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==Chief of the Imperial General Staff==
==Chief of the Imperial General Staff==
Ironside became [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] in September 1939 when he replaced General [[John Gort, 6th Viscount Gort|Lord Gort]] who had been sent to [[France]] as head of the [[British Expeditionary Force]] at the outbreak of [[World War II]]. In November 1939 he was appointed to the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]],<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34738|startpage=7799|date=[[21 November]] [[1939]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34834|startpage=2382|date=[[23 April]] [[1940]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34873|startpage=3608|date=[[14 June]] [[1940]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Ironside himself was sent to France in May 1940 to liaise with the BEF and the French in an attempt to halt the German advance. On [[May 20]], he had a lucky escape when his [[Calais]] hotel suffered a direct hit from a German bomb and he was blown out of bed. On his return to Britain, a [[British anti-invasion preparations of World War II|German invasion of Britain]] seemed imminent, so Ironside was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief of Home Forces]] but was replaced in July that year. In 1941, he was raised to the peerage (in the [[New Year Honours]]),<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35029|supp=yes|startpage=1|date=[[31 December]] [[1940]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> and retired from active service, although as a Field Marshal he remained in nominal service until his death.
Ironside became [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] in September 1939 when he replaced General [[John Gort, 6th Viscount Gort|Lord Gort]] who had been sent to [[France]] as head of the [[British Expeditionary Force]] at the outbreak of [[World War II]]. In November 1939 he was appointed to the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]],<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34738|startpage=7799|date=[[21 November]] [[1939]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34834|startpage=2382|date=[[23 April]] [[1940]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=34873|startpage=3608|date=[[14 June]] [[1940]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Ironside himself was sent to France in May 1940 to liaise with the BEF and the French in an attempt to halt the German advance. On [[May 20]], he had a lucky escape when his [[Calais]] hotel suffered a direct hit from a German bomb and he was blown out of bed. On his return to Britain, a [[British anti-invasion preparations of World War II|German invasion of Britain]] seemed imminent, so Ironside was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief of Home Forces]] but was replaced in July that year. In 1941, he was raised to the peerage (in the [[New Year Honours]]),<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=35029|supp=yes|startpage=1|date=[[31 December]] [[1940]]|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> and retired from active service, although as a field marshal he remained in nominal service until his death.


Lord Ironside died in London on [[22 September]] [[1959]].
Lord Ironside died in London on [[22 September]] [[1959]].


[[Image:Stachiewicz Ironside.jpg|thumb|250px|Ironside (centre) with Polish chief of staff General [[Wacław Stachiewicz]] (left)]]
[[Image:Stachiewicz Ironside.jpg|thumb|250px|Ironside (centre) with Polish Chief of Staff General [[Wacław Stachiewicz]] (left)]]


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
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{{succession box |title=[[Constable of the Tower|Lieutenant of HM Tower of London]] |before=[[Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen]] |after=[[George Milne, 1st Baron Milne]] |years=1931 &ndash; 1933}}
{{succession box |title=[[Constable of the Tower|Lieutenant of HM Tower of London]] |before=[[Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen]] |after=[[George Milne, 1st Baron Milne]] |years=1931 &ndash; 1933}}
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{{succession box| before=Sir [[Charles Harington Harington]] | title=[[Governor of Gibraltar]]| years=1938 &ndash; 1939| after=Sir [[Clive Gerard Liddell]]}}
{{succession box| before=Sir [[Charles Harington Harington]] | title=[[Governor of Gibraltar]]| years=1938 &ndash; 1939| after=Sir [[Clive Gerard Liddell]]}}
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Revision as of 19:00, 26 March 2008

Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside
File:Eironside.jpg
Field Marshal Lord Ironside
Nickname(s)Tiny
AllegianceUnited Kingdom United Kingdom
Service/branch British Army
Years of service1899 - 1941
RankField Marshal
Commands99th Infantry Brigade (1918)
Allied Troops Archangel (1918 - 1919
Ismid Force (1920)
North Persian Force (1921)
Staff College, Camberley (1922 - 1926)
2nd Division (1926 - 1928)
Meerut District, India
Eastern District (1936 - 1938)
Governor and C-in-C, Gibraltar (1938 - 1939)
Inspector-General of Overseas Forces (1939)
CIGS (1939 - 1940)
C-in-C Home Forces
Battles/warsSouth African War
World War I
North Russia Campaign
World War II
Awards[1]Mentioned in Despatches
DSO (1915)
CMG (1918)
KCB (1918)
GCB (1938)
created Baron Ironside of Archangel (1941)
CBE (1952)
Croix de Guerre avec Palme (2nd Class)
Order of St. Vladimir
Order of the Rising Sun, Third class (1922)
Croix d'Officier de la Légion d'Honneur
Grand Croix de la Légion d'Honneur (1946)
For other uses, see Edmund Ironside (disambiguation).

