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As of 2013, the Air Force believes that the LRS-B can reach Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 2025. Reportedly, the main risk to the program is funding, particularly in light of the [[F-35 Lightning II]]'s acquisition difficulties and the lack of an "urgent threat". Prior bomber programs have been hindered due to lack of financing, as only 21 [[B-2 Spirit]]s were produced out of 132 planned and fewer [[B-1 Lancer]]s were built than were envisioned; both programs were scaled down due to spiraling per-aircraft costs. Research funding has been allocated, as stealthy technologies to counter anti-access/area-denial threats were spared from budget cuts. The Air Force has said the LRS-B is a top priority as it is believed that China will overcome the B-2's low-observable features by the 2020s. Where possible, the use of existing technologies and proven subsystems will be undertaken in order to keep the program within budget, instead of developing new and riskier ones. Components such as engines and radars may be off-the-shelf or adaptions of existing models; derivative technologies of the F-35 may also be adopted. The LRS-B is intended to perform any long range mission, rather than have any one specialized mission, which drove up the cost of the B-2. The Air Force expects the plane to cost $1 billion each with development costs factored in, and aims for a per-aircraft cost of $550 million, which is considered reasonable for a limited production run military aircraft.<ref>[http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/September/Pages/BudgetPressuresSeenasBiggestRisktoLongRangeBomberProgram.aspx Budget Pressures Seen as Biggest Risk to Long Range Bomber Program] Nationaldefensemagazine.org, September 2013.</ref>
As of 2013, the Air Force believes that the LRS-B can reach Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 2025. Reportedly, the main risk to the program is funding, particularly in light of the [[F-35 Lightning II]]'s acquisition difficulties and the lack of an "urgent threat". Prior bomber programs have been hindered due to lack of financing, as only 21 [[B-2 Spirit]]s were produced out of 132 planned and fewer [[B-1 Lancer]]s were built than were envisioned; both programs were scaled down due to spiraling per-aircraft costs. Research funding has been allocated, as stealthy technologies to counter anti-access/area-denial threats were spared from budget cuts. The Air Force has said the LRS-B is a top priority as it is believed that China will overcome the B-2's low-observable features by the 2020s. Where possible, the use of existing technologies and proven subsystems will be undertaken in order to keep the program within budget, instead of developing new and riskier ones. Components such as engines and radars may be off-the-shelf or adaptions of existing models; derivative technologies of the F-35 may also be adopted. The LRS-B is intended to perform any long range mission, rather than have any one specialized mission, which drove up the cost of the B-2. The Air Force expects the plane to cost $1 billion each with development costs factored in, and aims for a per-aircraft cost of $550 million, which is considered reasonable for a limited production run military aircraft.<ref>[http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/archive/2013/September/Pages/BudgetPressuresSeenasBiggestRisktoLongRangeBomberProgram.aspx Budget Pressures Seen as Biggest Risk to Long Range Bomber Program] Nationaldefensemagazine.org, September 2013.</ref>

The greatest problem facing the Long-Range Strike Bomber is the lack of interest in developing a manned heavy bomber. With shrinking defense budgets, money needed for F-35 procurement, and the growing usefulness of UAVs and precision guided missiles, the manned bomber is no longer being seen as an efficient way to deliver munitions to heavily defended targets. One B-2 has the payload and stealth to attack defended targets that would require more aircraft to penetrate and risk getting shot down. Even so, the radar absorbing skin is expensive to maintain and its full payload capability has rarely been used to its full potential. Cheaper B-52 and B-1 bombers deploying guided weapons have been used more often. The United States and Russia, with the [[PAK-DA]], are the only counties continuing to pursue the manned heavy bomber concept.<ref>[http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htairfo/articles/20131013.aspx The Heavy Bomber Fades Away] - Strategypage.com, 13 October 2013</ref>


