Mendoza, Argentina
| Mendoza | |
|---|---|
| — City — | |
 |
|
 Mendoza
|
|
| Coordinates: 32°53′00″S 68°49′00″W / 32.88333°S 68.81667°WCoordinates: 32°53′00″S 68°49′00″W / 32.88333°S 68.81667°W | |
| Country | Argentina |
| Province | Mendoza |
| Department | Capital |
| Settled | 1561 |
| Founder | Pedro del Castillo |
| Government | |
| • Intendant | Víctor Fayad, Radical Civic Union (UCR) |
| Area | |
| • City | 54 km2 (21 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 746.5 m (2,449.1 ft) |
| Population (2010)[1] | |
| • City | 115 041 |
| • Density | 2,055.4/km2 (5,323/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1 055 679 |
| • Demonym | Mendocenean (Mendocino/-a Spanish) |
| Time zone | ART (UTC−3) |
| CPA Base | M 5500 |
| Area code(s) | +54 261 |
| Website | www.ciudaddemendoza.gov.ar |
Mendoza (locally: [menˈdosa]) is the capital city of Mendoza Province, in Argentina. It is located in the northern-central part of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, on the eastern side of the Andes. As of the 2010 census [INDEC], Mendoza's population was 115 041. The metropolitan population was 1 055 679 in 2010, making Greater Mendoza the fourth largest census metropolitan area in the country.
Ruta Nacional 7, the major road running between Buenos Aires and Santiago, runs through Mendoza. The city is a frequent stopover for climbers on their way to Aconcagua (the highest mountain in the Western and Southern Hemispheres) and for adventure travelers interested in mountaineering, hiking, horseback riding, rafting, and other sports. In the winter, skiers come to the city for its easy access to the Andes.
Two of the main industries of Mendoza area are olive oil production and wine making. The region around Greater Mendoza is the largest wine producing area in Latin America. As such, Mendoza is one of nine cities worldwide in the network of Great Capitals of Wine, and the city is an emerging enotourism (Wine tourism) destination and base for exploring the region's hundreds of wineries located along the Argentina Wine Route.
Contents |
History [edit]
On March 2, 1561, Pedro del Castillo founded the city and named it Ciudad de Mendoza del Nuevo Valle de La Rioja after the governor of Chile, Don García Hurtado de Mendoza.[2] Before the 1560s the area was populated by three tribes, the Huarpes, the Puelches, and the Incas. The Huarpes devised a system of irrigation that was later developed by the Spanish. This allowed for an increase in population that might not have otherwise occurred. The system is still evident today in the wide trenches (acequias, popularly known as 'yanqi traps'), which run along all city streets, watering the approximately 100,000 trees that line every street in Mendoza. The Spanish founded the city at the bank of river (present name) Río Mendoza, only later realizing that the "river" was a wide irrigation canal dug by the indigenous Huarpes people.
It is estimated that fewer than 80 Spanish settlers lived in the area before 1600, but later prosperity increased due to the use of indigenous and slave labor, and the Jesuit presence in the region. When nearby rivers were tapped as a source of irrigation in 1788 agricultural production increased. The extra revenues generated from this, and the ensuing additional trade with Buenos Aires, no doubt led to the creation of the state of Cuyo in 1813 with José de San Martín as governor. It was from Mendoza that San Martin, other Argentinian patriots and Chilean patriots organized the army with which they won the independence of Chile and Peru.[3]
Mendoza suffered a severe earthquake in 1861 that killed at least 5,000 people. The city was rebuilt, incorporating innovative urban designs that would better tolerate such seismic activity. Mendoza was rebuilt with large squares and wider streets and sidewalks than any other city in Argentina. Avenue Bartolomé Mitre and additional small squares are examples of that design. Tourism, wine production, and more recently the exploitation of hard commodities such as oil[4] and uranium[5] ensure Mendoza's status as a key regional center.
The city's suburbs, the most important of which are Godoy Cruz, Guaymallén, Las Heras, Luján de Cuyo, and Maipú, have in recent decades far outpaced the city proper in population. Comprising half the metro area population of 212,000 in 1947, these suburbs grew to nearly 7/8 of the total metro area of 894,000 by 2009, making Mendoza the most dispersed metro area in Argentina.[6]
Culture [edit]
Mendoza has several museums, including the Museo Cornelio Moyano, a natural history museum, and the Museo del Área Fundacional (Historical Regional Foundation Museum) on Pedro del Castillo Square. The Museo Nacional del Vino (National Wine Museum), focusing on the history of winemaking in the area, is 17 km southeast of Mendoza in Maipú. The Casa de Fader, a historic house museum, is an 1890 mansion once home to artist Fernando Fader in nearby Mayor Drummond, 14 km south of Mendoza. The mansion is home to many of the artist's paintings.
