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Nazis expelled from greece aren't "the persecuted". Likewise neither should fleeing oppressive communists be called "the persecuted" .
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Removed another offensive "persecution" reference. Communists were persecuters not the persecuted
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|location= Toronto
|location= Toronto
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|pages= 9}} </ref> By 1945 the [[Second World War]] had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of the Second World War over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the Germans, Italians, Bulgarians or [[ELAS]] was determined by the geopolitical position of each village. Depending upon whether their village was vulnerable to attack by the Greek communist guerrillas or the occupation forces, the peasants would opt to support the side in relation to which they were most vulnerable. In both cases, the attempt was to promise "freedom" (autonomy or independence) to the formerly persecuted Slavic minority as a means of gaining its support.<ref>John S. Koliopoulos. Plundered Loyalties: World War II and Civil War in Greek West Macedonia. Foreword by C. M. Woodhouse. New York: New York University Press. 1999. p. 304. </ref>
|pages= 9}} </ref> By 1945 the [[Second World War]] had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of the Second World War over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the Germans, Italians, Bulgarians or [[ELAS]] was determined by the geopolitical position of each village. Depending upon whether their village was vulnerable to attack by the Greek communist guerrillas or the occupation forces, the peasants would opt to support the side in relation to which they were most vulnerable.


==Civil War==
==Civil War==

Revision as of 00:28, 21 October 2008

Exodus of the Ethnic Macedonians from Greece
Егзодус на етничките Македонци од Грција
Egzodus na etničkite Makedonci od Grcija
Child Refugees being evacuated over the Greco-Albanian border.
Active1945 - 1949
CountryFrom  Greece through
 Albania and to
 SFR Yugoslavia (North Macedonia People's Republic of Macedonia)
and the Eastern Bloc
TypeMass evacuation and exodus
SizeOver 100,000 people including 30,000 Child Refugees
Nickname(s)Децата бегалци/The Refugee Children
Anniversaries1988, 1998, 2003,
2008 (60th anniversary)

Ethnic Macedonian refugees from the Greek Civil War also known as
The exodus of ethnic Macedonians from Greece [1][2] (Macedonian: Егзодус на етничките Македонци од Грција, Egzodus na etničkite Makedonci od Grcija) refers to the thousands of Ethnic Macedonians (Aegean Macedonians) who were evacuated, fled or expelled during the Greek Civil War in the years 1945 to 1949. The bulk of these were the Refugee children or Deca Begalci, (Macedonian: Деца бегалци, Deca Begalci)[3][4] whose parents fought with the communist Democratic Army of Greece and Communist Party of Greece. Of the estimated 100,000 ethnic Macedonians who left Greece it is estimated that between 28,000 and 32,000 children were evacuated from the Civil War.[5][6][1][4][7][8][9]. Many partisans, Ethnic Macedonians and other refugees were also expelled or fled following the collapse of the Democratic Army of Greece. Ethnic Macedonian sources put the number of Macedonians who fled from Greece at 213,000.[10]

Background

There had been a Slavic presence in the geographic region of Macedonia since the 7th century when the area was invaded by Slavic tribes. By the 20th century there was a strong Bulgarian presence throughout the region of Macedonia, a Greek one in the south and a Serbian presence in the north. The Ottoman Empire identified population groups based on religious orientation.[11] (see Millet) The people in Macedonia, at that time a roughly defined region, that were under the jurisdiction of the Greek Patriarchate (Greek Orthodox Church) were thus considered to be "Greek". Those under the Bulgarian Exarchate (Bulgarian Orthodox Church), which was founded in 1870, were thus considered to be "Bulgarian". There was much Bulgarianisation in southern Macedonia but it was ultimately Greece who would gain control of the area after the Balkan Wars. After the Balkan Wars in 1913 when Greece took control of southern Macedonia it began an official policy of forced assimilation (Hellenization) which included the settlement of Greek refugees and Pontic Greeks from other regions into southern Macedonia, as well as the linguistic and cultural Hellenization of Slav speakers. [12] which continued even after the First World War.[13]

