Pearl Harbor (film)

Pearl Harbor
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Michael Bay
Written by	Randall Wallace
Produced by	Jerry Bruckheimer
Starring	Ben Affleck Alec Baldwin Jon Voight Josh Hartnett Kate Beckinsale Jennifer Garner
Cinematography	John Schwartzman
Edited by	Chris Lebenzon Mark Goldblatt
Music by	Hans Zimmer
Distributed by	Touchstone Pictures
Release date	25 May 2001
Running time	183 min. Director's Cut 184 min.
Country
Languages	English Japanese French
Budget	$140,000,000
Box office	$449,220,945

Pearl Harbor is a war film released in the summer of 2001 by Touchstone Pictures. It stars Ben Affleck, Alec Baldwin, Jon Voight, Josh Hartnett, Kate Beckinsale, Cuba Gooding Jr., Dan Aykroyd, Jaime King, and Jennifer Garner. It was a dramatic re-imagining of the attack on Pearl Harbor, produced by the team of Jerry Bruckheimer and Michael Bay, who had previously directed summer mega-blockbusters such as Armageddon and The Rock. The final section of the movie relates the Doolittle Raid, the first American attack on the Japanese home islands in World War II.

Plot

The movie begins on a Tennessee farm in the late 1920s as two kids, Rafe McCawley and Danny Walker, play in a pretend fighter plane they made, pretending to be shooting down German planes. As they are playing, Rafe's dad is out dusting the fields in his old cropduster. When he lands and goes into his tractor, the two boys sneak into his plane and keep the pretend fight going. They accidentally start the plane and "fly" it down the runway, almost crashing it until it finally stops. Danny's father, who still suffers the effects of fighting in World War One, (William Fichtner) comes out and starts screaming at them and smacking Danny. Rafe grabs a board and whacks him to stop the beating, protecting his best friend and calling Danny's father a "dirty German". This snaps him out of his funk, and he tells Danny "I fought the Germans in France. I fought 'em in the trenches and I pray to God no one has to see the things that I saw."

Years later, Rafe (Ben Affleck) and Danny (Josh Hartnett), both in their early twenties and First Lieutenants in the U.S. Army, are at a U.S. Army Air Corps training field commanded by Major Jimmy Doolittle (Alec Baldwin). Rafe is very cocky as he and Danny do a particularly dangerous stunt (a game of chicken) that almost kills them (and more importantly to the brass, almost damages the planes) but impresses the pilots on ground but makes the commanding officer unhappy. They are called into Doolittle's office where they are reprimanded, but Doolittle is actually quite impressed with Rafe as he reminds him of himself when he was young. Later, Doolittle tells Rafe that he has been accepted to go to Britain and join Eagle Squadron, a squadron of volunteer American pilots serving with the Royal Air Force in the fight against the Germans. It is strictly a volunteer assignment, and Doolittle tells him it's his duty to talk him out of it. Rafe asks Doolittle what he would do, and Doolittle says he would go, so Rafe agrees to go as well.

Prior to Rafe leaving, there is a big dance in New York, and many nurses are coming to the event. Some of the nurses are traveling there by train, and one of them, Evelyn Johnson (Kate Beckinsale), is telling the other nurses how she first met Rafe while assessing his fitness to fly. As Rafe had dyslexia, he had trouble reading the letters on the eye chart correctly, and would have failed the vision test had Evelyn not felt sorry and passed him anyway. During his flu shots, she first agreed to go out with him, and they have been going out now for four weeks and two days. At the dance, Rafe tells Evelyn that in the morning he is headed off to Europe. They have a tearful good-bye, and Rafe tells her not to come to the train station to see him off. He goes to Europe, and Evelyn and Danny get transferred to Pearl Harbor.

Rafe comes to the RAF aerodrome to report for duty and to receive his plane (which is a Supermarine Spitfire covered in blood from the previous pilot with the officer commenting on how he died). Back in Hawaii, Danny, Evelyn, and their friends enjoy the surf and sun. By now, Rafe writes to Evelyn on how he misses her and how it's hard making friends at the base with all of them getting killed. Eveyln writes back saying how she misses him and hopes he comes back one day. In Japan meanwhile, Admiral Yamamoto plans the attack on Pearl Harbor after the United States freezes its trade. He sends fake codes to confuse U.S. Intelligence and shows some staff his new torpedo invention that the planes would use during the attack.

