Nakshatra
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Nakshatra (Devanagari: nákṣatra) is the term for lunar mansion in Hindu astrology. A nakshatra is one of 27 (sometimes also 28) sectors along the ecliptic. Their names are related to the most prominent asterisms in the respective sectors.
The starting point for the nakshatras is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite to the star Spica called Chitrā in Sanskrit (other slightly different definitions exist). It is called Meshādi or the "start of Aries".[citation needed] The ecliptic is divided into each of the nakshatras eastwards starting from this point. The number of nakshatras reflects the number of days in a sidereal month (modern value: 27.32 days), that the width of a nakshatra is traversed by the moon in about one day. Each nakshatra is further subdivided into quarters (or padas) These play a role in popular Hindu astrology, where each pada is associated with a syllable, conventionally chosen as the first syllable of the given name of a child born when the moon was in the corresponding pada.
The nakshatras of traditional bhartiya astronomy are based on a list of 28 asterisms found in the Atharvaveda (AVŚ 19.7) and also in the Shatapatha Brahmana.[citation needed] The first astronomical text that lists them is the Vedanga Jyotisha.
In classical Hindu mythology (Mahabharata, Harivamsa), the creation of the nakshatras is attributed to Daksha. They are personified as daughters of the deity and as mythological wives of Chandra, the moon god, or alternatively the daughters of Kashyapa, the brother of Daksha.[1]
Each of the nakshatras is governed as 'lord' by one of the nine graha in the following sequence: Ketu (South Lunar Node), Shukra (Venus), Ravi or Surya (Sun), Chandra (Moon), Mangala (Mars), Rahu (North Lunar Node), Guru or Brihaspati (Jupiter), Shani (Saturn) and Budha (Mercury). This cycle repeats itself three times to cover all 27 nakshatras. The lord of each nakshatra determines the planetary period known as the dasha, which is considered of major importance in forecasting the life path of the individual in Hindu astrology.
In Vedic Sanskrit, the term nákṣatra may refer to any heavenly body, or to "the stars" collectively. The classical sense of "lunar mansion" is first found in the Atharvaveda, and becomes the primary meaning of the term in Classical Sanskrit.
Nakshatras in the Atharvaveda
In the Atharvaveda (Shaunakiya recension, hymn 19.7) a list of 28 stars or asterisms is given, many of them corresponding to the later nakshatras:
(1) Kṛttikā (the Pleiads), (2) Rohinī, (3) Mrigashīrsha, (4) Ārdrā, (5) Punarvasu, (6) Sūnritā, (7) Pushya, (8) Bhanu (the Sun), (9) Asleshā, (10) Maghā, (11) Svāti (Arcturus), (12) Chitrā (Spica), (13) Phalgunis, (14) Hasta, (15) Rādhas, (16) Vishākhā, (17) Anurādhā, (18) Jyeshthā, (19) Mūla, (20) Ashādhas, (21) Abhijit, (22) Sravana, (23) Sravishthās, (24) Satabhishak, (25) Proshtha-padas, (26) Revati, (27) Asvayujas, (28) Bharani. [2] Interestingly enough, the term "nakshatra" has a different meaning as demonstrated in the "Surya Siddhanta" which is an ancient text on astronomy. In the early chapters, the author, Mayasura or Mayan, describes various time units. He writes that a "prana" is a duration of 4 seconds. He then continues with a discussion of a number of time units with progressively long durations made up of the shorter time units all composed of a number of pranas. Amongst those time units are something he calls "nakshatra." For example, there are 15 pranas in a minute; 900 pranas in an hour; 21600 pranas in a day, 583,200 pranas in a nakshatra (month). According to Mayan, a nakshatra is a time unit with a duration of 27 days. This 27 day time cycle has been taken to mean a particular group of stars. The relationship to the stars really has to do with the periodicity with which the moon travels over time and through space past the field of the specific stars called nakshatras. Hence, the stars are more like numbers on a clock through which the hands of time pass (the moon). This concept that nakshatra means a time unit has been lost and diverted to meaning a set of stars in the sky. This concept was discovered by Dr. Jessie Mercay in her research on Surya Siddhanta. It is documented in a textbook called "Fundamentals of Mamuni Mayans Vaastu Shastras, Building Architecture of Sthapatya Veda and Traditional Indian architecture." (Mercay, 2006 - 20012, AUM Science and Technology publishers)
List of Nakshatras
The classical list of 27 nakshatras is first found in the Vedanga Jyotisha, a text dated to the final centuries BCE. The nakshatra system predates the influence of Hellenistic astronomy on Indian tradition, which became prevalent from about the 2nd century CE.
