Transcontinental railroad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents 1 The Americas 1.1 Canada 1.2 Guatemala 1.3 Costa Rica 1.4 South America 1.5 Mexico - Panama 2 Eurasia 2.1 Other 3 Oceania 3.1 East-West 3.2 North-South 4 Africa 4.1 East-West 4.2 North-South 4.3 African Union of Railways 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

The first transcontinental railroad — railway networks spanning all the terrain challenges of continent-wide distances — was built in the United States connecting the Missouri river basin to the west coast between 1863 and 1869 by two railroad corporations — the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railways — and is considered one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century—surpassing the building of the Erie Canal in the 1820s and the crossing of the Isthmus of Panama by the Panama Railroad in 1855. It served as a vital link for trade, commerce and travel that joined the eastern and western halves of late 19th century United States.

Other transcontinental railways have followed on other continents opening up interior regions to exploitation and settlement that would not otherwise be feasible in terrains otherwise at the mercy of navigable rivers, or canals or, most recently, high capacity highways. Each form a successful sustainable backbone of a modern transportation network and support modern societies, their lack and those regions lacking railways and highways of long travel distances simply fail to have the ability to support modern developed economies. Where such can be found, are also found their result — developed nations and states. Where they are not, life is more primitive, backward, and unpromising. Hence a railway network, regardless of how many railway companies service parts of the trackage, is one hallmark of a developed nation.

[edit] The Americas

The world's first railway to directly connect two oceans was the Panama Rail Road. Completed in 1855, this "inter-oceanic" (as opposed to "transcontinental") line was built across Central America at almost its narrowest point located in what is now modern-day Panama when that area was still the northern province of Colombia from which it would split off to become an independent nation in 1903. By spanning this isthmus, the line's 48 mile (77.25 km) long grade became the first railroad to completely cross any part of the Americas and physically connect ports on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Given the tropical rain forest environment, the terrain, and diseases such as malaria and cholera, its completion was a considerable engineering challenge. The construction took five years after ground was first broken for the line in May, 1850, cost eight million dollars, and required more than seven thousand workers drawn from "every quarter of the globe."^[1]

The first transcontinental railroad — ironically with groundwork begun during the unsettled political climate of the years just preceding and during the American Civil War — was built to unify the United States East and West between 1863 and 1869 is considered one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century—surpassing both the building of the Erie Canal in the 1820s and the earlier crossing of the Isthmus of Panama by the Panama Railroad in 1855.

It served as a vital link for trade, commerce and travel that joined the eastern and western halves of late 19th century United States while simultaneously opening up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement as shipping and commerce could thrive away from navigable watercourses for the first time since the beginning of civilization.

This railway was built to satisfy the need for a shorter and more secure path between the United States' East and West Coasts, a need triggered mainly by the California Gold Rush. However, the railroad continued its activity over the years, and it played a key role in the construction and the subsequent operation of the Panama Canal, due to its proximity with the water way. Currently, the railway operates under the private administration of the Panama Canal Railroad Company, and its upgraded capacity complements the cargo traffic through the Panama Canal.

The transcontinental railroad quickly ended most of the far slower and more hazardous stagecoach lines and wagon trains that had preceded it. The railroads led to the decline of traffic on the Oregon and California Trail which had populated much of the west as they provided much faster, safer and cheaper (one week from Omaha to San Francisco via emigrant sleeping car at a fare of about $65 for an adult) transport east and west for people and goods across half a continent. The sale of the railroad land grant lands and the transport provided for timber and crops lead to the rapid settling of the supposed "Great American Desert". The main workers on the Union Pacific were many ex-Army veterans and Irish emigrants while most of the engineers etc. were ex-Army men who had learned their trade keeping the trains running during the Civil War. The Central Pacific, facing a labor shortage in the more sparsely-settled West, relied on Chinese laborers who did prodigious work building the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains and then across Nevada to a meeting in Utah.

The term transcontinental railroad in the United States usually refers to a line over the Rocky Mountains and/or the Sierra Nevada Mountains between the Midwest and Pacific Ocean. Some of the eastern trunk lines are covered in railroads connecting New York City and Chicago. The first concrete plan for a transcontinental railroad was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845.

• A motive for the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico in 1853 was to provide suitable terrain for a southern transcontinental railroad, as the topography of the southern portion of the existing Mexican Cession land was too mountainous.

• The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (based on an earlier 1856 bill) authorized land grants for new lines that would "aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean".