File:NOF Cavalry.jpg
Ethnic Macedonian cavalry - fighting in the Greek Civil War

Pro-communist sentiment had been brewing in Greece since the First World War and increased during the repressive Metaxas regime. During the Second World War many people in Greek Macedonia joined or sympathized with the Communist Party of Greece. Among the Greek majority were also ethnic Macedonians, Aromanians, Bulgarians and Turks. An armed wing was soon formed it was called the National Liberation Front (Greece), this was followed by an ethnic Macedonian organisation the Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) (Macedonian: Славјано Македонски Народно Ослободителен Фронт (СНОФ), Latinic: Slavjano Мakedonski Narodno Osloboditelen Front (SNOF)) which fought for the Communist Party of Greece. This organisation operated from 1943 to 1945. Other people also joined the Greek People's Liberation Army or collaborative pro-axis organisations such as Ohrana. The National Liberation Front (Greece) with the help of the Communist Party of Greece had helped to expell the German invaders. It was from this period that some Slav-speakers in Greece who had referred to themselves as "Bulgarians" increasingly began to indentify as "Macedonians".[14] By 1945 the Second World War had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of the Second World War over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the Germans, Italians, Bulgarians or ELAS was determined by the geopolitical position of each village. Depending upon whether their village was vulnerable to attack by the Greek communist guerrillas or the occupation forces, the peasants would opt to support the side in relation to which they were most vulnerable.

Civil War

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Many Aegean Macedonians joined the struggle on the side of the Greek Communist Party and a succesor organisation to SNOF was founded. The National Liberation Front was founded by Ethnic Macedonians. Backing from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Socialist People's Republic of Albania helped the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) to continue their struggle. The DSE heavily recruited Ethnic Macedonians from the Greek region of Macedonia. It has been estimated that out of DSE's 20,000 fighters, 14,000 were Slavic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia.[15] Given their important role in the battle[16], KKE changed its policy towards them. At the fifth Plenum of KKE on January 31 1949, a resolution was passed declaring that after KKE's victory, the Slavic Macedonians would find their national restoration within a united greek state.[17]. Although the Ethnic Macedonians had made a critical contribution to the war effort of KKE[18] their contribution was not enough to turn the tide.

The tide turns

By the spring of 1947 the communist forces controlled much of the Greek countryside but had yet to achieve significant cupport in the cities. Many people believed that socialism was the only option for them and did not wish to live under a non-communist Greece. Many people began to leave Greece and take their children with them, This process included both Greeks and Ethnic Macedonians. Eventually many people began to flee from Greece or were expelled by the ensuing Greek Army. By 1948 the pro-Tito forces in the National Liberation Front had fled to Yugoslavia despite this Ethnic Macedonians continued to make up over 30% of the KKE's fighting force. [8] In the ensuing aftermath the Greek Army began to consolidate its control on Greek Macedonia. Many villages were destroyed in the fighting and the displaced villagers often fled the country through Albania and onto Yugoslavia. One case is the village of Babčor in the Kastoria region which was eliminated by US bombers in 1948 thus displacing hundreds of people.[19] Towards the end of 1947, ELAS made an appeal to the governments of the people's republics in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to offer refuge, or at least on a temporary basis, to the children from increasingly exposed areas of Aegean Macedonia [20]. By this time ELAS effectively only controlled areas of Northern Greece where ethnic Macedonians made up the majority of the population. [20]

Harassment and seizure of citizenship and property

Over the course of the war thousands of Aegean Macedonians had were killed, imprisoned or had their land confiscated.[4][21] The headquartes of the Democratic Army in Greece reported that from mid-1945 to May 20, 1947, in Western Macedonia alone, 13,259 were tortured, 3,215 were imprisoned and 268 were executed without trial. In the same period 1,891 had been burnt down and 1,553 had been looted and 13,553 Macedonians had been resettled by force.[7] Of the many ethnic Macedonians who were imprisoned many would often form their own groups within the prisons.[22] It is claimed that the Greek Prison Camps were located on the islands of Ikaria and Makronis, the Averov jail near Athens and the jails in Salonica and Larisa near the Volos peninsula. It was here that Ethnic Macedonians were tortured, killed and imprisoned.[7]