Back in England one day, Rafe's squadron is alerted and scrambled to intercept some German Heinkel He 111s and Bf 109s. At first Rafe shows off his flying skills by helping his wingmate in partially blowing up a Heinkel and shoots down two Bf 109s escorts until his wingmate warns him that another Bf 109 is on his tail. The Bf 109 shoots up Rafe's Spitfire hitting his oil hoses which sets his cockpit on fire then finishes him off with another burst. Rafe attempts to bail out only to be stuck in the cockpit when the canopy jams and the plane hits the English Channel. In Hawaii, both Danny and Evelyn are informed that Rafe is presumed killed in action.

This leaves both of them mourning for Rafe along with their friends who knew him. Evelyn continues to mourn for him.

Three months later while separately going to the same movie, Danny and Evelyn see a newsreel that shows British fighters being shot down by the Germans. Thinking of Rafe, both Danny and Evelyn leave the theater and by accident meet each other out front of the building. They strike up a friendship again which eventually leads to a romantic after-hours flight.

Evelyn has stopped mourning Rafe, but one morning she discovers she's pregnant, she is stunned to find Rafe. As it turned out, after he crashed into the English Channel, the impact meant he could escape, and he was rescued by a French fishing boat and returned to occupied France for three months where he couldn't get word out to them that he was alive. Suddenly Danny appears, holding a telegram that Rafe is alive. Somehow, Rafe instantly realizes that Danny and Evelyn are now together and leaves the room, refusing to talk to Danny.

After a bar fight, Danny and Rafe argue and eventually drive to a hillside to discuss what they are going to do about their situation. They have been drinking and fall asleep in their convertible under the stars, after Danny says there must be a way to work this out. They are awakened the next morning by Japanese Zero fighters, Val dive bombers and Kate torpedo bombers flying overhead. The barely-awake pilots think it is the U.S. Navy performing exercises.

The Japanese attack catches the U.S. fleet largely unaware, despite Admiral Kimmel having been informed of a Japanese midget submarine destroyed near the entrance to the harbor. Much of the surprise came not from a lack of awareness of the planes, but a radar station dismissing the large number of contacts as a flight of B-17s. A bomb dropped from a Kate bomber ruptures the forward part of the USS Arizona's ammunition magazine, literally splitting the ship in half and sending it to the bottom. Meanwhile, Japanese fighters are attacking the airstrips present on the island to prevent any attempt to intercept the attack aircraft. Petty Officer Doris "Dorie" Miller (Cuba Gooding Jr.), a cook on the USS West Virginia, mans an antiaircraft gun and manages to shoot down a Japanese plane. Around the same time, Evelyn, Sandra, Betty and the other nurses head towards the hospital to help injured people. On their way they are strafed, and many people flee into the hospital while some are killed. The gunfire forces Evelyn and Sandra to hide behind a fountain. Suddenly, a plane drops a bomb, and Betty is killed while the other women hide in the hospital.

Later, Evelyn and the other nurses are working frantically with masses of incoming casualties, having to prioritize which lives can be saved and who receives priority care. Rafe and Danny make it to their Army auxiliary airfield, and together with another pilot manage to get their planes moving, though the other pilot is killed and his plane wrecked before getting off the ground. The two of them shoot down seven Japanese planes over the Harbor. They even use the same maneuver that got them into trouble at Doolittle's school to force four Zeros to crash into each other.

The attack finally ends, and because of their heroism, Rafe and Danny are both promoted to Captain and assigned to Doolittle (now promoted to Lt. Col) for a top secret mission. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Jon Voight) wants to send a message that the Japanese homeland is not immune from bombing. They are going to put Army Air Corp B-25 Mitchell bombers onto the aircraft carrier USS Hornet (instead of the usual light naval assault bombers), sail out close to Japan, take off a few hundred miles offshore, bomb Tokyo and land in China. Prior to leaving, a heartbroken Rafe apologizes to Evelyn for leaving her, and asks why she wants to see him. She reveals that she is pregnant, but has not yet told Danny so he can focus on his mission. She also says that she is going to go with Danny, but deep down inside she will always love Rafe just as much. When Rafe and Danny leave, Evelyn and Danny kiss and she tells him that she loves him and will be waiting for him.