• The rails of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" were joined on May 10, 1869, with the ceremonial driving of the "Last Spike" at Promontory Summit, Utah, after track was laid over a 1,756 mile (2,826 km) gap between Sacramento and Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa^[2] in six years by the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad. Although through train service was in operation as of that date, the road was not deemed to have been officially "completed" until November 6, 1869.^[3] (A physical connection between Omaha, Nebraska and the statutory Eastern terminus of the Pacific road at Council Bluffs located immediately across the Missouri River was also not finally established until the opening of UPRR railroad bridge across the river on March 25, 1873, prior to which transfers were made by ferry operated by the Council Bluffs & Nebraska Ferry Company.^[4][5])

• In 1882, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway connected Atchison, Kansas with the Southern Pacific Railroad at Deming, New Mexico, thus completing a second link to Los Angeles.
• The Southern Pacific Railroad linked New Orleans with Los Angeles in 1883, linking the Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific Ocean.
• The Northern Pacific Railway, also completed in 1883, linked Chicago with Seattle.
• The Great Northern Railway was built without federal aid by James J. Hill in 1893; it stretched from St. Paul to Seattle.
• In 1909, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul (or Milwaukee Road) completed a privately built Pacific extension to Seattle. On completion the line was renamed the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific.
• John D. Spreckels completed his privately funded San Diego and Arizona Railway in 1919, thereby creating a direct link (via connection with the Southern Pacific lines) between San Diego, California and the Eastern United States. The railroad stretched 148 miles (238 km) from San Diego to Calexico, California.
• In 1993, Amtrak's Sunset Limited was extended to the Atlantic Ocean, making it the first transcontinental passenger train route operated by one company. Hurricane Katrina cut the route in 2005, and it has not been restored.

George J. Gould attempted to assemble a truly transcontinental system in the 1900s. The line from San Francisco, California to Toledo, Ohio was completed in 1909, consisting of the Western Pacific Railway, Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, Missouri Pacific Railroad and Wabash Railroad. Beyond Toledo, the planned route would have used the Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad, Wabash-Pittsburgh Terminal Railway, Little Kanawha Railroad, West Virginia Central and Pittsburgh Railway, Western Maryland Railroad and Philadelphia and Western Railway,^{[citation needed]} but the Panic of 1907 stopped the plans before the Little Kanawha section could be finished. The Alphabet Route was completed in 1931, providing the portion of this line east of the Mississippi River. With the merging of the railroads, only the Union Pacific Railroad and the BNSF Railway remain.

[edit] Canada

The completion of Canada's first transcontinental railroad, on November 7, 1885 is an important milestone in Canadian history. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line between Ontario and the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast.

The construction of a transcontinental railroad had the effect of establishing a Canadian claim to the remaining parts of British North America not yet constituted as provinces and territories of Canada, acting as a bulwark against potential incursions by the United States.

Subsequently, two other transcontinental lines were built in Canada: the Canadian Northern Railway (CNoR) opened another line to the Pacific in 1912, and the combined Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (GTPR)/National Transcontinental Railway (NTR) system opened in 1917 following the completion of the Quebec Bridge, although its line to the Pacific opened in 1914. The CNoR, GTPR, and NTR were nationalized to form the Canadian National Railway, which remains Canada's "other" transcontinental railway.

[edit] Guatemala

A second Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1908 as a connection between Puerto San José and Puerto Barrios in Guatemala, but ceased passenger service to Puerto San José in 1989.

[edit] Costa Rica

A third Central American inter-oceanic railroad began operation in 1910 as a connection between Puntarenas and Limón which was 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.

[edit] South America

There is activity to revive the connection between Valparaíso and Santiago in Chile and Mendoza, Argentina, through the Transandino project. Mendoza has an active connection to Buenos Aires. The old Transandino began in 1910 and ceased passenger service in 1978 and freight 4 years later. Technically a complete transcontinental link exists from Arica, Chile, to La Paz, Bolivia, to Buenos Aires, but this trans-Andean crossing is for freight only.

[edit] Mexico - Panama

• FERISTSA - a proposed north-south line.

[edit] Eurasia

• The first Eurasian transcontinental railroad was the Trans-Siberian railway (with connecting lines in Europe), completed in 1905 which connects Moscow with Vladivostok on the Pacific coast. There are two connections from this line to China. It is the world's longest rail line at 9,289 km (5,772 miles) long. This line connects the European Railroad System with China, Mongolia and Korea. Since the former Soviet Countries and Mongolia use a broader gauge, a break of gauge is necessary either at the Eastern frontiers of Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania or the Chinese border. In spite of this there are through services of passenger trains between Moscow and Beijing or through coaches from Berlin to Novosibirsk. Almost every major town along the Trans-Siberian railway has its own return service to Moscow.

• A second rail line connects Istanbul in Turkey with China via Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. This route imposes a break of gauge at the Iranian border with Turkmenistan and at the Chinese Border. En route there is also a train ferry in Eastern Turkey across Lake Van. The European and Asian parts of Istanbul are currently linked by a train ferry, but an undersea tunnel is under construction. There is no through service of passenger trains on the entire line. A uniform gauge connection was proposed in 2006, commencing with new construction in Kazakhstan.