In 1947 the legal act L-2 was issued. This meant that all people who had fought against the Greek government and left Greece would have their citizenship confiscated and were banned from returning to the country. On January 20, 1948 the legal act M was issued which allowed the Greek government to confiscate the property of those who were stripped of their citizenship. [7][23]

Deca Begalci

Children Refugees fleeing across the border

On March 4th 1948, "Radio Free Greece" announced that all children under the age of 15 would be evacuated from areas under communist control. The older women were instructed to take the children across the border to Yugoslavia and Albania, while the younger women took to the hills with the partisans. Widows of dead partisans soon became surrogate mothers for the children and assisted them in their journey to the Eastern Bloc. Many people also had their children evacuated By 1948 scores of children had already died from malnutrition, dieasease and injuries. [20]It is estimated that 8,000 children left the Kastoria area in the ensuing weeks.[19] The children were sorted into groups and made way for the Albanian border. The partisan carers (often young women and men) had to help and support the children as they fled the Civil War.

Thousands of Greek, Ethnic Macedonian and Aromanian children were evacuated from the Areas under communist control. Although a United Nations Special Committee on the Balkans (UNSCOB) report confirms that villages with an ethnic Macedonian population were far more willing to let their children be evacuated.[20] They are now known as the Decata Begalci ([Децата бегалци] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) or the Refugee Children[24]. It is estimated that from 28,000 children to 32,000 children were evacuated in the years 1948 and 1949.[25][20] The majority of the children sent to the Soviet Bloc had an Ethnic Macedonian origin and spoke their native Slav vernacular. [20] Exceptions were made for children under the age of three who stayed with their mothers while the rest should be evacuated. Many of these children were spread throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc by 1950 there were 5,132 children in Romania, 4,148 in Czechoslovakia, 3,590 in Poland, 2,859 in Hungary, 2,660 in Bulgaria and 2,000 had been evacuated to Bulgaria.[26][20]

Evacuations following the Communist defeat

By early 1949 the situation for the communists had become dire. The exodus of Macedonians from Aegean Macedonia continued in the aftermath of the Second World War and the Greek Civil War [27]. The Greek-Yugoslav border was closed and daily groups of refugees were fleeing across the Albanian border. From here they would disperse into the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Many of the partisans did not survive the ensuing journey with many perishing. Most of these were partisans and communist fighters. They were stirred on by the hope of fighting for the Greek Communist Party in other parts of the balkans. Many others were refugees whose homes and buisness' had been destroyed by the fighting. Others still were expelled by the Government forces. Thousands fled across the border before the Greek government re-established control in former Communist held teritory.

Thousands of refugees began to flee across the Eastern Bloc. Many ended up in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and across the Eastern Bloc. Thousands left for Australia, the United States and Canada.[28] This largely increased the size of the Macedonian diaspora and sent the Child Refugees across the world. This process separated many families permanently with brothers and sisters often separated from each other. It was common for mothers to lose contact with their children and never to see them again.[19] The most visible effect of the Civil War was the mass emigration. [29]

Establishment of the Refugees overseas

Many of the refugee children were placed in Evacuation camps across Europe. They often ended up in places from Poland, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. The largest group was to end up in Yugoslavia. Here special evacuation camps and Red Cross field hopsitals were set up for the children. Most were placed in the Socialist Rpeublic of Macedonia. Over 2,000 homes were prepared for the children in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. and many were placed into foster care rather than into orphanages and evacuation camps. Across the Eastern Bloc the Ethnic Macedonian refugees were tought the newly codified Macedonian language and the host countries language, many often learned Russian.