For the next five or six weeks, Rafe and Danny are in training, learning how to fly these planes, and most importantly, learn how to take off in such a short space more suited to launching fighters and light-strike aircraft. To achieve this, the aircraft are stripped of any unnecessary weight. Finally, they load the planes onto the aircraft carrier and head off towards Japan. The Hornet and her escorts are discovered by Japanese patrol boats, and have to take off a couple of hundred miles earlier than planned. They now know that they won't have enough fuel to get their original landing point in China and will instead have to land their aircraft earlier than planned.

They bomb Tokyo as planned and limp towards China, running out of fuel. Rafe crash lands his plane, but is caught by elements of the Imperial Japanese Army which are assigned to the invasion of China. Just as he's about to be shot by the Japanese, Danny comes flying down, shooting the Japanese soldiers, with forward-mounted machine guns as he crashes his plane, too.

The two, along with a few other men are confronted by more Japanese soldiers, and after a small gunfight, they are captured. Danny is dying but is tied to a board attached to his shoulders. Rafe is about to be shot when suddenly Danny takes his board and whacks the Japanese soldier, protecting Rafe, just as Rafe had done for him when they were younger. Another Japanese soldier then shoots Danny in the chest mortally wounding him. The Japanese soldiers are then finally shot by the other American airmen.

Chinese soldiers appear, and they are saved. Danny's wounds are mortal though and he dies in Rafe's arms. Just before his death, Rafe tells him that he can't die because he's going to be a father. Danny tells him no, because he is going to have to be the father of his child.

Later, the surviving Doolittle Raiders are seen coming off the plane. Now visibly pregnant, Evelyn is there waiting to see who gets off. Rafe appears, and she is elated but waits to see if Danny is next. A somber Rafe then reaches back inside and helps carry out the coffin containing Danny's remains. A few years later, Rafe, Evelyn and their son Danny, who is named in honor of his father and their best friend, are playing in the backyard. Then Rafe asks Danny if he would like to go flying, and an excited Danny points to the crop duster plane and, together, Rafe and little Danny fly off into the sunset.

Cast

As appearing in screen credits (main roles identified):

Actor	Role
Ben Affleck	Capt. Rafe McCawley, U.S. Army Air Corps
Josh Hartnett	Capt. Danny Walker, U.S. Army Air Corps
Kate Beckinsale	Nurse Lt. Evelyn Johnson, U.S. Navy Nurse Corps
Alec Baldwin	Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle, U.S. Army Air Corps
Jon Voight	Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States
Dan Aykroyd	Capt. Thurman, U.S. Navy Intelligence
Cuba Gooding Jr.	Petty Officer Doris Miller, U.S. Navy
William Lee Scott	Lt. Billy Thompson, U.S. Army Air Corps
Jaime King	Nurse Betty Bayer, U.S. Navy Nurse Corps
Tom Sizemore	Sgt. Earl Sistern, U.S. Army Air Corps
Mako	Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto, Imperial Japanese Navy
Catherine Kellner	Nurse Barbara, U.S. Navy Nurse Corps
Sara Rue	Nurse Martha, U.S. Navy Nurse Corps
Jennifer Garner	Nurse Sandra, U.S. Navy Nurse Corps
Colm Feore	Adm. Husband E. Kimmel, U.S. Navy
Ewen Bremner	Lt. Red Winkle, U.S. Army Air Corps

A full cast and production crew list is too lengthy to include, see: IMDb profile.

Production, release, and critical response

Pearl Harbor was released Memorial Day weekend in 2001. Despite its dazzling special effects and a massive promotional campaign, critical response was largely negative, as its 25% rating on the Rotten Tomatoes Tomatometer indicates. Many critics dismissed the film as visually polished but historically insensitive, also citing such literary flaws such as the banal dialogue, underdeveloped love triangle plot and the shallow nature of the lead characters.

Critic Roger Ebert summarized Pearl Harbor as "a two-hour movie squeezed into three hours, about how on 7 December 1941, the Japanese staged a surprise attack on an American love triangle," and claimed that, "The filmmakers seem to have aimed the film at an audience that may not have heard of Pearl Harbor, or perhaps even of World War Two."

Director Michael Bay has said that Roger Ebert's criticism of Pearl Harbor is the most offensive of his entire career. According to Michael Bay: "He commented on TV that bombs don't fall like that. Does he actually think we didn't research every nook and cranny of how armor-piercing bombs fell? He's watched too many movies. He thinks they all fall flat — armor-piercing bombs fall straight down, that's the way it was designed! But HE's on the air pontificating and giving the wrong information. That's insulting!"