The Fiesta Nacional de la Vendimia (The National Grape Harvest Festival) occurs in early March each year. Part of the festivities include a beauty pageant, where 17 beauty queens from each department of Mendoza Province compete, and one winner is selected by a panel of about 50 judges. The queen of Mendoza city's department does not compete and acts as host for the other queens.
In 2008 National Geographic listed Mendoza as one of the top 10 historic destinations in the world.[7]
Education [edit]
Mendoza has a number of universities, including the major Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, University of Mendoza, the branch of Universidad Congreso, Aconcagua University, and Champagnat University.
Mendoza is a popular place to learn Spanish, and there is a number of Spanish language schools, including Intercultural, Green Fields and SIMA.[8]
Urban structure [edit]
The city is centered around Plaza Independencia (Independence Plaza) with Avenida Sarmiento running through its center east-west, with the east side pedestrianized (peatonal). Other major streets, running perpendicular to Sarmiento, include Bartolomé Mitre, San Martín, and 9 de Julio (July 9th), those running parallel include Colón, and Las Heras. Four smaller plazas, San Martín, Chile, Italia, and España, are located 2 blocks off each corner of Independence Plaza. Unique to Mendoza are the exposed stone ditches, essentially small canals, which run alongside many of the roads supplying water to the thousands of trees that provide welcome shade.
The Parque General San Martín (General San Martín Park) was designed by Carlos Thays. Its grounds include the Mendoza Zoological Park and a football stadium, and it is also the home of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. A view of the city is available from the top of Cerro de la Gloria (Mt. Glory).
Transportation [edit]
Mendoza is 1,037 kilometres from Buenos Aires (13 hours by bus) and 380 kilometres from Santiago, Chile (6–7 hours by bus). Mendoza also has an International Airport (MDZ). It takes less than 2 hours to fly from Buenos Aires and less than 1 hour from Santiago.
The public transport system includes buses, the Mendoza trolleybus system, and taxis. The trolleybuses are more comfortable than the city buses, but are slower, not as numerous nor is the system as extensive. In 2008, Translink of Vancouver, Canada sold most of its old trolleybus fleet to Mendoza.[9]
A heritage railway, El Tren del Vino (The Wine Train) is being planned which will also provide local transportation; it will run through wine producing districts of Mendoza.[10]
Transandine Railway [edit]
Mendoza's development was helped partly due to its position at the start of the Transandine Railway linking it to Santa Rosa de Los Andes in Chile. The only railway operable between Argentina and Chile, after many years of inactivity, is currently under restoration and testing for its revival as a freight line by Belgrano Cargas.[11][12][13][14]
The Transandine Railway is a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge line, with sections of Abt rack, whilst the railways it links with are both 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge. A journey from Buenos Aires to Chile involved two breaks-of-gauge, and therefore two changes of train, one at Mendoza, and the other at Santa Rosa de Los Andes.
Metrotranvía [edit]
The city has also begun the construction of a new tramway line, the Metrotranvía de Mendoza, which will have a route of 12.5 km and will link five areas of the Greater Mendoza conurbation. The opening of the system is scheduled for 2011.[15]
In film [edit]
French director Jean-Jacques Annaud shot his 1997 film, Seven Years In Tibet, in Mendoza and built dozens of sets ranging from a 220-yard (200 m) long recreation of the Tibetan capital city of Lhasa (built in the foothills of the Andes), to a 9,000-square-foot (840 m2) recreation of the Hall of Good Deeds in the Potala, the ancient palace of the Dalai Lama (built in an abandoned garlic warehouse outside the city).
