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{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
[[File:Ship-lugger.png|thumb|A [[lugger]], showing a variety of lug sail types.]]
[[File:Ship-lugger.png|thumb|A [[lugger]], showing a variety of lug sail types.]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Halmahera Pakata Tobelo (voorgrond) en rorehe TMnr 10010571.jpg|thumb|A [[kora-kora]] in [[Halmahera]] with a [[tanja sail]] (balanced lug sail), which evolved from [[crab claw sail]]s independently and is older than European lug sails]]
The '''lug sail''', or '''lugsail''', is a [[Fore-and-aft rig|fore-and-aft]], four-cornered sail that is suspended from a spar, called a [[yardarm|yard]]. When raised, the sail area overlaps the mast. For "standing lug" rigs, the sail may remain on the same side of the mast on both the port and starboard [[Tack (sailing)|tacks]]. For "dipping lug" rigs, the sail is lowered partially or totally to be brought around to the [[Windward and leeward|leeward]] side of the mast in order to optimize the efficiency of the sail on both tacks.
The '''lug sail''', or '''lugsail''', is a [[Fore-and-aft rig|fore-and-aft]], four-cornered sail that is suspended from a spar, called a [[yardarm|yard]]. When raised, the sail area overlaps the mast. For "standing lug" rigs, the sail may remain on the same side of the mast on both the port and starboard [[Tack (sailing)|tacks]]. For "dipping lug" rigs, the sail is lowered partially or totally to be brought around to the [[Windward and leeward|leeward]] side of the mast in order to optimize the efficiency of the sail on both tacks.


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*''Dipping lug'': This is a boom-less sail whose yard is lowered or "dipped" when tacking to bring the sail around to the leeward side of the mast. In some cases this can be done by partially lowering the yard - there are a number of variations in this procedure. The tack fastens to a point some distance forward of the mast. For a foresail this may be the stemhead or, in some boats, one of a choice of hooks set along each gunwale. The dipping lug is a powerful sail and was widely used in working craft.{{r|Barnes 2014|p=36}}
*''Dipping lug'': This is a boom-less sail whose yard is lowered or "dipped" when tacking to bring the sail around to the leeward side of the mast. In some cases this can be done by partially lowering the yard - there are a number of variations in this procedure. The tack fastens to a point some distance forward of the mast. For a foresail this may be the stemhead or, in some boats, one of a choice of hooks set along each gunwale. The dipping lug is a powerful sail and was widely used in working craft.{{r|Barnes 2014|p=36}}
*''Standing lug'': The sail and yard remain on one side of the mast and the tack of the sail is set close to the mast. When the wind blows onto the side of the mast where the sail is mounted, it deforms the sail over the mast. A standing lug can be used with or without a boom - the latter being the preference for working craft. The standing lug differs from the balanced rig. On a standing lug the yard extends past the mast, but the foot of the sail does not.<ref name="Barnes 2014">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqFdAgAAQBAJ&q=Swallow+lug+rig&pg=PA37|title=The Dinghy Cruising Companion: Tales and Advice from Sailing a Small Open Boat|last=Barnes|first=Roger|date=2014-01-02|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781408180280|language=en}}</ref>
*''Standing lug'': The sail and yard remain on one side of the mast and the tack of the sail is set close to the mast. When the wind blows onto the side of the mast where the sail is mounted, it deforms the sail over the mast. A standing lug can be used with or without a boom - the latter being the preference for working craft. The standing lug differs from the balanced rig. On a standing lug the yard extends past the mast, but the foot of the sail does not.<ref name="Barnes 2014">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqFdAgAAQBAJ&q=Swallow+lug+rig&pg=PA37|title=The Dinghy Cruising Companion: Tales and Advice from Sailing a Small Open Boat|last=Barnes|first=Roger|date=2014-01-02|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781408180280|language=en}}</ref>
*''Balanced lug'': The sail has both a yard and a boom, which both extend past the mast and remain on the same side of the mast on either tack. A [[junk rig]] (a fully battened sail that crosses the mast at the head and foot) is similar to a balanced lug.{{r|Barnes 2014|p=37}}
*''Balanced lug'' ([[tanja sail]]): The sail has both a yard and a boom, which both extend past the mast and remain on the same side of the mast on either tack. Balanced lug sails were independently invented by the [[Austronesian peoples]] in [[Island Southeast Asia]], derived from the similar [[crab claw sail]].<ref name="Campbell">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=I.C. |title=The Lateen Sail in World History |journal=Journal of World History |date=1995 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |jstor=20078617 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617}}</ref><ref name="hawkins">{{cite book|author=Hawkins, Clifford W.|title =Praus of Indonesia|publisher =Nautical Books|year =1982|page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liebner |first1=Horst |title=Remarks on the terminology of boatbuilding and seamanship in some languages of Southern Sulawesi |journal=Indonesia Circle. School of Oriental & African Studies. Newsletter |date=November 1992 |volume=21 |issue=59–60 |pages=18–44 |doi=10.1080/03062849208729790}}</ref><ref name="Hourani 1951">{{Cite book|title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times|last=Hourani|first=George Fadlo|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1951|location=New Jersey}}</ref>{{rp|102-103}} A [[junk rig]] (a fully battened sail that crosses the mast at the head and foot) is similar to a balanced lug and is also an Austronesian invention.{{r|Barnes 2014|p=37}}