==Design==
==Design==

Revision as of 18:17, 13 October 2013

This article is about the next-generation USAF bomber. For next generation Russian bomber, see PAK DA.
Next-Generation Bomber
Boeing/Lockheed Martin "2018 Bomber" concept image
Role Stealth bomber
National origin United States
Status In development
Primary user United States Air Force
Number built 100 planned[1]

The Next-Generation Bomber program (formerly called the 2018 Bomber) is a program to develop a new medium bomber for the United States Air Force that was then superseded by the "Long-Range Strike-B" (LRS-B) heavy bomber program. The NGB was originally projected to enter service around 2018 as a stealthy, subsonic, medium range, medium payload "B-3" type system to augment, and possibly to a limited degree replace the U.S. Air Force's aging bomber fleet.

On 24 June 2010, Lieutenant General Philip M. Breedlove said that the term "next-generation bomber" was dead and that the air force was working on a long-range strike "family" that would draw on the capabilities of systems like the F-35 and F-22 to help a more affordable and versatile bomber complete its missions.[2] On 13 September 2010, Air Force Secretary Michael Donley said that long range strike would continue cautiously with proven technologies and that the plan to be submitted with the 2012 budget could call for either a missile or an aircraft.[3][4] The bomber will be nuclear-capable, but not certified for nuclear use until a later time.

On 24 February 2012, Air Force Secretary Michael Donley announced that a competition was under way with a target delivery in the mid-2020s.[5]

Development

2018 Bomber

The sinking of ex-USS Schenectady as a test during Operation Resultant Fury in 2004 demonstrated that heavy bombers could successfully engage naval targets on their own. This led to the requirement for a new bomber that could survive against modern defenses.[6][7] In 2004–06 the USAF Air Combat Command studied alternatives for a new bomber type aircraft to augment the current bomber fleet which now consists of largely 1970s era airframes, with a goal of having a fully operational aircraft on the ramp by 2018.[8] Some speculation suggested that the next generation bomber might be hypersonic and unmanned.[9] However, these were put to rest when U.S. Air Force Major General Mark T. Matthews, head of ACC Plans and Programs stated that available technology indicates a manned subsonic bomber at a May 2007 Air Force Association sponsored event.[10] He later stated that a manned subsonic bomber provides the "best value" to meet the required range and payload performance by 2018.[11] The 2018 bomber was expected to serve as a stop-gap until the more advanced "2037 Bomber" entered service.[12]

The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) directed the air force to develop a new long-range precision strike capability by 2018. Since then, the air force and Strategic Command have decided that the best initial option is to pursue a manned bomber to be designated B-3.[13][14]

USAF officials expect the new bomber to have top end low observability characteristics with the ability to loiter for hours over the battlefield area and respond to threats as they appear. Major General David E. Clary, ACC vice-commander, summed it up by saying the new bomber will be expected to "penetrate and persist". Deployment of cruise missiles is another issue for the new bomber. The B-52 is the only aircraft currently in the air force inventory allowed under treaty to be armed with nuclear cruise missiles. Major consideration was paid to operation readiness and flexibility. In 2006, the program expected that a prototype could be flying as early as 2009.[15] In September 2007, Air Force generals stated that even though the development schedule for the bomber is short, it could be fielded by 2018.[16]

On 25 January 2008, Boeing and Lockheed Martin announced an agreement to embark on a joint effort to develop a new U.S. Air Force strategic bomber, with plans for it to be in service by 2018.[17] This collaborative effort for a long-range strike program will include work in advanced sensors and future electronic warfare solutions, including advancements in network-enabled battle management, command and control, and virtual warfare simulation and experimentation.[18] Under their joint arrangement, Boeing, the No. 2 Pentagon supplier, would be the primary contractor with about a 60% share, and Lockheed Martin, the world's largest defense contractor, would have around a 40% share, according to sources familiar with the companies' plans.[19] Northrop Grumman, another major defense contractor, received $2 billion in funding in 2008 for "restricted programs" – also called black programs – for a demonstrator that could fly in 2010.[20] On 1 March 2010, Boeing said that the joint project with Lockheed Martin had been suspended.[21]