In Hindu astrology, there are various systems of enumerating 27 or 28 nakshatras.[clarification needed] The following list of nakshatras gives the corresponding regions of sky, following Basham.[3]
| No. | Name | Associated stars | Description | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashvini "wife of the Ashvins" |
β and γ Arietis |
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| 2; 7 | Bharani "the bearer" |
35, 39, and 41 Arietis |
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| 3 | Krittika an old name of the Pleiades; personified as the nurses of Kārttikeya, a son of Shiva. |
Pleiades | 
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| 4; 9 | Rohini "the red one", a name of Aldebaran. Also known as brāhmī |
Aldebaran |
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| 5; 3 | Mrigashīrsha "the deer's head". Also known as āgrahāyaṇī |
λ, φ Orionis | 
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| 6; 4 | Ardra "the moist one" |
Betelgeuse |
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| 7; 5 | Punarvasu (dual) "the two restorers of goods", also known as yamakau "the two chariots" |
Castor and Pollux |
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| 8; 6 | Pushya "the nourisher", also known as sidhya or tiṣya |
γ, δ and θ Cancri | 
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| 9; 7 | Āshleshā "the embrace" |
δ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae |
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| 10; 15 | Maghā "the bountiful" |
Regulus |
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| 11 | Pūrva Phalgunī "first reddish one" |
δ and θ Leonis |
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| 12 | Uttara Phalgunī "second reddish one" |
Denebola |
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| 13 | Hasta "the hand" |
α, β, γ, δ and ε Corvi | 
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| 14 | Chitra "the bright one", a name of Spica |
Spica |
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| 15 | Svāti "Su-Ati (sanskrit) Very good" name of Arcturus |
Arcturus |
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| 16; 14 | Visakha "forked, having branches"; also known as rādhā "the gift" |
α, β, γ and ι Librae | 
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| 17 | Anuradha "following rādhā" |
β, δ and π Scorpionis |
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| 18; 16 | Jyeshtha "the eldest, most excellent" |
α, σ, and τ Scorpionis |
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| 19; 17 | Mula "the root" |
ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis |
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| 20; 18 | Purva Ashadha "first of the aṣāḍhā", aṣāḍhā "the invincible one" being the name of a constellation |
δ and ε Sagittarii |
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| 21 | Uttara Ashadha "second of the aṣāḍhā" |
ζ and σ Sagittarii |
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| 22; 20 | Abhijit "victorious"[4] |
α, ε and ζ Lyrae - Vega | Lord: Brahma | |
| 23; 20 | Sravana |
α, β and γ Aquilae |
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| 24; 21; 23 | Dhanishta "most famous", also Shravishthā "swiftest" |
α to δ Delphini |
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| 24; 22 | Shatabhisha "requiring a hundred physicians" |
γ Aquarii |
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| 25; 3 | Purva Bhadrapada "the first of the blessed feet" |
α and β Pegasi |
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| 26; 4 | Uttara Bhādrapadā "the second of the blessed feet" |