[edit] Other

• The Trans-Asian Railway is a project to link Singapore to Istanbul and is to a large degree complete with missing pieces primarily between Iran and Pakistan (under construction in 2005), and in Myanmar, aside from political issues. The project has also linking corridors to China, the central Asian states, and Russia. This transcontinental line unfortunately uses a number of different gauges, 1435 mm, 1676 mm, 1520 and 1000 mm, though this problem may be lessened with the use of variable gauge axle systems such as the SUW 2000.

• • The Zahedan connection opened in August 2008.

• The TransKazakhstanTrunk Railways project by Kazakhstan Temir Zholy will connect China and Europe at a gauge of 1435 mm. Construction is set to start in 2006. Initially the line will go to western Kazakhstan, south through Turkmenistan to Iran, then to Turkey and Europe. A shorter to-be-constructed 1435 mm link from Kazakhstan is considered going through Russia and either Belarus or Ukraine.

• The Baghdad Railway connects Istanbul with Baghdad and finally Basra, a sea port at the Persian Gulf. When its construction started in the 1880s it was in those times a Transcontinental Railroad.

[edit] Oceania

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)

[edit] East-West

• The first Trans-Australian Railway was completed in 1917, between Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie, and crosses the Nullarbor Plain. This line completed the link between the mainland state capitals of Brisbane then Sydney via Melbourne and Adelaide to the western state capital of Perth. This route suffered from a number of breaks-of-gauge, using 1435 mm twice, 1600 mm once, and 1067 mm thrice, with five breaks-of-gauge in all.

The Trans-Australian Railway was the first route operated by the Federal Government.

In the 1940s, 1970s, and 2000s steps were taken to rationalise the gauge chaos and connect the mainland capital cities mentioned above with a streamlined 1435 mm uniform gauge system. Since 1970, when the direct line across the country was all completed as standard gauge, the passenger train on the Sydney to Perth line has been called the Indian Pacific.

The proposed Iron Boomerang Railway would connect iron in the Pilbara with coal in Queensland, so achieving loaded operations in both directions.

[edit] North-South

• The first north-south trans-Australia railway opened in January 2004 and links Darwin to Adelaide with the Ghan passenger train. The Adelaide-Darwin railway is standard or 1435 mm gauge, though the original line to Alice Springs was 1067mm gauge.

• In 2006, proposals for new lines in Queensland that would carry both intrastate coal traffic and interstate freight traffic would see standard gauge penetrate the state in considerable stretches for the first time. (ARHS Digest September 2006). The standard gauge Inland Railway would ultimately extend from Melbourne to Cairns.
• Starting in 1867, Queensland built several railways going inland from several ports in a westerly direction. From the 1920s, steps were taken to connect these lines by the North-South North Coast line.

[edit] Africa

[edit] East-West

• There are several ways to cross Africa transcontinentally by connecting west-east railroads. One is the Benguela railway that was completed in 1929. It starts in Lobito, Angola and connects through Katanga to the Zambia railways system. From Zambia several ports are accessible on the Indian ocean: Dar es Salaam in Tanzania through the TAZARA, and, through Zimbabwe, Beira and Maputo in Mozambique. The Angolan Civil War has made the Benguela line largely inoperative, but efforts are being taken to restore it. Another west-east corridor leads from the Atlantic habours in Namibia, either Walvis Bay or Luderitz to the South African rail system that, in turn, links to ports on the Indian Ocean ( i.e. Durban, Maputo).
• A 1015 km gap in the east-west line between Kinshasa and Ilebo filled by riverboats could be plugged with a new railway.^[6]
• There are two proposals for a line from the Red Sea to the Gulf of Guinea, including TransAfricaRail.

[edit] North-South

• A North-South transcontinental railroad had been proposed by Cecil Rhodes: the Cape-Cairo railway. This system was seen as the backbone for the African possessions of the British Empire, and was not completed. During its development, a competing French colonial project for a Trany line from Algiers or Dakar to Abidjan was abandoned after the Fashoda incident. This line would have four gauge islands in three gauges.

• An extension of Namibian Railways is being built in 2006 with the possible connection to Angolan Railways.

• Libya has proposed a Trans-Saharan Railway connecting possibly to Nigeria which would connect with the proposed AfricaRail network.

• The Atlantic Railway Corridor would connect South Africa with Europe via a bridge across the Strait of Gibralter.^[7]

[edit] African Union of Railways

• The African Union of Railways has ambitious plans to connect the various railways of Africa.

[edit] See also

• Transmountain railroad

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• The Old Transandino
• Trans-Asian Railway Project
• Uniting the States of America