-8. OCLC 243606365.
  11. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. [verification needed]
  12. ^ Ballay, Ute (1 January 1990). "The Astronomical Manuscripts of Nasir Al-Din Tusi". Arabica. 37 (3): 389–392. doi:10.1163/157005890X00050. JSTOR 4057148. ProQuest 1303887194.
  13. ^ "UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal – Show entity". www3.astronomicalheritage.net. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
  14. ^ Citation error. See inline comment how to fix. [verification needed]
  15. ^ "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274)". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-20.
  16. ^ "بهنام". www.ichodoc.ir. Archived from the original on 2019-03-29. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
  17. ^ Mozaffari, S. Mohammad (2018). "Astronomical observations at the Maragha observatory in the 1260s-1270s". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 72 (6): 591–641. ISSN 0003-9519.
  18. ^ a b c d "UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal – Show entity". www3.astronomicalheritage.net. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
  19. ^ "UNESCO Astronomy and World Heritage Webportal – Show entity". www3.astronomicalheritage.net. Retrieved 2019-03-08.
  20. ^ a b c d "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi | Muslim Heritage". muslimheritage.com. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Mozaffari, S. Mohammad (1 January 2014). "Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Maghribī's lunar measurements at the Maragha observatory". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 68 (1): 67–120. doi:10.1007/s00407-013-0130-4. JSTOR 24569613. S2CID 122357241.
  22. ^ a b c d "Urdi". islamsci.mcgill.ca. Retrieved 2019-03-16.
  23. ^ Mozaffari, S. Mohammad (2018). "Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Maghribī's Measurements of Mars at the Maragha Observatory". Suhayl: Journal for the History of the Exact and Nautral Sciences in Islamic Civilisation. 16–17: 149–249 – via ISISCB.

References

External links

37°23′45.88″N 46°12′32.97″E / 37.3960778°N 46.2091583°E / 37.3960778; 46.2091583

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