Field Marshal William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside GCB, CBE, CMG, DSO (6 May 1880 - 22 September 1959) was a British soldier who played a significant role as commander of British forces in Persia in 1920-1921. He went on to serve as Chief of the Imperial General Staff during the early part of World War II.

Army career

He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the second child of Surgeon-Major William Ironside, Indian Army and was educated at Tonbridge School, Kent. After Royal Military Academy, Woolwich he was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1899.[2] Later that year he was sent to South Africa and during the Second Boer War worked as a spy.[3] It has been suggested that these experiences later made him the model for Richard Hannay, a character in the novels of John Buchan.[3] He received his firs Mention in Despatches in September 1901.[4]

He was posted to India in 1906,[3] promoted to captain in 1908,[5] followed by a further South African posting,[3] where he served as a Staff Captain[6][7] and Brigade Major,[8] he returned home in late 1912,[9] and attended Staff College in 1913,[10] where he was apparently a rather disruptive student.[3] On the outbreak of the First World War he was sent to France, where he served on the Western Front, initially as a Staff Captain.[11] He was appointed a General Staff Officer, Grade 3 in November 1914,[12] and attached to 6th Division,[3] promoted to Grade 2 in February 1915,[13] and Grade 1 (and temporary lieutenant-colonel) in March 1916 (made a brevet rank that year's King's Birthday Honours).[14][15] With this promotion he was transferred to the 4th Canadian Division and fought with them at Vimy Ridge and Passchendaele.[3] He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in the 1915 King's Birthday Honours.[16] In 1918 he briefly served as Commandant of the Small Arms School[17] before being appointed to command 99th Infantry Brigade as a temporary brigadier-general.[3][18][19]

Ironside was sent to Arkhangelsk in north-west Russia in 1918,[20] and placed in command of the Allied army fighting against the Bolsheviks. The war, fought on permafrost, was very difficult and involved British, Canadian, French, Italian and American soldiers who were greatly outnumbered. Ironside was popular with his men, with stories, due to his large size, of having crushed a Boer soldier with his arms, in the Boer War. The Red Army managed eventually to gain a superior position in the Civil War and in autumn 1919 he was forced to abandon the White Army to their fate.[21] Ironside was made a Knight Commander of the Bath,[22] and promoted to substantive major-general[23] for his efforts.

In 1920 he served with British forces in Izmit, Turkey. He commanded some 6,000 British troops in Persia (NORPERFORCE) with headquarters in Qazvin from 4 October 1920 to 18 February 1921. His four and a half months in Persia were known primarily for two accounts. First, his role in the discharge of more than a hundred Russian officers and NCOs of the Cossack Division and their replacement by Persians under the command of Reza Khan, founder of the Pahlavi dynasty; and second, his encouragement of Reza Khan's coup d'état of 1921. On each occasion Ironside acted on his own responsibility without authority from London. He distrusted Russian loyalties after the 1917 Revolution and with the assistance of Herman Norman, the British Minister in Tehran, persuaded the Shah to dismiss the Cossack Division's commanding officer, and every Russian under him. It was also Ironside who selected Lieutenant Colonel Reza Khan as the Russian's successor. The appointment was based on the advice of a British officer friend, attached to the Cossacks for a short time, and after several visits to their camp near Qazvin where he was much impressed by the Persian contingent. Ironside's decision "to let the Cossacks go" was, according to his diary, because he wanted a strong military commander in the capital to save the country from the Bolsheviks and chaos and safeguard the imminent withdrawal of NORPERFORCE from Persia. In return, Reza Khan promised not to hinder British withdrawal or depose the Shah.