==Procedures for tacking by dipping==
==Procedures for tacking by dipping==
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== Extent of use ==
== Extent of use ==
[[File:Yole de Bantry2.JPG|thumb|300px|A replica of a longboat from the French frigate ''[[:fr:La Résolue (1778)|La Résolue]]'' The original was captured in 1786 in [[Bantry]] and is now in the [[National Museum of Ireland]]. Such replicas are referred to as a [[:fr:Yole de Bantry|Yole de Bantry]].]]
[[File:Yole de Bantry2.JPG|thumb|300px|A replica of a longboat from the French frigate ''[[:fr:La Résolue (1778)|La Résolue]]'' The original was captured in 1786 in [[Bantry]] and is now in the [[National Museum of Ireland]]. Such replicas are referred to as a [[:fr:Yole de Bantry|Yole de Bantry]].]]
[[Tanja sail]]s are ancient and widespread among the [[Austronesian peoples]] of [[Island Southeast Asia]]. They are believed to have been invented by Austronesians at around 1000 BC, along with the [[junk rig]].<ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/35025241/Mahdi_1WrldArchaeo34_1999.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1547229726&Signature=PbpMYp5JiK5eUgci4tCQ8KNWZYs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Dispersal_of_Austronesian_boat_forms.pdf|title=Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|last1=Mahdi|first1=Waruno|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|isbn=0415100542|editor1-last=Blench|editor1-first=Roger|series=One World Archaeology|volume=34|pages=144–179|chapter=The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|editor2-last=Spriggs|editor2-first=Matthew}}{{dead link|date=May 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="Hourani 1951">{{Cite book|title=Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times|last=Hourani|first=George Fadlo|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1951|location=New Jersey}}</ref><ref name=":0">Shaffer, Lynda Norene (1996). ''Maritime Southeast Asia to 1500.'' M.E. Sharpe.</ref><ref name="Johnstone 1980">{{Cite book|title=The Seacraft of Prehistory|last=Johnstone|first=Paul|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0674795952|location=Cambridge}}</ref> The earliest depictions are the large [[double-outrigger]] trading ships carved in [[bas-relief]] in [[Borobudur]] dating back to the [[7th century]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beale|first=Philip|date=April 2006|title=From Indonesia to Africa: Borobudur Ship Expedition|journal=Ziff Journal|pages=22|via=http://www.swahiliweb.net/ziff_journal_3_files/ziff2006-04.pdf}}</ref>.<ref name="haddon">{{cite book |last1=Haddon |first1=A.C. |title=The Outriggers of Indonesian Canoes |date=1920 |publisher=London, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/outriggersofindo00hadduoft}}</ref> The [[3rd century]] book ''Strange Things of the South'' (南州異物志) by Wan Chen (萬震), also describes Southeast Asian ships (''[[Djong (ship)|k'un-lun po]]'') with oblique ([[fore-and-aft]]) sails that likely describe tanja sails.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|date=1993|title=Trading Ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding Techniques and Their Role in the History of the Development of Asian Trade Networks|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|pages=253–280}}</ref>{{rp|262}}

Block reports that the rig was widely used in Europe from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries for small fishing vessels and other coasters because of their good performance to windward. This popularity extended to smugglers and privateers and the French ''[[Chasse-marée#Chasse-marée—boat|chasse-marée]]'' fishing boats.<ref name=Block/>
Block reports that the rig was widely used in Europe from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries for small fishing vessels and other coasters because of their good performance to windward. This popularity extended to smugglers and privateers and the French ''[[Chasse-marée#Chasse-marée—boat|chasse-marée]]'' fishing boats.<ref name=Block/>


Revision as of 07:03, 6 June 2021

A lugger, showing a variety of lug sail types.

The lug sail, or lugsail, is a fore-and-aft, four-cornered sail that is suspended from a spar, called a yard. When raised, the sail area overlaps the mast. For "standing lug" rigs, the sail may remain on the same side of the mast on both the port and starboard tacks. For "dipping lug" rigs, the sail is lowered partially or totally to be brought around to the leeward side of the mast in order to optimize the efficiency of the sail on both tacks.

The lug sail is evolved from the square sail to improve how close the vessel can sail into the wind. Square sails, on the other hand, are symmetrically mounted in front of the mast and are manually angled to catch the wind on opposite tacks. Since it is difficult to orient square sails fore and aft or to tension their leading edges (luffs), they are not as efficient upwind, compared with lug sails. The lug rig differs from the gaff rig, also fore-and-aft, whose sail is instead attached at the luff to the mast and is suspended from a spar (gaff), which is attached to, and raised at an angle from, the mast.[1]

Types

A sailing Fifie, showing the difference between a standing lug (aft – left) and a dipping lug (fore – right).