γ Pegasi and α Andromedae |
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| 27; 5 | Revati "prosperous" |
ζ Piscium |
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Padas (quarters)
The 27 Nakshatras cover 13°20’ of the ecliptic each. Each Nakshatra is also divided into quarters or padas of 3°20’, and the below table lists the appropriate starting sound to name the child. The 27 nakshatras, each with 4 padas, give 108, which is the number of beads in a japa mala, indicating all the elements (ansh) of Vishnu:
| # | Name | Pada 1 | Pada 2 | Pada 3 | Pada 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashwini (अश्विनि)) | चु Chu | चे Che | चो Cho | ला La |
| 2 | Bharani (भरणी) | ली Li | लू Lu | ले Le | लो Lo |
| 3 | Kritika (कृत्तिका) | अ A | ई I | उ U | ए E |
| 4 | Rohini(रोहिणी) | ओ O | वा Va/Ba | वी Vi/Bi | वु Vu/Bu |
| 5 | Mrigashīrsha(म्रृगशीर्षा) | वे Ve/Be | वो Vo/Bo | का Ka | की Ke |
| 6 | Ārdrā (आर्द्रा) | कु Ku | घ Gha | ङ Ng/Na | छ Chha |
| 7 | Punarvasu (पुनर्वसु) | के Ke | को Ko | हा Ha | ही Hi |
| 8 | Pushya (पुष्य) | हु Hu | हे He | हो Ho | ड Da |
| 9 | Āshleshā (आश्लेषा) | डी Di | डू Du | डे De | डो Do |
| 10 | Maghā (मघा) | मा Ma | मी Mi | मू Mu | मे Me |
| 11 | Pūrva or Pūrva Phalgunī (पूर्व फाल्गुनी) | नो Mo | टा Ta | टी Ti | टू Tu |
| 12 | Uttara or Uttara Phalgunī (उत्तर फाल्गुनी) | टे Te | टो To | पा Pa | पी Pi |
| 13 | Hasta (हस्त) | पू Pu | ष Sha | ण Na | ठ Tha |
| 14 | Chitra (चित्रा) | पे Pe | पो Po | रा Ra | री Ri |
| 15 | Svātī (स्वाति) | रू Ru | रे Re | रो Ro | ता Ta |
| 16 | Viśākhā (विशाखा) | ती Ti | तू Tu | ते Te | तो To |
| 17 | Anurādhā (अनुराधा) | ना Na | नी Ni | नू Nu | ने Ne |
| 18 | Jyeshtha (ज्येष्ठा) | नो No | या Ya | यी Yi | यू Yu |
| 19 | Mula (मूल) | ये Ye | यो Yo | भा Bha | भी Bhi |
| 20 | Pūrva Ashādhā (पूर्वाषाढ़ा) | भू Bhu | धा Dha | फा Bha/Pha | ढा Dha |
| 21 | Uttara Aṣāḍhā (उत्तराषाढ़ा) | भे Bhe | भो Bho | जा Ja | जी Ji |
| 22 | Śrāvaṇa (श्रावण) | खी Ju/Khi | खू Je/Khu | खे Jo/Khe | खो Gha/Kho |
| 23 | Śrāviṣṭha (श्रविष्ठा) or Dhanishta | गा Ga | गी Gi | गु Gu | गे Ge |
| 24 | Shatabhisha (शतभिषा)or Śatataraka | गो Go | सा Sa | सी Si | सू Su |
| 25 | Pūrva Bhādrapadā (पूर्वभाद्रपदा) | से Se | सो So | दा Da | दी Di |
| 26 | Uttara Bhādrapadā (उत्तरभाद्रपदा) | दू Du | थ Tha | झ Jha | ञ Da/Tra |
| 27 | Revati (रेवती) | दे De | दो Do | च Cha | ची Chi |
Use in astrology
Hindu given names
Hindu astrologers (see Jyotisha) teach that when a child is born, they should be given an auspicious first name which will correspond to the child's Nakshatra. The technique for deducing the name is to see which nakshatra the moon is in at the moment of birth; this gives four possible sounds. A refinement is to pick one sound out of that four that relates to the Pada or division of the Nakshatra. Each Nakshatra has four Padas and four sounds and each Pada is of equal width. The Moon remains in each Nakshatra for approximately one day.
A further refinement or opportunity is to instead use the Nakshatra that the ascendent resides in at birth. The same broad choice of sounds and Padas apply, but now the sounds change roughly every 15 minutes. The ascendent passes through all 27 Nakshatras every 24 hours, being in each one for 53 and a third minutes of time, and is in a Pada for 13 and a third minutes of time. By using the ascendent's nakshatra, instead of the moon's nakshatra leads more to comfort of the Self, rather than comfort of the mother. This second approach is only really applicable if intuitively the moon approach does not feel right.
