Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation

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  Members   Observers   Dialogue Partners   Observer applicants   Disputed territories

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is an international alliance that consists of 8 member states and 4 observers from Eurasia. It was established on 26 April 1996 as the Shanghai Five. In addition to the 8 member states and 4 observers, the SCO currently has 9 dialogue partners and 4 guest attendance entries.

Member states

Flag Country
 Capital
 Largest city
 Area
(km²)
 Population
(2016)
 Density
(/km²)
 GDP per cap.
(PPP)[1]		 HDI[2] Currency
 Official languages Leaders Accession
India
Republic of India		 New Delhi Mumbai 3,287,240 a1,284,480,000 364.4 8,484 0.640 Indian rupee (₹)
(INR)		 Hindi (Devanagari script), English & 21 others.
Also see Languages of India		 Head of State: Ram Nath Kovind
Head of Government: Narendra Modi		 2017-06-09[3]
Pakistan
Islamic Republic of Pakistan		 Islamabad Karachi 796,095 b192,779,818 214.3 4,749 0.538 Pakistani rupee (Rs)
(PKR)		 Urdu (National)
English		 Head of State: Arif Alvi
Head of Government: Shehbaz Sharif		 2017-06-09[3]
China[a]
People's Republic of China		 Beijing Shanghai (metropolitan area)
Chongqing (city proper)		 9,640,011[b] a1,374,820,000 139.6 13,224 0.727 Renminbi (Chinese yuan, ¥)
(CNY)		 Standard Chinese[4]
written in simplified characters[4]
see also languages of China		 Head of State: Xi Jinping
Head of Government: Li Keqiang		 1996-04-26
Kazakhstan
Republic of Kazakhstan		 Astana Almaty 2,724,900 d17,670,900 5.94 24,108 0.788 Kazakhstani tenge (₸)
(KZT)		 Kazakh (National)
Russian		 Head of State: Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Head of Government: Askar Mamin		 1996-04-26
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz Republic		 Bishkek 199,900 f6,008,600 27.4 3,262 0.655 Kyrgyzstani som (som)
(KGS)		 Kyrgyz (National)
Russian		 Head of State: Sadyr Japarov
Head of Government: Ulukbek Maripov		 1996-04-26
Russia
Russian Federation		 Moscow 17,075,400 b146,519,759 8.3 24,449 0.798 Russian rouble (₽)
(RUB)		 Russian
also see Languages of Russia		 Head of State: Vladimir Putin
Head of Government: Mikhail Mishustin		 1996-04-26
Tajikistan
Republic of Tajikistan		 Dushanbe 143,100 e8,352,000 48.6 2,698 0.624 Tajikistani somoni (SM)
(TJS)		 Tajik Persian Head of State: Emomalii Rahmon
Head of Government: Kokhir Rasulzoda		 1996-04-26
Uzbekistan
Republic of Uzbekistan		 Tashkent 447,400 c31,022,500 61.4 5,630 0.675 Uzbekistani soum (soum)
(UZS)		 Uzbek Head of State: Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Head of Government: Abdulla Oripov		 2001-06-15

Military personnel

The following list is sourced from the 2018 edition of "The Military Balance" published annually by the International Institute for Strategic Studies.

Country Active military Reserve military Paramilitary Total Per 1000 capita
(total) 		Per 1000 capita
(active)
China China[5] 2,035,000 510,000 1,500,000 4,045,000 2.9 1.5
India India[6] 1,440,000 2,096,000 1,585,950 5,121,950 4 1.1
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan[7] 39,000 0 31,500 70,500 3.8 2.1
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan[8] 10,900 0 9,500 20,400 3.5 1.9
Pakistan Pakistan[9] 653,000 0 0 653,000 3.1 3.1
Russia Russian Federation[10][Note 1] 1,013,628 2,572,500 2,310,859 5,896,987 41.5 7.1
Tajikistan Tajikistan[11] 8,800 0 7,500 16,300 1.9 1
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan[12] 48,000 0 20,000 68,000 2.3 1.6
Notes
  1. ^ The potential reserve personnel of Russia may be as high as 20 million, depending on how the figures are counted. However, an est. 2 million have seen military service within the last 5 years.