Climate [edit]
Mendoza's climate can be characterized as arid (Köppen climate classification BWh or BWk depending on the isotherm used);[16] however, with extensive irrigation the surrounding landscape sustains cultivation with Mediterranean characteristics. Most precipitation in Mendoza falls in the summer months (November–March). Average temperatures for January (summer) are 32 °C (90 °F) during daytime, and 18.4 °C (65 °F) at night. July (winter) the average temperatures are 14.7 °C (58 °F) and 2.4 °C (36 °F), day and night respectively. Mendoza's annual rainfall is only 223.2 mm, so the intense agriculture is made possible by irrigation from major rivers.
| Climate data for Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina (1981-1990 period) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 40.0 (104) |
40.6 (105.1) |
37.3 (99.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.0 (86) |
33.0 (91.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
36.0 (96.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.3 (104.5) |
40.6 (105.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 32.0 (89.6) |
30.8 (87.4) |
27.2 (81) |
23.4 (74.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
15.5 (59.9) |
14.7 (58.5) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
23.9 (75) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.2 (77.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.5 (61.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
7.8 (46) |
10.7 (51.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.2 (72) |
25.0 (77) |
17.0 (62.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 18.4 (65.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.6 (51.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
2.6 (36.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
6.4 (43.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.8 (64) |
10.5 (50.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
2.8 (37) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
−3.9 (25) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−7.8 (18) |
−5.0 (23) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
0.4 (32.7) |
3.1 (37.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
−7.8 (18) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 48.2 (1.898) |
38.0 (1.496) |
34.7 (1.366) |
13.4 (0.528) |
7.9 (0.311) |
3.6 (0.142) |
12.2 (0.48) |
5.3 (0.209) |
13.2 (0.52) |
8.2 (0.323) |
15.2 (0.598) |
23.3 (0.917) |
223.2 (8.788) |
| Avg. precipitation days | 7 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 46 |
| % humidity | 51 | 54 | 62 | 65 | 68 | 66 | 54 | 53 | 45 | 44 | 46 | 45 | 54.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 297.6 | 257.6 | 235.6 | 219.0 | 195.3 | 168.0 | 182.9 | 229.4 | 225.0 | 282.1 | 294.0 | 285.2 | 2,871.7 |
| Source #1: Servicio Meteorologico Nacional[17] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: NOAA[18] | |||||||||||||
Gallery [edit]
-
Monument to the Army of the Andes, on the summit of Cerro de la Gloria
-
La Fontaine de L'Observatoire
-
Plaza Pedro del Castillo
-
Monument to José de San Martín in Plaza San Martín
-
Provincial Judiciary
-
Portones - entry to Parque San Martín
-
Avenida San Martín
-
Provincial Executive Building
People [edit]
See Category:People from Mendoza, Argentina
Twin towns — Sister cities [edit]
Mendoza is twinned with:
São Paulo, Brazil- Sertãozinho, Brazil
Ramat Gan, Israel
Monterrey, Mexico
Tacna, Peru
Miami-Dade County, USA- Nashville, USA
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Censo 2008 - Resultados provinciales Mendoza". INDEC. 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- ^ welcomeargentina.com: Land of the good wine
- ^ Morris Charles - The Hannibal of the Andes and the Freedom of Chile
- ^ Baldwin Harry L. - Tupungato oil field
- ^ New uranium mining projects
- ^ INDEC
- ^ National Geographic - 2008 Ranking of Historic Places
- ^ "SIMA: Spanish in Mendoza Argentina". Spanishinmendozaargentina.greenash.net.au. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
- ^ Aged trolleys sold to Argentine city
- ^ Mendoza Wine Train
- ^ www.diariodecuyo.com.ar El tren trasandino Accessed 22 June 2009
- ^ Volvió el ferrocarril a Mendoza(Spanish)
- ^ En julio se licitará tren Los Andes - Mendoza(Spanish)
- ^ Revisiting the Transandine Railway - accessed 22 June 2009
- ^ Metrotranvia deal signed, Railway Gazette International - Accessed 22 June 2009
- ^ M. Kottek; J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel (2006). "World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated". Meteorol. Z. 15: 259–263. doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130. Retrieved April 22, 2009.
- ^ "Datos Estadísticos (Período 1981-1990)" (in Spanish). National Meteorological Service of Argentina. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
- ^ "MENDOZA AERO Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
Sources [edit]
- V. Letelier, Apuntes sobre el terremoto de Mendoza (Santiago de Chile - 1907)
- V. Blasco Ibánez, Argentina y sus Grandezas (Madrid - 1910)
External links [edit]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mendoza |
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- (Spanish) Municipality of Mendoza Official website
- (Spanish) Tourism office
- Municipal information: Municipal Affairs Federal Institute (IFAM), Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina. (Spanish)
Mendoza travel guide from Wikivoyage
Newspapers [edit]
(Online editions)
- (Spanish) Diario Los Andes
- (Spanish) Diario Uno
- (Spanish) Ciudadano Diario
- (Spanish) Jornada
- (Spanish) El Sol
- (Spanish) Cuyo Noticias
- (Spanish) MDZ online