The air force was expected to announce late in 2009 its precise requirements for a new bomber that would be operating by 2018.[22] In May 2009, testimony before Congress, U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates mentioned that the Pentagon is considering a pilotless aircraft for the next-generation bomber role.[23] Then in April 2009, Defense Secretary Gates announced a delay in the new generation bomber project that would push it past the 2018 date.[24] This was caused not only by budget considerations, but also by nuclear arms treaty considerations.[25]

Long-range strike

On 19 May 2009, Air Force Chief of Staff General Norton Schwartz said that the USAF's focus in the 2010 budget was on "Long-range strike, not next-generation bomber" and will push for this in the QDR.[26] In June 2009, the two teams working on NGB proposals were told to "close up shop".[27]

On 16 September 2009, Defense Secretary Gates endorsed the concept of a new bomber but insisted that it must be affordable.[28] He said, "I am committed to seeing that the United States has an airborne long-range strike capability – one of several areas being examined in the ongoing Quadrennial Defense Review. What we must not do is repeat what happened with our last manned bomber. By the time the research, development, and requirements processes ran their course, the aircraft, despite its great capability, turned out to be so expensive – $2 billion each in the case of the B-2 – that less than one-sixth of the planned fleet of 132 was ever built."[29] On 5 October 2009, Ashton Carter said that the DoD was still deciding if the Air Force really needed a new bomber and that if the program was approved the aircraft would need to handle reconnaissance as well as strike.[30] And in July 2010, he said he intended to "make affordability a requirement" for the next-generation intelligence and strike platform.[31]

On 11 December 2009, Gates said that the QDR had shown the need for both manned and unmanned long range strike and that the 2011 budget would most likely include funding for the future bomber.[32] The air force plans for the new bomber to be multi-role with intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities.[33]

Andrew Krepinevich has questioned the reliance on a short range aircraft like the F-35 to 'manage' China in a future conflict and has called on reducing the F-35 buy in favor of a longer range platform like the Next-Generation Bomber, but then-United States Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne rejected this plan of action back in 2007.[34][35][36][37][38]

Recent developments

During the debate on the New START treaty in December 2010, several senators stated the project as a reason to oppose or delay its ratification.[39][40][41]

On 6 January 2011, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates made a speech on the U.S. defense budget for FY 2012, which announced major investment in developing a long-range, nuclear-capable bomber, also to be optionally remotely piloted. He also said the aircraft "will be designed and developed using proven technologies, an approach that should make it possible to deliver this capability on schedule and in quantity. It is important that we begin this project now to ensure that a new bomber can be ready before the current aging fleet goes out of service. The follow on bomber represents a key component of a joint portfolio of conventional deep-strike capabilities — an area that should be a high priority for future defense investment given the anti-access challenges our military faces."[42] In July 2011, Joint Chief Vice Chairman James Cartwright called for a large UAV instead of a manned aircraft, including for the nuclear mission.[43] Retired Air Force colonel and Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments analyst Mark Gunzinger has called for an optionally manned bomber, stating that purely unmanned bombers would be at a disadvantage without direct human pilot awareness and vulnerable to communication disruption.[44]

In March 2011, the air force intended to purchase from 80 to 100 of the aircraft.[45][46] The Global Strike Command has indicated that one requirement upon the bomber is to carry a weapon of similar effect to the existing Massive Ordnance Penetrator.[47][48] In addition to the strategic bombing, tactical bombing, and prompt global strike roles typical for a long-range bomber, the aircraft is to be part of a family of systems to be responsible for ground surveillance and electronic attack.[49] The Obama Administration in its 2012 budget request asked for $197 million and a total of $3.7 billion over five years to develop the bomber, which is to include modular payload options for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), electronic attack (EA), and communications.[50][51] The bomber is to be nuclear capable, but shall not be certified for the role until older bombers are set to retire.[52][53][54]