Observer states

Flag Country
 Capital
 Area
(km²)
 Population
(2016)
 Density
(/km²)
 GDP per cap.
(PPP)[1]		 HDI[2] Currency
 Official languages Leaders Status gained
Afghanistan[13] Kabul 652,230 d27,101,365 43.5 1,944 0.465 Afghan afghani (Af)
(AFN)		 Pashto
Dari		 De facto head of state: Hibatullah Akhundzada
De facto head of government: Hasan Akhund		 2012-06-07
Belarus
Republic of Belarus		 Minsk 207,595 c9,498,700 45.8 18,246 0.798 Belarusian rubel (Rbl)
(BYR)		 Belarusian
Russian		 Head of State: Alexander Lukashenko
Head of Government: Roman Golovchenko		 2010-04-28
Iran
Islamic Republic of Iran		 Tehran 1,648,195 c79,011,700 48.0 17,443 0.766 Iranian rial (Rl)
(IRR)		 Persian Head of State:
Ali Khamenei
Head of Government: Ebrahim Raisi		 2005-06-23
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 1,564,115 e3,067,550 1.75 11,919 0.727 Mongolian tögrög (₮)
(MNT)		 Mongolian Head of State: Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh
Head of Government: Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene		 2004-06-17

Dialogue partner entries

Flag Country
 Capital
 Area
(km²)
 Population
(2016)
 Density
(/km²)
 GDP per cap.
(PPP)[1]		 HDI[2] Currency
 Official languages Leaders Status gained
Armenia
Republic of Armenia		 Yerevan 29,743 c2,998,600 102.0 8,164 0.733 Armenian dram (֏)
(AMD)		 Armenian Head of State: Armen Sarkissian
Head of Government: Nikol Pashinyan		 2015-07-10
Azerbaijan
Republic of Azerbaijan		 Baku 86,600 c9,696,800 109.0 17,761 0.751 Azerbaijani manat (₼)
(AZN)		 Azeri Head of State: Ilham Aliyev
Head of Government: Ali Asadov		 2015-07-10
Cambodia
Kingdom of Cambodia		 Phnom Penh 181,035 c15,626,444 84.0 3,276 0.555 Cambodian riel (CR)
(KHR)		 Khmer Monarch: Norodom Sihamoni
Head of Government: Hun Sen		 2015-07-10
Nepal
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal		 Kathmandu 147,181 c28,431,500 180.0 2,388 0.548 Nepalese rupee (Rs)
(NPR)		 Nepali Head of State: Bidhya Devi Bhandari
Head of Government: Sher Bahadur Deuba		 2015-07-10
Sri Lanka
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka		 Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (Administrative)
Colombo (Commercial)		 65,610 c20,966,000 309.0 10,410 0.757 Sri Lankan rupee (Rs)
(LKR)		 Sinhalese
Tamil		 Head of State and Government: Gotabaya Rajapaksa 2009-06-16
Turkey
Republic of Turkey		 Ankara 783,562 c78,741,053 102.0 19,698 0.761 Turkish lira (₺)
(TRY)		 Turkish Head of State and Government: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 2012-06-07

Future participation

Observer Iran has submitted an application for full membership.[14] On September 17, 2021, the SCO has officially launched the procedures of Iran's accession to the SCO as a full member, which are expected to take "a fair amount of time".[15][16]

Meanwhile, in 2012 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, East Timor, Nepal and Sri Lanka applied for observer status within the organization.[17] Egypt[18] and Syria has also submitted an application for observer status,[14] while Egypt, Israel,[19] Maldives and Ukraine have applied for dialogue partner status.[20][21] Saudi Arabia,[22][23][24] Bahrain and Qatar has officially applied to join the SCO.[25][26] In 2022, Erdogan announced that Turkey would seek full SCO membership status.[27]