Other critics dubbed the film "Pearl Horror," and commented that it was apparently made by putting the first hour of Titanic in front of the last hour of Tora, Tora, Tora!

The grandiloquent tone of the film was frequently cited as the polar opposite of the 1998 Steven Spielberg film Saving Private Ryan.

Although the movie cost approximately U.S. $132 million to film and promote, it grossed a modest U.S. $200 million at the domestic box office, but it soon earned a respectable $450 million worldwide. Despite many believing it was a disappointment, the film was actually one of the highest-earning pictures of 2001. Pearl Harbor was released on DVD on December 4, 2001, three days before the actual 60th anniversary of the attack.

At the 2002 Academy Awards, Pearl Harbor was nominated for four awards, winning one for Sound Effects Editing. Its other nominations were for Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, and Best Song.

At the 2001 Golden Raspberry Awards Pearl Harbor was nominated for six awards: Worst Picture, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, Worst Screen Couple, Worst Actor (Ben Affleck), and Worst Remake or Sequel (presumably of the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!); but lost to Tom Green's Freddy Got Fingered in all but the latter category, wherein it lost to Tim Burton's version of Planet of the Apes.

In addition, many Pearl Harbor survivors dismissed the film as grossly inaccurate and pure Hollywood, and the film's depiction of James H. (Jimmy) Doolittle as a loud, arrogant egotist as opposed to the warm, genial, brave, and modest man he was reputed to be drew the wrath of a large number of people who had known the man in his lifetime.

For many people, From Here to Eternity (1953), Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970) and Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944) remain better cinematic treatments of the period in Hawaii before the attack, the Pearl Harbor attack itself, and the Doolittle Raid, respectively.

The movie Team America: World Police has a song in it entitled "The End of an Act" which mainly notes Trey Parker's criticisms for the film, comparing how much the character misses someone to how bad Pearl Harbor was.

Replacing real figures

The roles that the two male leads played by Affleck and Hartnett have in the attack sequence are analogous to the real historical deeds of U.S. Army Air Corps Second Lieutenants George Welch and Kenneth M. Taylor, who took to the skies during the Japanese attack and, between the two pilots, shot down between six and ten (depending on source) Japanese fighters. However, the movie itself makes no mention of or allusion to Welch's and Taylor's existence in history, and the movie's plot involving the leads, aside from their roles in the attack sequence, does not match any other historical account of Welch or Taylor.

Taylor, who died in November 2006, previously declared the film adaptation "a piece of trash... over-sensationalized and distorted".

Because Bay's movie makes no mention of or allusion to Welch's and Taylor's existence, some consider the very presence of the two fictional main characters in their steads a blatant usurpation of the true historical figures' roles. This point, when coupled with what many critics feel is an arbitrary and ill-conceived love triangle plot involving the fictional replacements, makes some regard Pearl Harbor as an abuse of artistic licence.

Inaccuracies

Like many historical dramas, Pearl Harbor provoked debate about the artistic license taken by its producers and director. National Geographic Channel produced a documentary called Beyond the Movie: Pearl Harbor which covers some of the ways that "the film's final cut didn't reflect all the attacks' facts, or represent them all accurately." One of the few small historical accuracies in the film is the wristwatch of the character Danny. Danny's wristwatch is the same style as World War II wristwatches issued to servicemen during the period.

Historical inaccuracies found in the film include, but are not limited to:

Early childhood sequences

• Stearman biplane (the crop-duster aircraft) was not produced until the mid 1930s. The opening scene of the film is set in 1923. Many Hollywood movies in the 1960s and 1970s used a Stearman as their stock "old biplane." A more appropriate aircraft would be a Curtiss JN 4 "Jenny", but very few are available for this sort of work.