In 2011, the House Armed Services Committee added language that would require two engine programs for the bomber; Ashton Carter objected that the addition would interfere with plans to reuse an existing engine.[55] Reportedly, the two most likely engines are the Pratt & Whitney PW9000 engine, which uses a combination of Pratt & Whitney F135 and commercial turbofan technology, and a derivative of the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136.[56][57] In May 2011 Air Force Undersecretary Erin Conaton announced that a program office was being set up for the bomber.[58]

The USAF asked for $292 million for the program in its 2013 budget request.[59] The program has also been referred to as "Long-Range Strike-B" (LRS-B).[60] In 2012, former Pentagon weapons tester Thomas P. Christie speculated that the bomber program had been initiated so that the air force would have a sacrificial program to offer during anticipated defense budget shortfalls.[61] The USAF seems committed to the program, given a lack of other non-nuclear options to deal with "deeply buried and/or hardened targets,"[62][63] and committed two percent of their investment budget to the project, compared to three percent to sustain existing bombers.[64]

As of 2013, the Air Force believes that the LRS-B can reach Initial Operating Capability (IOC) in 2025. Reportedly, the main risk to the program is funding, particularly in light of the F-35 Lightning II's acquisition difficulties and the lack of an "urgent threat". Prior bomber programs have been hindered due to lack of financing, as only 21 B-2 Spirits were produced out of 132 planned and fewer B-1 Lancers were built than were envisioned; both programs were scaled down due to spiraling per-aircraft costs. Research funding has been allocated, as stealthy technologies to counter anti-access/area-denial threats were spared from budget cuts. The Air Force has said the LRS-B is a top priority as it is believed that China will overcome the B-2's low-observable features by the 2020s. Where possible, the use of existing technologies and proven subsystems will be undertaken in order to keep the program within budget, instead of developing new and riskier ones. Components such as engines and radars may be off-the-shelf or adaptions of existing models; derivative technologies of the F-35 may also be adopted. The LRS-B is intended to perform any long range mission, rather than have any one specialized mission, which drove up the cost of the B-2. The Air Force expects the plane to cost $1 billion each with development costs factored in, and aims for a per-aircraft cost of $550 million, which is considered reasonable for a limited production run military aircraft.[65]

The greatest problem facing the Long-Range Strike Bomber is the lack of interest in developing a manned heavy bomber. With shrinking defense budgets, money needed for F-35 procurement, and the growing usefulness of UAVs and precision guided missiles, the manned bomber is no longer being seen as an efficient way to deliver munitions to heavily defended targets. One B-2 has the payload and stealth to attack defended targets that would require more aircraft to penetrate and risk getting shot down. Even so, the radar absorbing skin is expensive to maintain and its full payload capability has rarely been used to its full potential. Cheaper B-52 and B-1 bombers deploying guided weapons have been used more often. The United States and Russia, with the PAK-DA, are the only counties continuing to pursue the manned heavy bomber concept.[66]

Design

The design goals in January 2011 were:[67]

  • Total program cost estimated at $40 to $50 billion.[67]
  • Fleet size of 175 aircraft: 120 for ten combat squadrons, plus 55 for training and reserves.[67]
  • Subsonic maximum speed.
  • Range: 5,000+ nautical miles (9,260+ km).[67]
  • "Optionally manned" (for non-nuclear missions).[67]
  • Total mission durations of 50 to 100 hours (when unmanned).[67]
  • A weapons load of 14,000–28,000 lb (6,350–12,700 kg).[67]
  • Ability to "survive daylight raids in heavily defended enemy territory".[68]
  • Ability to carry nuclear weapons.[67]
  • Designed to use off-the-shelf propulsion, C4ISR, and radar technologies.[69]
  • Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance along with command and control gear to enable the crew to direct other aircraft and forces.[70]

An August 2008 paper by Northrop Grumman highlighted the following trends and requirements:[71]

  • Airfields available for American use have declined since the Cold War.
  • Hostile cruise and ballistic missiles could shut down the few available airfields.
  • Fewer fighter aircraft will be available to escort the bomber force.
  • Advanced fighter aircraft and surface to air missiles are being made available to potentially hostile states.
  • The current USAF bomber force is small and largely outdated.