Electional astrology
Constellations are grouped on the basis of their nature, type of their face, degree of their beneficence, their quarters in different signs, with reference to the constellation occupied by the Sun, with reference to the birth constellation (Janma Nakshatra), their caste, etc. The current constellation occupied by the Moon, and its nature forms the fundamental of Vedic system of electional astrology (Muhurta). Some of the activities and works which are associated with the Nakshatras are given below based on their fundamental nature:
- Fixed (Dhruva, Sthira) constellations:
Rohini, Uttara Bhādrapadā , Uttra Falguni, and Uttara Ashada
Fixed and permanent nature, house, village, temple, entering in new hose-city-temple, religious works, rites for getting peace, propitiation of portents, Vinayaka Shanti, coronation, sowing of seeds, planting of small garden, starting of vocal music, friendship, sexual works, making & wearing of ornaments & clothes may be auspiciously begun / effectively performed. Works allocated to delicate & friendly (Mridu) asterisms may also be performed.
- Movable (Chala , Chara) constellations:
Punarvasu, Swaati, Sharavana, Shatabhishā & Shravishthā
Related to motion & movement, riding on a vehicle or elephant, opening of shop, walking first time, walking in garden, sex, making jewellery, learning of a trait. Things performed in Small (Laghu) constellation are also effectively performed in the Movable constellations.
- Cruel (Ugra, Karur) constellations:
Magha, Bharani, Porva Palguni, Poorva Shada, & Poorva Bhadra.
Ambush, burning, poisoning (self & others), making & using weapons especially related to fire, cheating / deception / wickedness / craftiness, cutting & destroying, controlling of animals, beating & punishing of enemy. Works allocated to Sharp / Horrible (Darun) asterisms are also successfully done in these asterisms.
- Mixed (Mishra & Sadharan) constellations
Vishakha & Krittika.
Fire works, burning of sacred fire (Agnihotra), using poison, fearsome works, arresting, adulteration (mixing), donation of ox to get one’s desires fulfilled (Vrashotsarga). Works prescribed under cruel (Ugra, Karur) constellations may also be performed. As per N.S. works of Sweet / delicate & friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations can also be included.
- Small (Laghu & Kshipra) constellations
Hasta, Abhijit, Pushya, and Ashvini.
Selling, medical knowledge, using & handling of medicines, literature-music-art, the 64 Kala Shilpa (various arts, sculpture etc.) jewellery making & wearing, sexual intercourse. And the works prescribed for Movable (Char) constellations. Though Abhijit is included in Small group of asterisms, but is rarely referred in the Muhurt prescriptions.
- Sweet/Delicate & Friendly (Mridu & Maitri) constellations
Mrigashīrsha, Chitra, Anuradha and Revati.
Starting & learning singing of songs, clothes & jewellery making & wearing, Manglik works, matter related to friends, female company, enjoyments, sexual passions.
- Sharp & Horrible ( Teekshan & Darun ) constellations:
Jyeshta, Ardra, Ashlesha, and Moola
Charm or spell causing disease or death, hypnotism, sorcery; ghost, ambush, horror, murder, capture, matters related to secrecy, backbiting, starting of quarrel, separation, matters related to friendship & breaking thereof, training & tying of animals, pleasure works, playing games, getting made & wearing of new dress & ornaments, starting & learning singing of songs, entering into village / city, peaceful & developmental works.
Names in modern languages
The names of nakshatras in other languages are adapted from the Sanskrit variation (apabhramsa) through Pali or Prakrit. The variations evolved for easier pronunciation in popular usage.