Yugoslavia

Approximately half of all the refugees would find themsleves in the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia. The original refugees came directly to Yugoslavia while later refugees had to pass through Albania after the border was closed. The majority of the refugees were settled in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia while many were settled in the Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, where Macedonians still constitue a minority today. The Yugoslav branch of the Red Cross was able to settled 11,000 children across Yugoslavia. Throughout Yugoslavia room was made in specially designed homes by the Red Cross for the refugees. The Ten homes held approximately 2,000 children. The remaining 9,000 were placed with families in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.[20]

Socialist Republic of Macedonia

Most of the post-World War Two refugees came to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. This was for obvious reasons such as the short distance between the borders of Greece and Yugoslavia, another reason was the safety offered in the north ward bound German and Bulgarian Armies which were being pulled out of Greece. Soon the flow of people reversed and many Ethnic Macedonians from Yugoslavia entered Greece with the hope of aiding the National Liberation Front. The amount of child refugees and partisans from the Greek Civil War was the largest in the Soclialist Republic of Macedonia. Upon crossing the Yugoslav border many children were kept in the closest villages before being relocated to larger centres such as Skopje and Bitola. These were joined by thousands more refugees, partisans and expelees until the border with Yugoslavia was closed. From then on refugees had to enter the country via Albania.

The Aegean Macedonian refugees were primarily settled in deserted areas across Macedonia. A large proportion went to the Tetovo and Gostivar areas.[30] Another large group was to settle in Bitola and the surrounding areas. They eventually joined mainstream Macedonian society. Many were educated and today are well off. Although many have never returned to Greece they are still proud of their Aegean Macedonian identity;. Many continue speaking their native dialects even when it may not be spoken in Greece any more. The Republic of Macedonia has been the centre of the Ethnic Macedonian refugees from the Greek Civil War. Modest estimates put the number of refugees and their descendants at over 50,000 people.[8]

Vojvodina

Vojvodina became the host to one of the largest refugee populations across the Eastern Bloc. In Vojvodina a special ex-German camp was set up for the refugees, Buljkes. Most of these refugees were ELAS members and the so called "Greek Commune" was established. Although many were Greeks, it is know that a large proportion of the "Greeks" were infact Slav Macedonians.[31] It is claimed that the ethnic Macedonian population of the camp was infact he majority there.[32][33] The first group of refugees to come to Buljkes was from Kumanovo on May 25th, 1945. The group included 1454 refugees, mainly partisans. By June 1945 another group of 2,702 refugees had been transferred to Vojvodina. By 1946 the total population of Buljkes had reached 4,023 people. In the spring of 1946 a group of Ethnic Macedonians numbering around 250 people hade left the camp. [34] Of the remaining Macedonians in Vojvodina at this time many left for the Czechoslovakia or were at their request were resettled in the People's Republic of Macedonia.[35]

Eastern Europe

Wherever the evacuees found themselves across the Eastern bloc special provisions were made for them. Across the Eastern Bloc the Ethnic Macedonian refugees were tought the newly codified Macedonian language and the host countries language, many often learned Russian. [36] A large proportion of the child refugees eventually found foster parents in the host country while many of the others were eventually transported back to Yugoslavia especially from 1955 when Yugoslavia made efforts to attract the child refugees.[23] By the 1970s hundreds of refugees had returned to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia from the Soviet Union. Most notably from the clusters of refugees in Tashkent and Alma Ata.

Romania

A large evacuation camp was established in the Romanian town of Tulgheş. It was here that many of the younger children were reunited with their parents.[19] It is thought that 5,132 children were evacuated to Romania along with 1,981 men and 1,939 women. The group of children evacuated was the largest in Romania. Here in Romania the most provisions were set up for them across the entire Eastern Bloc, excluding Yugoslavia. This group of children would go on to form the recognised minority group of Macedonians in Romania.