Eagle Squadron sequences

• A Supermarine Spitfire fitted with a four-blade propeller is shown during the airfield and flying shots in the film. It is a Spitfire variant that was not available until later in the war. Also, although the Eagles did use Spitfires, they were originally eight-gun Mk IIs, later superseded by the Mk V and IX (used by 71, 122 and 133 Eagle Squadrons). However, since there is only one Mk II in flying condition (flown by the RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, and as such not used for film work), the Mk V was used, as well as the later Mk VIII. The original plan was to use a highly-inappropriate Spitfire XIV in dogfight sequences with a genuine Messerschmitt Bf 109E.
• Ben Affleck's character is portrayed as joining the Royal Air Force (RAF) as part of the Eagle squadron; serving U.S. airmen were prohibited from doing so, though American civilians joining the RAF were allowed. His eyesight would have been checked for RAF service.
• Ben Affleck's character was based at RAF Oakley. This base was actually a training base in the war, not a fighter base. Historians point out that during the hot August summer of 1940, such expedients invariably did take place from time to time, and even for squadron training exercises.
• During the Battle of Britain flight sequences, the British Spitfires are shown flying in the standard American four-ship formation. The British usually flew in the three-ship Vee or "VIC" formation at this stage of the war. Again this is open to dispute, because by the time of the late Battle, the RAF had adopted the German Luftwaffe "Rotte" and "Schwarm" system, known in RAF parlance as the "Finger Four," which the USAF itself adopted as "Four Ship" formation.

Pearl Harbor sequences

• The Japanese aircraft carrier from which the invasion force was launched featured jet catapults and an angled flight deck. These were not included on aircraft carriers until the mid-1950s. In addition, the flight deck did not have wood planking.
• The USS Arizona Memorial, which straddles the sunken USS Arizona, can be briefly seen in a pan shot. The memorial was dedicated in the 1960s.
• President Roosevelt did not receive the news of the Pearl Harbor attack by an aide or advisor running into the room. He was having lunch with Harry Hopkins, a trusted friend, and he received a phone call from Secretary of War Henry Stimson. Hopkins refused to believe the report. The President believed it.
• Admiral Kimmel had received warnings about an attack but, thinking them vague, did not put his forces on full-scale alert. This contradicts the film's portrayal of Kimmel as a leader railing against Washington's apathy about the Japanese threat.
• Even though he specifically asked, by dispatch and in person, for all information, Admiral Kimmel never received the secret Magic dispatches that showed vital information. He also never received the famous 14-part message the Japanese were delivering in response to the U.S. "ultimatum" of 26 November. Especially not the 14th part which indicated the 1:00 p.m. (EST) delivery of the message and ordering the destruction of the "coding" equipment, even though this had been decoded some nine hours before the attack.
• The reports given to Admiral Kimmel led him and his staff (as well as General Short, the Commander of the Hawaiian Army units) to believe if Japan did attack, it would be somewhere in the southwest Pacific and not Pearl Harbor. In fact, Washington concurred when Kimmel deployed his carrier task forces away from Hawaii. Before Pearl Harbor was attacked, he had deployed them around Wake and Midway Islands, to deliver fighters for protecting the ferry flights of B-17s to the Philippines (which had a higher priority, and complete access to Magic).
• The so-called "War Warning" dispatch Admiral Kimmel received on November 27, 1941, did not warn the Pacific Fleet of an attack in the Hawaiian area. It did not state expressly or by implication an attack in the Hawaiian area was imminent or probable. It did not repeal or modify the advice previously given by the Navy Department no move against Pearl Harbor was imminent or planned by Japan. The dispatch warned of war in the Far East. The number and equipment of Japanese troops and the organization of Naval task forces indicated an amphibious expedition against the Philippines, Thailand, or Kra Peninsula, or possibly Borneo.
• Admiral Kimmel was not on a golf course on the morning of the attack (he was planning to meet Short for a regular game, but cancelled as news of the attack came in), nor was he notified of the Japanese embassy leaving Washington, D.C., prior to the attack. The first official notification of the attack was received by General Short several hours after the attack had ended. Also, the report of attacking an enemy midget submarine, in real life, did not report sinking the sub. (It did not reach him until after the bombs began falling in any case.)
• At the time of the attack, the battleships in Battleship Row were tied directly together, not spaced apart as they were in the movie.
• Japanese Navy Air Service aircraft of the period were painted very light gray-green, not dark green.
• The ward dresses of the nurses have a different style than the ones Navy Nurses actually wore during World War II, and no nurse would have worked with long hair falling freely about her shoulders.
• The USS Whipple can be seen clearly in a background shot of the boxing scene on the USS Arizona.
• One of the intelligence photographs taken by the Japanese spies shows a North Carolina-class battleship. USS North Carolina did not arrive at Pearl Harbor until June 1942.
• A retired Iowa-class battleship was used to represent West Virginia for Dorie Miller's boxing match. However, the main gun barrels are corked, which is unusual during wartime or training exercises. Furthermore, Iowa-class battleships have a 3x3 main gun configuration versus the 2x2 layout of West Virginia. Also, West Virginia did not have the World War II-era bridge and masts found on newer U.S. battleships until her reconstruction was finished in 1943. The Iowa-class themselves did not enter service until 1943-44.
• In the film, the P-40N model of the P-40 Warhawk U.S. fighter aircraft is shown. However, the "N" model of the P-40 was not available to the United States until 1943.
• At the airfield where the pilots are composing themselves and trying to take action against the strafing Japanese planes, Ben Affleck's character erroneously says "P-40s can't outrun Zeroes, we'll just have to outfly them." In fact, the standard tactic for American and Allied pilots, from the AVG (Flying Tigers) in late 1940 through 1941 and throughout the Pacific War, was basic "hit-and-run." They would dive on Zeroes, get what "hits" they could, and then outrun them (though it could be referring to the P-40s starting from a standstill and having to climb, during which the Zeros would outrun, or, rather, outclimb them).
• In reality, although Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto planned the attack, he was not present on any of the carriers that bombed Pearl Harbor. He was aboard the battleship Nagato in Tokyo Bay, where he heard reports of the attack and supposedly made his famous "sleeping giant" statement.
• P-40 and Zero fighters are shown doing tight maneuvers and incredibly dangerous stunts. The Zero was nimble and was the most feared fighter of the Pacific War until the F6F Hellcat debuted in 1943, and the P-40 was in no way able to "dog-fight" with the Zero.
• Dorie Miller's actions during the battle are altered. In the film, Miller comforts Captain Mervyn S. Bennion and is with him when he dies. Miller delivers the captain's last orders to the ship's executive officer and then mans a machine gun. In reality, Miller helped move Bennion to a safer location. Bennion continued to direct the battle until he died of his wounds just before the ship was abandoned. While Miller did man an antiaircraft gun, he was never credited with any kills (as opposed to the one shown in the film).
• USS Texas doubles for USS West Virginia during the sequences featuring Dorie Miller. Texas is considerably different in design than the ship she portrays, most notably lacking the "cage" masts that distinguished West Virginia and California-class battleships. During these sequences, West Virginia appears moored by herself, but in reality Tennessee was moored inboard (between West Virginia and Ford Island) at the time of the attack.
• In the attack, a sailor is shown jumping clear of a falling battleship tripod main mast. No battleship lost a tripod mast in such a manner. Not even in the sinking of the USS Oklahoma, which capsized, did a mast fall in such a way as shown in the film.
• In the film, Miller is shown firing a twin Browning M2 air cooled 50 caliber machine gun. In reality, the .50 caliber machine guns found on the USS West Virginia were water-cooled, similar to the .303 Vickers.
• The Japanese carriers were located north of Hawaii. Since the attack was flown in the morning, the sunrise in the east would have caused the Zeros to be lighted from the left side. The film shows the Zeros lighted from the right side.
• A Newport-class LST, recognizable by the twin derricks on its bow, is briefly visible in a panoramic shot. The Newport class was not built until the late nineteen-sixties.