| # | Sanskrit संस्कृतम् |
Telugu తెలుగు |
Kannada ಕನ್ನಡ |
Malayalam മലയാളം |
Tamil தமிழ் |
Mongolian |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ashvinī अश्विनी |
Ashwini అశ్విని |
Ashwini ಅಶ್ವಿನಿ |
Ashvati അശ്വതി |
Aswini அஸ்வினி |
Шийдэм |
| 2 | Bharanī भरणी |
Bharani భరణి |
Bharani ಭರಣಿ |
Bharaṇi ഭരണി |
Baraṇi பரணி |
Гоё хүүхэн |
| 3 | Krittikā कृत्तिका |
Kritika కృత్తిక |
Kritika ಕೃತಿಕ |
Kārttika കാർത്തിക |
Kārthikai கார்த்திகை |
Нэг эхт зургаан хөвгүүн |
| 4 | Rohini रोहिणी |
Rohini రోహిణి |
Rohini ರೋಹಿಣಿ |
Rōhiṇi രോഹിണി |
Rōhiṇi ரோகிணி |
Чөлөөт эх |
| 5 | Mrigashīrsha म्रृगशीर्षा |
Mrigashira మ్రిగాశిర |
Mrigashira ಮೃಗಶಿರ |
Makayiram മകയിരം |
Mirugasīridam மிருகசீரிடம் |
Гөрөөсөн толгой |
| 6 | Ārdrā आद्रा |
Ardra ఆర్ద్ర |
Ardra ಆರ್ದ್ರ |
Ātira or Tiruvātira ആതിര (തിരുവാതിര) |
Thiruvādhirai திருவாதிரை |
Хэрцгий охин |
| 7 | Punarvasu पुनर्वसु |
Punarvasu పునర్వసు |
Punarvasu ಪುನರ್ವಸು |
Puṇartam പുണർതം |
Punarpoosam புனர்பூசம் |
Өглөгт охин |
| 8 | Pushya पुष्य |
Pushya పుష్య |
Pushya ಪುಷ್ಯ |
Pūyam പൂയം |
Poosam பூசம் |
Найралт эх |
| 9 | Āshleshā आश्ळेषा / आश्लेषा |
Ashlesha ఆశ్లేష |
Ashlesha ಆಶ್ಲೇಷ |
Āyilyam ആയില്യം |
Ayilyam ஆயில்யம் |
Үнэг |
| 10 | Maghā मघा |
Maagha మాఘ |
Maagha ಮಾಘ |
Makam മകം |
Magam மகம் |
Их морь |
| 11 | Pūrva or Pūrva Phalgunī पूर्व फाल्गुनी |
Poorva పూర్వ |
Poorva ಪೂರ್ವ |
Pūram പൂരം |
Pooram பூரம் |
Бага морь |
| 12 | Uttara or Uttara Phalgunī उत्तर फाल्गुनी |
Uttara ఉత్తర |
Uttara ಉತ್ತರ |
Utram ഉത്രം |
Uthiram உத்திரம் |
Харцага |
| 13 | Hasta हस्त |
Hasta హస్త |
Hasta ಹಸ್ತ |
Attam അത്തം |
Astham அஸ்தம் |
Тугчин |
| 14 | Chitrā चित्रा |
Chitra చిత్ర |
Chitra ಚಿತ್ರ |
Chittira ചിത്തിര (ചിത്ര) |
Chithirai சித்திரை |
Тэргүүн дагуул |
| 15 | Svātī स्वाती |
Swathi స్వాతి |
Swathi ಸ್ವಾತಿ |
Chōti ചോതി |
Swathi சுவாதி |
Салхины эх |
| 16 | Vishākhā विशाखा |
Vishakha విశాఖ |
Vishakha ವಿಶಾಖ |
Vishākham വിശാഖം |
Visakam விசாகம் |
Эрхтний тэнгэрт |
| 17 | Anurādhā अनुराधा |
Anuradha అనురాధ |
Anuradha ಅನುರಾಧಾ |
Anizham അനിഴം |
Anusham அனுஷம் |
Гар од |
| 18 | Jyeshtha ज्येष्ठा |
Jyestha జఎస్త |
Jyestha ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠ |
Kēṭṭa (Trikkēṭṭa) കേട്ട (തൃക്കേട്ട) |
Kettai கேட்டை |
Хонгорцог |
| 19 | Mūla मूल |
Moola మూల |
Moola ಮೂಲ |
Mūlam മൂലം |
Mūlam மூலம் |
Онгоц |
| 20 | Pūrva Ashādhā पूर्वाषाढा |
Poorvashadha పూర్వశాధ |
Poorvashadha ಪುರ್ವಾಷಾಡ |
Pūrāṭam പൂരാടം |
Pūradam பூராடம் |
Суулга |
| 21 | Uttara Ashādhā उत्तराषाढा |
Uttarashadha ఉత్తరాశాధ |