Ironside was given the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun, Third Class in 1922.[24] He was Commandant of the Staff College from 1922–1926.[3][25][26] In 1926 he was appointed to command 2nd Division, holding the appointment until 1928.[3][27][28] He commanded Meerut district in India from 1928–1931[3][29][30] before he was appointed Lieutenant of HM Tower of London in July 1931,[31] and held the post until September 1933.[32] He returned to India as Quartermaster General from October 1933[33] until he was appointed head of Eastern Command in 1936.[34] He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 1938 King's Birthday Honours,[35] and served as Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Gibraltar (1938-39).[36] In June 1939 he was made a knight of the Venerable Order of Saint John.[37]

Chief of the Imperial General Staff

Ironside became Chief of the Imperial General Staff in September 1939 when he replaced General Lord Gort who had been sent to France as head of the British Expeditionary Force at the outbreak of World War II. In November 1939 he was appointed to the Army Council,[38][39][40] Ironside himself was sent to France in May 1940 to liaise with the BEF and the French in an attempt to halt the German advance. On May 20, he had a lucky escape when his Calais hotel suffered a direct hit from a German bomb and he was blown out of bed. On his return to Britain, a German invasion of Britain seemed imminent, so Ironside was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Home Forces but was replaced in July that year. In 1941, he was raised to the peerage (in the New Year Honours),[41] and retired from active service, although as a field marshal he remained in nominal service until his death.

Lord Ironside died in London on 22 September 1959.

Ironside (centre) with Polish Chief of Staff General Wacław Stachiewicz (left)

Further reading

  • High Road to Command: The Diaries of Major-Gen. Sir Edmund Ironside 1920–1922 Edmund Ironside, Cooper, 1972
  • The British Field Marshals 1736-1997, Tony Heathcote, Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 1999, ISBN 0-85052-696-5

Official despatches

  • "No. 31850". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 2 April 1920. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Operations carried out by the Allied Forces under my Command during the period from 1st October, 1918, to 11th August, 1919
  • "No. 31850". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 2 April 1920. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Operations carried out by the Allied Forces under my Command during the period from 11th August, 1919, to 27th September, 1919.

References

  1. ^ British Army Officers 1939-1945 - I
  2. ^ "No. 27095". The London Gazette. 4 July 1899. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cairns, John C (2004 (Online edition October 2007)). "'Ironside, (William) Edmund, first Baron Ironside (1880–1959)'" (subscription required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34113. Retrieved 2008-01-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ "No. 27353". The London Gazette. 10 September 1901. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  5. ^ "No. 28119". The London Gazette. 13 March 1908. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ "No. 28188". The London Gazette. 23 October 1908. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ "No. 28191". The London Gazette. 3 November 1908. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ "No. 28268". The London Gazette. 6 July 1909. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ "No. 28665". The London Gazette. 22 November 1912. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ "No. 28688". The London Gazette. 7 February 1913. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ "No. 28879". The London Gazette. 25 August 1914. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ "No. 29096". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 20 November 1914. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ "No. 29096". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 9 March 1915. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ "No. 29519". The London Gazette. 24 March 1916. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ "No. 29608". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 2 June 1916. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "No. 29202". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 22 June 1915. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ "No. 30526". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 12 February 1918. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ "No. 30653". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 23 April 1918. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ "No. 30943". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 8 October 1918. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ "No. 31023". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 19 November 1918. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ "No. 31666". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 28 November 1919. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  22. ^ "No. 31488". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 1 August 1919. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ "No. 31764". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 30 January 1920. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ "No. 32600". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 6 February 1922. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ "No. 32686". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 28 April 1922. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ "No. 33160". The London Gazette. 7 May 1926. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ "No. 33212". The London Gazette. 19 October 1926. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "No. 33441". The London Gazette. 23 November 1928. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "No. 33481". The London Gazette. 29 March 1929. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  30. ^ "No. 33748". The London Gazette. 28 August 1931. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ^ "No. 33734". The London Gazette. 10 July 1931. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "No. 33980". The London Gazette. 22 September 1933. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ^ "No. 34003". The London Gazette. 8 December 1933. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ "No. 34282". The London Gazette. 8 May 1936. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ "No. 34518". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 7 June 1938. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "No. 34568". The London Gazette. 8 November 1938. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ "No. 34639". The London Gazette. 23 June 1939. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ "No. 34738". The London Gazette. 21 November 1939. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ "No. 34834". The London Gazette. 23 April 1940. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ "No. 34873". The London Gazette. 14 June 1940. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  41. ^ "No. 35029". The London Gazette (invalid |supp= (help)). 31 December 1940. {{cite magazine}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Honorary titles
Preceded by Lieutenant of HM Tower of London
1931 – 1933 		Succeeded by
Government offices
Preceded by Governor of Gibraltar
1938 – 1939 		Succeeded by
Military offices
Preceded by Chief of the Imperial General Staff
1939–1940 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
 Commander-in-Chief of Home Forces
1940 		Succeeded by
Peerage of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
New Creation
 Baron Ironside
1941–1959 		Succeeded by

Template:Chief of the Imperial General Staff

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