Tibetan antelope
| Tibetan Antelope | |
|---|---|
| |
| Pantholops hodgsonii | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Bovidae |
| Subfamily: | Caprinae |
| Genus: | Pantholops Hodgson, 1834 |
| Species: | P. hodgsonii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pantholops hodgsonii (Abel, 1826)
| |
The Tibetan antelope or chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii) (Tibetan: གཙོད་, Wylie: gtsod, pronounced [tsǿ]; Chinese: 藏羚羊; pinyin: Zàng língyáng) is a medium-sized bovid native to the Tibetan plateau. There are less than 75,000 individuals left in the wild,[1] down from a million 50 years ago[citation needed].
Classification
The antelope is the sole species in the genus Pantholops, named from the Latin for "all antelope". It was formerly classified in the Antilopinae subfamily, but morphological and molecular evidence led to it being placed in its own subfamily, Pantholopinae, closely allied to goat-antelopes of the subfamily Caprinae.[2] However, this has been disputed,[3] and some authors consider the Tibetan antelope to be a true member of the Caprinae.[4]
Although the genus Pantholops is currently monotypic, a fossil species, Pantholops hundesiensis, is known from the Pleistocene of Tibet. It was slightly smaller than the living species, with a narrower skull.[5] In addition, the fossil genus Qurliqnoria, from the Miocene of China, is thought to be an early member of the Pantholopinae,[6] which diverged from the goat-antelopes around this time.[7]
Description
The Tibetan antelope is a medium-sized antelope, with a shoulder height of about 83 centimetres (33 in) in males, and 74 centimetres (29 in) in females. Males are significantly larger than females, weighing about 39 kilograms (86 lb), compared with 26 kilograms (57 lb), and can also be readily distinguished by the presence of horns and by black stripes on the legs, both of which the females lack. The coat is pale fawn to reddish-brown, with a whitish belly, and is particularly thick and woolly. The face is almost black in colour, with prominent nasal swellings that have a paler colour in males. In general, the colouration of males becomes more intense during the annual rut, with the coat becoming much paler, almost white, contrasting with the darker patterns on the face and legs.[7]
The males have long, curved-back horns that typically measure 54 to 60 centimetres (21 to 24 in) in length. The horns are slender, with ring-like ridges on their lower portions and smooth, pointed, tips. Although the horns are relatively uniform in length, there is some variation in their exact shape, so that the distance between the tips can be quite variable, ranging from 19 to 46 centimetres (7.5 to 18.1 in). Unlike caprines, the horns do not grow throughout life. The ears are short and pointed, and the tail is also relatively short, at around 13 centimetres (5.1 in) in length.[7]
The fur of Tibetan antelopes is distinctive, and consists of long guard hairs and a silky undercoat of shorter fibres. The individual guard hairs are thicker than those of other goats, with unusually thin walls, and have a unique pattern of cuticular scales, said to resemble the shape of a benzene ring.[8]
Distribution and habitat
Endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, the Tibetan antelope inhabits open alpine and cold steppe environments between 3,250 and 5,500 metres (10,660 and 18,040 ft) elevation. They prefer flat, open, terrain, with sparse vegetation cover. They are found almost entirely in China, where they inhabit Tibet, southern Xinjiang and western Qinghai; a few are also found across the border in Ladakh, India. Today, the majority are found within the Chang Tang Nature Reserve of northern Tibet. The first specimens to be described, in 1826, were from Nepal; the species has apparently since been extirpated from the region.[1] There are no recognised subspecies.
Behaviour
Tibetan antelope feed on forbs, grass, and sedges, often digging through the snow to obtain food in winter. Their natural predators include wolves, lynx, and snow leopards, and red foxes are known to prey on young calves.[7][9]
Tibetan antelope are gregarious, sometimes congregating in herds hundreds strong when moving between summer and winter pastures, although they are more usually found in much smaller groups, with no more than twenty individuals.[7] The females migrate up to 300 kilometres (190 mi) yearly to calving grounds in the summer where they usually give birth to a single calf, and rejoin the males at the wintering grounds in late autumn.[10]
Reproduction
The rutting season lasts from November to December. Males form harems of up to twelve females, although one to four is more common, and drive off other males primarily by making displays or chasing them with head down, rather than sparring directly with their horns. Courtship and mating are both brief, without most of the behaviour typically seen in other antelope species, although males do commonly skim the thighs of females with a kick of their fore legs.[7]
Mothers give birth to a single calf between June and July, after a gestation period of about six months. The calves are precocial, being able to stand within fifteen minutes of birth. They are fully grown within fifteen months, and reach sexual maturity during their second or third year. Although females may remain with their mother until they themselves give birth, males leave within twelve months, by which time their horns are beginning to grow. Males determine status by their relative horn length, with the maximum length being achieved at around three and a half years of age.[7]
Although the lifespan of Tibetan antelopes is not known with certainty, since so few have been kept in captivity,[11] it is probably around ten years.[7]
Conservation
Tibetan antelope are listed as endangered by the World Conservation Union and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service due to commercial poaching for their underwool, competition with local domesticated herds, and the development of their rangeland for gold mining. The Chiru's wool, known as shahtoosh, is warm, soft and fine. Although the wool can be obtained without killing the animal, poachers simply kill the chiru before taking the wool; the Chiru's numbers have dropped accordingly from nearly a million (estimated) at the turn of the 20th century to less than 75,000 today. The numbers continue to drop yearly. The struggle to stop illegal antelope hunting was portrayed in the 2004 film, Kekexili: Mountain Patrol.