Guest attendance entries

Notes

  1. ^ The sovereignty of China is disputed. Since the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China (ROC), which was formally established on 1 January 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, which succeeded the former Qing dynasty's territories on mainland China, while the islands of Taiwan and Penghu were under Japanese rule at the time. The ROC gained control over the latter after the surrender of Japan in 1945, but soon lost its control of mainland to the communists due to the Chinese Civil War. The ROC government was relocated to Taipei in 7th December 1949 as its provisional capital and retains actual rule over the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, the Matsu, and other minor islands, all of which are collectively known as "Free Area" or Taiwan Area in contrast to Mainland China being under communist rule, thus making it a de facto island nation, and has become known colloquially as simply "Taiwan" due to the island of Taiwan forming the majority of the ROC-controlled territories; nonetheless, the ROC has not officially renounced its constitutional-defined territories which include areas effectively controlled by the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, Tuva (a Russian republic) etc. If claimed territories were taken into account, the ROC would not be a borderless country, nor a country centred around a major island. The ROC-controlled territories are also claimed by the People's Republic of China. Constitutionally, the ROC on Taiwan still views itself as the continuation of former Chinese republic, with legitimate sovereignty over mainland China despite no actual control. See: Political status of Taiwan, Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan, Four-Stage Theory of the Republic of China, Two Chinas, One-China policy, and Cross-strait relations.
  2. ^ The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.

References

  1. ^ a b c at purchasing power parity, per capita, in international dollars (rounded IMF 2012)
  2. ^ a b c at Human Development Index (New 2013 Estimates for 2012)
  3. ^ a b Bhattacherjee, Kallol (9 June 2017). "India, Pakistan become full members of SCO". The Hindu. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  4. ^ a b Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language (Order of the President No.37)
  5. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 249-250
  6. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 260
  7. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 188
  8. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 190
  9. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 291
  10. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 192
  11. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 207
  12. ^ IISS 2018, pp. 214
  13. ^ Seiwert, Eva (30 September 2021). "The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Will Not Fill Any Vacuum in Afghanistan". Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  14. ^ a b "Syria applies for observer status at Shanghai security bloc — Russian Foreign Ministry". Russian News Agency TASS. 2015-02-13. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
  15. ^ "News Analysis: Why is Iran keen on full SCO membership?". Xinhua. 18 September 2021.
  16. ^ "Iran Joins SCO". Financial Tribune. 17 September 2021.
  17. ^ "Azerbaijan asks to join a new alliance of China and Russia".
  18. ^ "Syria, Egypt may join Shanghai Cooperation Organization as observers". Russian News Agency TASS. 2015-06-05. Retrieved 2015-12-21.
  19. ^ "Syria, Israel, Egypt willing to join SCO's activity - president's special envoy". Interfax. 2016-06-23. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2016-06-24.
  20. ^ "Egypt applies to become dialogue partner of Shanghai security bloc — Kremlin aide". Russian News Agency TASS. 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  21. ^ "Azerbaijan intends to become SCO observer". 2015-02-10. Archived from the original on 2015-08-02. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
  22. ^ "以色列和沙特提交加入上合组织的相关申请". 环球网. 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2019-11-03.
  23. ^ "В МИД рассказали о странах, которые хотят участвовать в работе ШОС". RIA Novosti. 2019-08-15. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  24. ^ "Саудовская Аравия устремилась в ШОС". Abkhazian Network News Agency. 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
  25. ^ "Катар, Бахрейн и Израиль просят о приеме в ШОС". Мир 24. 2017-12-05. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
  26. ^ "SCO receives membership requests from Qatar, Bahrain". Interfax. 2017-12-05. Archived from the original on 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2019-08-22.
  27. ^ "Turkey Seeks to Be First NATO Member to Join China-Led SCO". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.

Bibliography

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