Lug sails are divided into three types: standing lug, balanced lug and dipping lug.[1]

  • Dipping lug: This is a boom-less sail whose yard is lowered or "dipped" when tacking to bring the sail around to the leeward side of the mast. In some cases this can be done by partially lowering the yard - there are a number of variations in this procedure. The tack fastens to a point some distance forward of the mast. For a foresail this may be the stemhead or, in some boats, one of a choice of hooks set along each gunwale. The dipping lug is a powerful sail and was widely used in working craft.[2]: 36 
  • Standing lug: The sail and yard remain on one side of the mast and the tack of the sail is set close to the mast. When the wind blows onto the side of the mast where the sail is mounted, it deforms the sail over the mast. A standing lug can be used with or without a boom - the latter being the preference for working craft. The standing lug differs from the balanced rig. On a standing lug the yard extends past the mast, but the foot of the sail does not.[2]
  • Balanced lug: The sail has both a yard and a boom, which both extend past the mast and remain on the same side of the mast on either tack. A junk rig (a fully battened sail that crosses the mast at the head and foot) is similar to a balanced lug.[2]: 37 

Procedures for tacking by dipping

Whereas a standing lug may be tacked conventionally by moving the sail across the vessel, as the wind crosses the bow, a dipping lug must be brought around to the leeward side by a multi-step procedure:[3]

  1. Hauling in the sheets to get the sail over the boat.
  2. Lowering the halyard so that the peak of the sail can be reached, yet the yard is free of interfering with the rest of the boat.
  3. Gathering the after part of the sail and bringing it around forward of the mast.
  4. Bringing the peak down and passing it under the luff of the sail to the new leeward side.
  5. Bringing the halyard to windward aft of the mast.
  6. Shackling on the sheets and bringing the sail aft.
  7. Rehoisting the sail and sheeting in.

This procedure is also necessary for gybing a dipping lug. Reportedly, this action can be completed expeditiously on a larger boat with four hands. On smaller boats, the sail is simply lowered and the mast unstepped to allow the sail to be moved beneath it to the other side and the mast to be re-stepped and the sail raised.[3]

There are other ways to tack or gybe a lugsail. Some methods use a downhaul to the forward end of the spar so that a sharp downward tug on the line will pull dip the forward end around the aft side of the mast. Generally the procedure, which may be feasible only on smaller sails, is to:[citation needed]

  1. lower the yard sufficiently to allow the dip
  2. swap the sail tack and tug the yard downhaul
  3. move the halyard to windward
  4. rehoist and sheet in.

The Beer Luggers, which normally have the tack of the sail set to a small bowsprit where untacking it is difficult, will have the lazy sheet forward of the luff of the sail and will use it haul the whole sail around its own luff, leaving the old working but now lazy sheet again forwards around the luff of the sail.[citation needed]

On larger luggers, like the Fifie, large dipping lug sails were possible only with the introduction of steam-powered capstans to facilitate with dipping.[4]

Extent of use

A replica of a longboat from the French frigate La Résolue The original was captured in 1786 in Bantry and is now in the National Museum of Ireland. Such replicas are referred to as a Yole de Bantry.

Block reports that the rig was widely used in Europe from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries for small fishing vessels and other coasters because of their good performance to windward. This popularity extended to smugglers and privateers and the French chasse-marée fishing boats.[1]

Currently, lug rigs are used on certain small sailing craft, like the International Twelve Foot Dinghy, a dinghy,[5] the SCAMP, a pocket cruiser.[6] and the Oz Goose 12ft sailing dinghy.[7]

There are several lug rigged boat classes of long history that have been raced more or less continuously for a century. One example is the balance lug rigged Lymington Scow[8] that has become highly developed in almost continuous racing since 1905.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Block, Leo (2003). To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 164. ISBN 9781557502094.
  2. ^ a b c Barnes, Roger (2014-01-02). The Dinghy Cruising Companion: Tales and Advice from Sailing a Small Open Boat. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408180280.
  3. ^ a b Winn, William (1891). The Boating Man's Vade-mecum. London: Swan Sonnenschein. p. 336.
  4. ^ March, Edgar J. (1953). Sailing Drifter. London: Percival Marshall & Co.
  5. ^ Bird, Vanessa (2012). Classic Classes. A. & C. Black. p. 160. ISBN 9781408158890.
  6. ^ McCoy, James (Winter 2013). "SCAMP: A new genre of sailboat". Harbors. p. 24-9.
  7. ^ Supetran, Bernard L. (February 17, 2019). "A Sailing We Will Go". BusinessMirror. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
  8. ^ Staff (January 27, 2019). "West Wittering Sailing Club: Lymington River Scows". www.wwsc.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
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