Poland

Another large group of Refugees of around 10,000 found their way to the Lower Silesia area in Poland. This group included both Greeks and Ethnic Macedonians.[37] On 25th October a group of refugee children originally sent to Romania were relocated to Poland, a proportion of these found their way to Lądek-Zdrój. Facilitie in Poland were well staffed and modern with assistance from the Red Cross. Many of these remained in the Lower Silesia area while a large proportion was eventually spread across Southern and Central Poland. A large proportion ended up leaving Poland, for Yugoslavia and the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.

Czechoslovakia

The first refugee children to come to Czechoslovakia were at first quarantined, bathed and placed into an old German camp. Here the refugee children were given food and shelter as they were sorted into age groups. Surrogate mothers from Macedonia were assigned to the younger children while the older children were placed into school. The Czech teachers who were trained in psychology did their best to train the children. In Czechoslovakia they were taught Czech, Greek, Macedonian and Russian. Friction between the Greek and ethnic Macedonian children led to the relocation of the Greek children. Eventually the children were joined by older Partisans and ex-communist members. By 1950 and estimated 4,000 Males, 3,475 females and 4,148 children had been evacuated to Czechoslovakia[38] By 1960 a Macedonian community had been established in Czechoslovakia. Unlike in other communist states the majority of the refugees had chosen to remain in Czechoslovakia. In the early 1990's a branch of the Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia was founded in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia.[39]

Bulgaria

Although the People's Republic of Bulgaria originally accepted very few refugees, government policy changed and the Bulgarian government actively sought out Aegean Macedonian refugees. It is estimated that approximately 2,500 children were sent to Bulgaria and 3,000 partisans fled there in the closing period of the war. There was a larger flow into Bulgaria of refugees as the Bulgarian Army pulled out of the Drama-Serres region in 1944. A large proportion of Slavic speakers emigrated there. The "Slavic Comitee" in Sofia (Bulgarian: Славянски Комитет) helped to attract refugees that had settled in other parts of the Eastern Bloc. According to a political report in 1962 the number of political emigrants from Greece numbered at 6,529.[40] . Unlike the other countries in the Eastern Bloc there were no specific organisations founded to deal with specific issues relating to the child refugees, this caused many to cooperate with the "Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia", an association based in the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.[41] Eventually many of these migrants relocated to the Republic of Macedonia with many bieng assimilated into Bulgarian society.

East Germany

It is thought that around 1,200 child refugees found their way to East Germany.[36] It claimed by sources that all of these children were "Greek" but no distinction was made regarding the ethnicity of the children. The were many Ethnic Macedonians and Albanian children who were also sent to East Germany. Unlike the rest of Eastern Europe the Macedonian language was not taught to the children in Germany.

Hungary

A large group of ethnic Macedonians was also evacuated to the People's Republic of Hungary in the years 1946-1949. This included 2,161 males, 2,233 females and 2,859 children.[42] The first group of approximately 2,000 children was evacuated to Hungary and placed into military barracks. Another group of 1,200 partisans was transferred from Buljkes to Hungary.[43] Authorities soon split the groups by the village of origin. They were then "adopted" by the Hungarian community. They were sent across the country but still recieved support from the Red Cross and an education in Hungarian, Macedonian and Russian. Many chose to leave Hungary in search of relatives and family. Others chose to relocate themsleves to Macedonia.

Refugees in the West

A large proportion of the adults who had left Europe ended up in the United States, Canada and Australia. Thousands would go on to establish themselves in the hope of returning to Europe. The 1950s witnessed the arrival of over 2,000 refugee children in Canada alone.[44]

Aftermath

The removal of a large proportion of the population from Greek Macedonia dramatically changed the social and political landscape of the region. Depopulation, repatriation, discrimination and repopulation would all become issues to be resolved in the period following the Greek Civil War

Loss of Citizenship

In 1947 those who had fought the government or who had fled Greece had their citizenship stripped from them. Many of them were barred from re-entering Greece on a permanent or temporary basis. This meant that the exiles and refugees were unable to return to the land of their birth. Many of the refugees remained in Eastern Europe or left for the West. Citizenship was stripped from the evacuees without the fair hearing to an independent tribunal and other internationally accepted protocols for the seizure of citizenship such as legal representation and the opportunity to defend oneself.