To develop testing for shahtoosh, a Hong Kong chemist and senior forensic specialist Bonnie Yates looked at the material though a microscope. Using this method, they discovered that shahtoosh contains coarser guard hairs unique to the species. By doing this, the duo had found a convenient way to prove that this was poached material.
In July 2006 the Chinese government inaugurated a new railway that bisects the Chiru's feeding grounds on its way to Lhasa, the Tibetan capital. In an effort to avoid harm to the animal, thirty-three special animal migration passages have been built beneath the railway. However, the railway will bring many more people, including potential poachers, closer to the Chiru's breeding grounds and habitat.
On February 22, 2008, The Wall Street Journal Online reported that China's state-run news agency, Xinhua, issued a public apology for publishing a doctored photograph of Tibetan antelope running near the Qinghai-Xizang railway. Liu Weiqing, a 41-year-old photographer, was identified as the author of the work. He had reportedly camped on the Tibetan plateau since March 2007, as part of a series by the Daqing Evening News, to raise awareness regarding the Tibetan bovid. He was also under contract to provide images to Xinhua. He has since resigned from Daqing Evening News.[12] Despite the impression given by the faked photo, the antelope are getting used to the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, according to a letter to Nature on April 17, 2008, from researchers of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[13]
References
- ^ a b c Template:IUCN2008 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is considered endangered.
- ^ Gatsey, J.; et al. (1997). "A cladistic analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA from the Bovidae". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 7 (3): 303–319. doi:10.1006/mpev.1997.0402.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Lei, R.; et al. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships of Chinese antelopes (subfamily Antilopinae) based on mitochondrial ribosomal RNA gene sequences". Journal of Zoology. 261 (3): 227–237. doi:10.1017/S0952836903004163.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 637–722. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Ruan, X.D.; et al. (2005). "Evolutionary history and current population relationships of the chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii) inferred from mtDNA variation". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (5): 881–886. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[881:EHACPR]2.0.CO;2.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Gentry, A.W. (1992). "The subfamilies and tribes of the family Bovidae". Mammal Review. 22 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1992.tb00116.x.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Leslie, D.M. & Schaller, G.B. (2008). "Pantholops hodgsonii (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)". Mammalian Species: Number 817: pp. 1–13. doi:10.1644/817.1.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rollins, C.K. & Hall, D.M. (1999). "Using light and scanning electron microscopic methods to differentiate ibex goat and Tibetan antelope fibers". Textile Research Journal. 69 (11): 856–860. doi:10.1177/004051759906901109.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Lian, X.; et al. (2007). "Group size effects on foraging and vigilance in migratory Tibetan antelope". Behavioural Processes. 76 (3): 192–197. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.05.001.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Schaller 1998[full citation needed]
- ^ Su, J.; et al. (2003). "AILING: the first domesticated Tibetan antelope". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 23 (1): 83–84.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ Spencer, Jane (2008-02-22). "China Eats Crow Over Faked Photo Of Rare Antelope". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-02-26.
- ^ Yang, Qisen (2008-04-17). "Tibetan wildlife is getting used to the railway". Nature. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
- Ginsberg, J. R., G. B. Schaller, and J. Lowe. (1999). "Petition to list the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) as an endangered species pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973." Wildlife Conservation Society and Tibetan Plateau Project.
External links
- Slaughtered in the Name of Fashion: UK newspaper article on Shahtoosh
- ARKive - images and movies of the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii)
- Animal Diversity Web
- Wildlife Trust of India |Save The Chiru
- WWF:Wildlife Trade - Tibetan Antelope (Chiru)
- United States Federal Register. (Oct. 6, 2003)
- Antelope leap to safety through rail underpass The Times, 10-Jul-2006