Uttarashadha ಉತ್ತರಾಷಾಡ |
Utrāṭam ഉത്രാടം |
Uthirādam உத்திராடம் |
Элдэв тэнгэртэн |
| 22 | Shravana श्रवण |
Shravana శ్రావణ |
Shravana ಶ್ರವಣ |
Tiruvōnam ഓണം (തിരുവോണം) |
Tiruvōnam திருவோணம் |
Булаагч/Яруу эгшигт |
| 23 | Shravishthā or Dhanishta श्रविष्ठा or धनिष्ठा |
Dhanishta ధనిష్ఠ |
Dhanishta ಧನಿಷ್ಠ |
Aviṭṭam അവിട്ടം |
Aviṭṭam அவிட்டம் |
Тооно |
| 24 | Shatabhishā or Shatataraka शतभिषक् / शततारका |
Shatabhisha శతభిష |
Shatabhisha ಶಥಭಿಷ |
Chatayam ചതയം |
Sadayam சதயம் |
Чөдөр |
| 25 | Pūrva Bhādrapadā पूर्वभाद्रपदा / पूर्वप्रोष्ठपदा |
Poorva Bhadrapada పూర్వ భాద్రపద |
Poorva Bhadrapada ಪೂರ್ವ ಭಾದ್ರಪದ |
Pūraṭṭāti പൂരുരുട്ടാതി |
Pūraṭṭādhi பூரட்டாதி |
Шувуун хошуут |
| 26 | Uttara Bhādrapadā उत्तरभाद्रपदा / उत्तरप्रोष्ठपदा |
Uttara Bhadrapada ఉత్తర భాద్రపద |
Uttara Bhadrapada ಉತ್ತರ ಭಾದ್ರಪದ |
Uttṛṭṭāti ഉത്രട്ടാതി |
Uttṛṭṭādhi உத்திரட்டாதி |
Могой хүлэгч |
| 27 | Revati रेवती |
Revati రేవతి |
Revati ರೇವತಿ |
Rēvati രേവതി |
Rēvathi ரேவதி |
Дэлгэрүүлэгч |
See also
References
- ^ Mythology of the Hindus, by Charles Coleman p.131
- ^
trans. Ralph T.H. Griffith, Hymns of the Atharva Veda, 1895[].
Original text via GRETIL from Gli inni dell’ Atharvaveda (Saunaka), trasliterazione a cura di Chatia Orlandi, Pisa 1991, collated with the ed. R. Roth and W.D. Whitney: Atharva Veda Sanhita, Berlin 1856.
- citrā́ṇi sākáṃ diví rocanā́ni sarīsr̥pā́ṇi bhúvane javā́ni | turmíśaṃ sumatím ichámāno áhāni gīrbhíḥ saparyāmi nā́kam
- suhávam agne kŕ̥ttikā róhiṇī cā́stu bhadráṃ mr̥gáśiraḥ śám ārdrā́ | púnarvasū sūnŕ̥tā cā́ru púṣyo bhānúr āśleṣā́ áyanaṃ maghā́ me
- púṇyaṃ pū́rvā phálgunyau cā́tra hástaś citrā́ śivā́ svātí sukhó me astu | rā́dhe viśā́khe suhávānurādhā́ jyéṣṭhā sunákṣatram áriṣṭa mū́lam
- ánnaṃ pū́rvā rāsatāṃ me aṣādhā́ ū́rjaṃ devy úttarā ā́ vahantu | abhijín me rāsatāṃ púṇyam evá śrávaṇaḥ śráviṣṭhāḥ kurvatāṃ supuṣṭím
- ā́ me mahác chatábhiṣag várīya ā́ me dvayā́ próṣṭhapadā suśárma | ā́ revátī cāśvayújau bhágaṃ ma ā́ me rayíṃ bháraṇya ā́ vahantu
- ^ Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Indian Astronomy[year needed] Appendix: Astronomy.[page needed]
- ^ Its longitude starts from 06° 40' to 10° 53' 40 in sidereal Capricorn i.e. from the last quarter of Uttra Ashadha to first 1/15 th part of Shravana.[citation needed] Its span is 4° 13' 40.[citation needed] The span of 27 mean daily lunar motions totals 355.76167 degrees, and together these total 359.98945 degrees. Considered an "intercalary" lunar mansion.[citation needed]