In 1982 the Greek government enabled an Amnesty Law. Law 400/76 permitted the return and repatriation of the political refugees who had left Greece during the Greek Civil War. However, the ministerial decree stated that those free to return were “all Greeks by genus who during the Civil War of 1946-1949 and because of it have fled abroad as political refugees”. This excluded many people who were not “Greeks by genus” such as the Ethnic Macedonians and other ethnicities who had fled Greece following the Civil War. Those who identified as something other than “Greek by genus” were not included in the law and were unable to resume their citizenship or property.[45][46]

Depopulation and loss of property

One major effect of the Macedonian exodus from Northen Greece was the effect of depopulation on the region of Greek Macedonia. This was most markedly felt in the Florina, Kastoria, Kozani and Edessa areas where the Communist party was popular and where the largest concentrations of Ethnic Macedonians could be found. Many of these depopulated and devastated villages and confiscated properties were given to people from outside of the area. Vlachs and Greeks were given property in the resettlement programme conducted by the Greek Government from the period 1952-58. [29] Many properties were confiscated from those persons who had fled the war and had their citizenship subesquently stripped from them.

Law 1540/85 of April 10,1985 stated that political refugees could regain property taken by the Greek government as long as they were “Greek by genus”. This excluded many people who were not "Greek by genus".[47][48]

Denial of re-entry to Greece and seizure of citizenship

Citizenship was stripped from the evacuees without the fair hearing to an independent tribunal and other internationally accepted protocols for the seizure of citizenship such as legal representation and the opportunity to defend oneself. This process of seizing citizenship had "historically been used against people identifying as ethnic Macedonians".[49] Despite it applying to all citizens regardless of ethnicity. it has been enforced, in all but one case, only against citizens who identified themselves as members of the "Macedonian" minority.[50] Dual citizens who are stripped of Greek citizenship under Article 20 of the citizenship code are sometimes prevented from entering Greece using the passport of their second nationality.[51] Although since 1998 there have been no new reported cases of this occuring.[52]

Many people who had fled the country were also denied visa for re-entry into Greece. The refugees planned on attending weddings, funerals and other events but were denied access to Greece. These measures were even extended to Australian and Canadian citizens, many of whom have been barred from entering Greece.[53][28] There have been claims that specifically the exiles who left Greece were especially targeted while other nationals from the Republic of Macedonia have had very little problems with entering Greece. The Greek Helsinki Monitor has called on the Greek government to stop using articles of the Citizenship code to deprive, "non-ethnic Greeks", of their citizenship.[54]

Initiatives and Organization

The ex-partisans and Child Refugees have engaged in establishing organisations and institutions regarding the exodus of ethnic Macedonians in Greece and in order to lobby the Greek government to allow their return to Greece and restoration of their Human Rights. The are eight "Deca Begalci" organisations which have been set up by the Refugee Children and the exiled Maceodonians.[55]

The World Re-Union of Refugee Children

The most notable event organised by the Aegean Maceodonian Refugee Children is the Re-union of the Refugee Children or the World Congress of the Refugee Children. The first World Congress of the Refugee Children was held in July, 1988 in the city of Skopje. The second re-union was held in 1998 and the third was in 2003. The most recent and fourth World Congress of the refugee children from Aegean Macedonia began on the 18th of July, 2008.[56] This event gathers Child Refugees from all over the world. Many participants from Romania, Canada, Poland, the Czech Republic, Australia, the United States and Vojvodina attend the event.