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

  1. ^ Next Generation Bomber Survives Budget Tightening - Defensetech.org, 22 April 2013
  2. ^ Leader says future bomber won't go solo. airforcetimes.com
  3. ^ "Air Force secretary: 'Make hard choices now'". Govexec.com. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  4. ^ State of the Air Force – 2010
  5. ^ Reed, John. "AFA: New bomber program 'underway'." DoD Buzz. 24 February 2012.
  6. ^ "Affecting the Strategic Battlespace with Effects-Based Public Affairs."
  7. ^ "Bombs Away: How the Air Force Sold Its Risky New $55 Billion Plane." Wired
  8. ^ Grant 2007, pp. 17–20.
  9. ^ Grant 2007, pp. 6–7.
  10. ^ Warwick, Graham. "USAF says next bomber will be subsonic and manned". Flight International, 3 May 2007.
  11. ^ Warwick, Graham. "Speed bump: USAF sets modest goals for new bomber". Flight International, 12 June 2007.
  12. ^ "RL34406, Air Force Next-Generation Bomber: Background and Issues for Congress". Congressional Research Service. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
  13. ^ "Why the U.S. Wants a New Bomber" the Diplomat, 6 May 2012.
  14. ^ Ehrhard, Tom. "An Air Force Strategy for the Long Haul". Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 17 September 2009.
  15. ^ Adam J. Hebert (October 2006). "The 2018 Bomber and Its Friends". Air Force magazine. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
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  17. ^ "Boeing, Lockheed to work on new bomber" UPI.com
  18. ^ "Boeing and Lockheed Martin Team for Next Generation Bomber Program". Boeing
  19. ^ "Boeing, Lockheed team up on bomber project". TheStar.com
  20. ^ "Ultra Stealth". Aviation Week, 26 May 2008.
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  22. ^ Boeing, Lockheed to team up against Northrop for bomber contract, Seattle Times
  23. ^ "Gates says next-generation bomber might fly without pilot". CongressDaily via GovernmentExecutive.com, 14 May 2009.
  24. ^ "Gates sees more changes to U.S. weapons in 2011". Reuters
  25. ^ USAF Bomber Grounded by More than Budget. Aviation Week
  26. ^ Schwartz: Service needs long-range capability, Air Force Times, May 2009
  27. ^ RL34406, "Air Force Next-Generation Bomber: Background and Issues for Congress". Congressional Research Service, 18 September 2009
  28. ^ "Gates endorses new U.S. bomber project". Reuters
  29. ^ Speech, Defense link
  30. ^ "Carter: DoD, White House Crafting New Presidential Helo Specs". Defense News
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  34. ^ Clark, Colin. "Strategy, What Strategy?" dodbuzz.com, 29 June 2010. Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
  35. ^ Kosiak, Steve and Barry Watts. "US Fighter Modernization Plans: Near-term Choices." Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
  36. ^ Wolf, Jim. "Air Force chief links F-35 fighter jet to China." Reuters, 19 September 2007. Retrieved: 3 July 2010.
  37. ^ "Us Fighter Modernization Plans: Near-Term Choices" (PDF). Csbaonline.org. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
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  39. ^ Kyl, Jon (8 July 2010), The New Start Treaty: Time for a Careful Look, The Wall Street Journal
  40. ^ Trinko, Katrina (20 December 2010), McConnell on new START: 'A Flawed, Mishandled Treaty', National Review
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  • Rose, Bill, 2010. Secret Projects: Flying Wings and Tailless Aircraft. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing.

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