Doolittle Raid sequences

• In preparation for the attack, Doolittle (Baldwin) is shown training the pilots on land in a flat, sparsely wooded valley near mountains somewhere in the American Southwest. The actual training was done at the airfield known today as Columbia Metropolitan Airport in West Columbia, South Carolina. It is a far more verdant and mountainless area in the state's "Piedmont" topography. In fact, it continued to be training site during the war for B-25 crews, which would use islands in the nearby Lake Murray for target practice. A crashed B-25 that was recovered from the lake in the 1990s was restored and is now on display in the state museum.
• Several shots of the USS Hornet aircraft carrier depicted it as having an angled flight deck, a technology that was not implemented until after the war. While the USS Hornet was portrayed by a World War II era vessel (USS Lexington), the USS Hornet was an earlier modified Yorktown-class carrier, whereas the Lexington was a modernized Essex-class carrier. The Japanese carriers are portrayed more correctly by comparison—a few of them did have their bridge/conning tower superstructure on the port side rather than the more common starboard configuration.
• Affleck and Hartnett's characters are shown taking part in the Doolittle bombing raid over Tokyo in which, as fighter pilots, they would not have been allowed to participate.
• The B-25 Mitchells shown participating in the raid are "J"-models, although the models used in the actual raid were "B" models.
• When the task force is discovered by Japanese patrol boats in the film, the bomber crews desperately attempt to lighten their loads to make room for more fuel. The replacement of defensive machine guns with painted broomsticks causes Hartnett's character to complain, "We're using broomsticks for tail guns!". In actuality, the false tail guns were among the modifications made to the B-25s prior to the mission's launching.
• Several crewmen on Affleck and Harnett's B-25s are killed in the firefight with the Japanese, including Harnett's character. In fact, no members of the raid were killed in this manner. Three airmen died in the crash landings in China, three were later executed as POWs by their Japanese captors, and one died of starvation in captivity. (Four other POWs were recovered alive near the end of the war).