The First International Reunion of Child Refugees of Aegean Macedonian took place in Skopje between the 30th Juna and 3rd July. At the reunion the Association of Child Refugees from Aegean Macedonia adopted a resolution urging the Greek government to allow Macedonian political refugees who left Greece after the Greek Civil War to return to Greece. In addition a large rally was held in Juna 1988 by the refugees who were forced to leave Greece in 1948. This was repeated again on August 10th 1988, the 75th anniversary of the Partition of Macedonia.[57]

The second world reunion was planned with the help of the Rainbow Party[28] which has been involved in coordinating the event and reuniting many people with relatives which are still living in Greece. The World Reunion of 1998 involved a visit to the Republic of Greece organised by the Aegean Macedonians living in Greece. The World Congress lasted in Skopje from 15 July to the 18th. A historic trip was scheduled for the Greek city of Edessa (Voden) on the 19th. Although 30 people were barred entry from Greece despite having Canadian citizenship, due to their Ethnic Macedonian identity and involvement in Macedonian organisations overseas. [58]

Border Meetings

Since 1980 the tradition of "Border Meetings" between the Aegean Macedonians in Greece and the Republic of Macedonia has continued. By 1994 the meetings were attracting over 5,000 people.[7] These meetings are attended by Aegean Macedonians who are not allowed back into their homeland.

Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia

The Association of Refugee Children from the Aegean part of Macedonia "ARCAM" was founded by the refugee children in 1979 with the intention of reuniting all the former child refugees living throughout the whole world.[59] It has worked closely with The Association of the Macedonians from the Aegean Part of Macedonia. The organisation's main aims were to lobby the greek government in returning citizenship and allowing visas for re-entry into Greece by the exiled Refugee Children. The organisation was established in 1979 and helped to organise the first World Reunion held by the refugee's was held in Skopje. Chapters of ARCAM were soon established in Toronto, Adelaide, Perth, Melbourne, Skopje, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.[60]

Other groups

Other groups founded by the Refugee Children include the Association of the Expelled Macedonians “Aegean”, the Association of the Refugee Children - Republic of Macedonia and the Organization of the Macedonian Descendants from the Aegean Part of Macedonia - Bitola.[61]

Notable Child and Ethnic Macedonian refugees

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Macridge, Peter A. (1997). Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity Since 1912. Berg Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 1859731384. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Multicultural Canada
  3. ^ Keith, Brown (2003). The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation. Princeton University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0691099952. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ a b c Danforth, Loring M. (1997). The Macedonian Conflict. Princeton University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0691043566. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ [1]
  6. ^ Minahan, James (2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 440. ISBN 0313309841. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e Shea, John (1997). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. MrFarland. p. 116. ISBN 0786402288. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Victoria: Aristoc Press. p. 92. ISBN 0646204629. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Cite error: The named reference "autogenerated1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ Migration Flows in Southeast Europe, a Compendium of National Perspectives, Vladimir Petronijević, 2007
  10. ^ Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.) (1994). Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 6. ISBN 1564321320. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. D P Hupchik
  12. ^ The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. Dennis Hupchik
  13. ^ Human Rights Watch Report on Greece
  14. ^ Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.) (1994). Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 9. ISBN 1564321320. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος. Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια (ISBN 9607213432).
  16. ^ Speech presented by Nikos Zachariadis at the Second Congress of the NOF (National Liberation Front of the ethnic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia), published in Σαράντα Χρόνια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958, Athens, 1958, p. 575.
  17. ^ KKE Official documents,vol 8
  18. ^ "Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943-1949. Andrew Rossos", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 1997) (p. 42)
  19. ^ a b c d Hill, Peter (1989). The Macedonians in Australia. Carlisle: Hesperian Press. p. 32. ISBN 0859051420. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Frucht, Richard (2000). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 599. ISBN 1576078000. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Rossos, Andrew (2007). Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Press. p. 208. ISBN 0817948813. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  22. ^ Voglis, Polymeris (2002). Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners During the Greek Civil War. Berghahn Books. p. 204. ISBN 157181308X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^ a b Poulton, Hugh (2000). Who are the Macedonians?. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 1850655340. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ Brown, Keith (2003). The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation. Princeton University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0691099952. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ Minority Rights Group, Minorities in the Balkans, p. 31
  26. ^ 1996 figures
  27. ^ Petroff, Lilian (1995). Sojourners and Settlers: The Macedonian Community in Toronto to 1940. University of Toronto Press. p. 180. ISBN 0802072402. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ a b c Jupp, James (2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. p. 574. ISBN 0521807891. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ a b Cowan, Jane K. (2000). Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference. Pluto Press. p. 37. ISBN 0745315895.
  30. ^ Marinov, Tchavdar (2004). Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics. Oxford: St Antony’s College, Oxford. p. 5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 19 (help)
  31. ^ Associatian of Social History - The Buljkes Experiment 1945-1949
  32. ^ Bački Maglić (Buljkes) i grčka komuna u Vojvodini prije odlaska u Čehoslovačku 1945–1949 - Marián Sloboda
  33. ^ Hradečný, Pavel (2000). Řecká komunita v Československu, její vznik a počáteční vývoj (1948–1954). Prague: Ústav pro soudobé dějiny AV ČR. p. 44. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ Associatian of Social History - The Buljkes Experiment 1945-1949
  35. ^ Bački Maglić (Buljkes) i grčka komuna u Vojvodini prije odlaska u Čehoslovačku 1945–1949 - Marián Sloboda
  36. ^ a b Troebst, Stefan (2004). Evacuation to a Cold Country: Child Refugees from the Greek Civil War in the German Democratic Republic, 1949–1989. Toronto: Carfax Publishing. p. 3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 54 (help)
  37. ^ Bugajski, Janusz (1993). Ethnic Politics in Eastern Europe: A Guide to Nationality Policies, Organizations, and Parties. Toronto: M.E. Sharpe. p. 359. ISBN 1563242826. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  38. ^ 1996 figures
  39. ^ Greek Deputy Foreign Minister Announces Free Return of Macedonian Political Refugees
  40. ^ Marinov, Tchavdar (2004). Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics. Oxford: St Antony’s College, Oxford. p. 5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 19 (help)
  41. ^ Marinov, Tchavdar (2004). Aegean Macedonians and the Bulgarian Identity Politics. Oxford: St Antony’s College, Oxford. p. 7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 19 (help)
  42. ^ 1996 figures
  43. ^ Associatian of Social History - The Buljkes Experiment 1945-1949]
  44. ^ Petroff, Lilian (1995). Sojourners and Settlers: The Macedonian Community in Toronto to 1940. Toronto: Univesity of Toronto Press. p. 180. ISBN 0802072402. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.) (1994). Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 27. ISBN 1564321320. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  46. ^ Council of Europe- Discriminatory laws against Macedonian political refugees from Greece
  47. ^ Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.) (1994). Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 27. ISBN 1564321320. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ -Council of Europe: Discriminatory laws against Macedonian political refugees from Greece
  49. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Greece, 2007
  50. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Greece,2003
  51. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Greece, 2000
  52. ^ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Greece,1999
  53. ^ Watch 1320 Helsinki, Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (Organization : U.S.) (1994). Denying Ethnic Identity: The Macedonians of Greece. Toronto: Human Rights Watch. p. 27. ISBN 1564321320. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor - PRESS RELEASE
  55. ^ Georgi Donevski Visits the Macedonian Community in Toronto
  56. ^ Macedonian Refugees from Greece Meet
  57. ^ Daskalovski, Židas (1999). Elite Transformation and Democratic Transition in Macedonia and Slovenia, Balkanologie, Vol. III, n° 1. Université de Budapest. pp. Vol. III, juillet 1999, page 20. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  58. ^ Detsa Begaltsi Border Crossing into Greece
  59. ^ Greek Deputy Foreign Minister Announces Free Return of Macedonian Political Refugees
  60. ^ [http://www.mhrmi.org/news/2003/june09_e.asp Greek Deputy Foreign Minister Announces Free Return of Macedonian Political Refugees]
  61. ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor- COMMON STATEMENT OF 11 NGOs ON THE MACEDONIAN REFUGEES AND THE MACEDONIAN MINORITY

External links

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