The Aircraft of the Doolittle Sequence

AAF serial #	Nickname	Actual type	Actual Serial #	Registration #	Location
02243		B-25J-30NC	44-86747	N8163	Palm Springs, CA
02249	The Ruptured Duck	B-25J-30NC	44-86747	N8163H	Palm Springs, CA
02261		B-25J-25NC	44-30423	N3675G	Planes of Fame Air Museum, CA
02267		B-25J-20NC	44-29199	N9117Z	Rialto, CA
02303	Whirling Dervish	B-25J-10NC	43-28204	N9856C	Aero Traders, CA

Other inaccuracies

• When the Japanese planes drop their bombs, they fall straight down after being released. This breaks the laws of physics. Bombs released by planes in flight travel in the same direction as the plane was flying in.[1]
• Mitchel Field is incorrectly spelled "Mitchell Field."
• Despite Long Island's flat, level surface, mountains are visible in the flying shots over Long Island.
• Navy Nurse Betty claims to be 17 years old and that she has cheated with her age to be accepted, but Navy Nurses were required to be registered nurses to join the Navy Nurse Corps, which meant three years of prior training and passing a state board examination, very unlikely qualifications for any 17-year old. The minimum age to join the Navy Nurse Corps was 22.
• President Roosevelt is seen rising from his wheelchair to inspire his staff after the attack. There is no record of him having done – or even being capable of – this in real life.
• The observation car seen in the train station was made for the California Zephyr, which did not appear until after World War II.
• The sequence where Josh Hartnett's and Ben Affleck's characters "play chicken" with their P-40s at the U.S. airbase is cited in the film as taking place in late 1941. This is prior to Affleck's departure to the UK to join Eagle Squadron in time for the Battle of Britain. Although the "Battle of Britain" (proper) took place from July through October 1940, a lesser air battle continued thereafter. The first Eagle Squadron was formed in September 1940. Eventually, there were three Eagle Squadrons, right up until the U.S. entered the war (virtually the same timing as the Flying Tigers in China). A news sequence that precedes scenes of Ben Affleck's character participating in the Battle of Britain indicates that the Soviet Union has already entered the war, placing this scene in mid- to late 1941. This is unlikely as the crucial part of the Battle of Britain was long over then.
• The Queen Mary is seen in New York Harbor in full Cunard colors. It is more likely that she would have been painted gray and would have served in war duties as either a troopship or hospital vessel. By late 1940, the Queen Mary was on her way to Sydney to be fitted out as a troopship.
• The radar monitors shown in Pearl Harbor are of the more modern type which show the rotation of a dish. This type of radar was not in use at the time.
• The distinct outline of a U.S. Kitty Hawk-class aircraft carrier, the USS Constellation, can be made out in a wide-angle shot. The first ship of this class was not commissioned until 1961. In the same shot, the sail of a modern submarine can be easily made out.
• There is no reason that U.S. Navy nurses would assess whether pilot candidates in the U.S. Army Air Corps were fit to fly. It is reasonable to assume that the Army would use its own medical staff.
• Dorie Miller is shown receiving his Navy Cross on the deck of a battleship. He actually received his medal in a ceremony aboard an aircraft carrier, the USS Enterprise, shortly before the Battle of Midway.
• Prior to the attack, Admiral Yamamoto turns a Japanese calendar to Sunday December 7 to make note of the date of the operation. In reality, when the attack started at 6:37 am Hawaii time, it was 1:37 am on Monday December 8 in Japan. The date December 7 was used because it is noted by Americans as the date of the attack. The Japanese version shows Yamamoto making note of the December 8 as the operation date.
• The dollar bill with the overprint of Hawaii, did not come out until the summer of 1942.
• During the panning shot of the fleet just before the Doolittle raid, a Burke-class destroyer is visible in the back. These ships did not come into service until 1991.
• Yamamoto in real life was missing two fingers. In the movie he has all fingers.
• Roosevelt claims Stalin begged him to join in World War II. This never happened. However, in the 1943 Tehran Conference, Stalin did press both Roosevelt and Churchill to open a second front.
• Roosevelt's famous Infamy Speech was severely altered.
• When taking off on the Doolittle Raid, and in the training scenes beforehand, the B-25 bombers can be seen taking off with the wind on their tails. Aircraft always take off into the wind - most especially when a short takeoff run is desired.
• During the Doolittle Raid, the pilots' radio transmissions are heard in Pearl Harbor, which was technically not possible in 1942. Additionally, at the end of the raid, Doolittle orders his radio operator to "break radio silence". Since the transmissions were heard at Pearl throughout the raid, there was never any radio silence to begin with.
• In a shot of the American bombers flying over Japan during the Doolittle Raid, the Byodo-in Temple is depicted with Japanese women walking in front of it. This is the replica which is in Hawaii. The real temple is a much duller shade of brown.

Blu-ray Disc & DVD release

A two-disc Commemorative 60th Anniversary Edition was released on December 4, 2001. This release included the feature on disc one, and on disc two, Journey to the Screen, a 47-minute documentary on the monumental production of the film, Unsung Heroes of Pearl Harbor, a 50-minute documentary on little-known heroes of the attack, a Faith Hill music video, and theatrical trailers.

A Pearl Harbor DVD gift set that includes the Commemorative Edition two-disc set, National Geographic's "Beyond the Movie" feature, and a dual-sided map was released concurrently on December 4, 2001.

A deluxe Vista Series edition of the film was released on July 2, 2002. It contained an extended, R-rated cut of the film with numerous commentaries from the cast and crew alongside a few "easter eggs". The extended cut of the film included the re-insertion of graphic carnage during the central attack (including shots of eviscerated bodies being torn apart by strafing, blood, flying limbs and so forth); small alterations and additions to existing scenes; Doolittle addressing the pilots before the raid; and the replacement of the campfire scene with a scene of Doolittle speaking personally to Rafe and Danny about the value of friendship; it runs at 184 minutes compared to the 183 minutes of the theatrical cut.

This elaborate package, which DVDtalk.com called "the most extensive set released comprising of only one film" includes four discs of film and bonus features, a replication of Roosevelt's speech, collectible promotional postcard posters, and a carrying case that resembles a historic photo album. The bonus features include all the features included on the commemorative edition, plus additional footage. Three audio commentaries: 1) Director and film historian, 2) Cast, and 3) Technical staff, features including The Surprise Attack- a multi-angle breakdown of the film's most exciting sequence (30 minutes) --includes video intro by Michael Bay, Multiple video tracks that include pre-visualization and final sequence, Commentaries from veterans, Pearl Harbor Historic Timeline - a set-top interactive feature produced by documentarian Charles Kiselyak (30 minutes), Soldier's Boot Camp - This segment follows the actors as they take preparation for their roles to an extreme (30 minutes)), One Hour Over Tokyo - The History Channel's documentary, Super-8 Montage - A collection of unseen super-8 footage shot for potential use in the movie by Michael Bay's Visual Assistant, Mark Palansky, Deconstructing Destruction - an in-depth conversation among filmmakers with interactive industrial light and magic sequences, and Nurse Ruth Erickson interview.-->

On 19 December 2006 a 65th Anniversary Commemorative Edition high-definition Blu-Ray Disc was released.

References

Bibliography

• Husband E. Kimmel. Kimmel's Story. Washington, D.C.: Henry Regnery Co., 1955.
• Sunshine, Linda and Felix, Antonia, eds. Pearl Harbor: The Movie and the Moment. New York: Hyperion, 2001. ISBN 0-7868-6780-9.
• Winchester, Jim, ed. Aircraft of World War II (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books, 2004.

External links

• Official site
• Pearl Harbor at IMDb
• Pearl Harbor at Rotten Tomatoes
• Pearl Harbor at Box Office Mojo
• Pear Harbor at AllMovie