Muhammad of Ghor: Difference between revisions
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'''Rev:''' Simple rendition of recumbent bull with long snout facing left, Devnagari Legends: ' Sri Mahamada Same ' in arc.]] |
'''Rev:''' Simple rendition of recumbent bull with long snout facing left, Devnagari Legends: ' Sri Mahamada Same ' in arc.]] |
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Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ([[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto]], [[Urdu]]: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also spelled ''Mohammad Ghauri'', originally named '''Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam''' but famously known as '''Muhammad of [[Ghor]]''' (1162-1192), was a governor and general under the [[Ghurids|Ghorid dynasty]]. He was the governor of [[Ghazni]], a province in modern-day [[Afghanistan]] from 1173 to 1192. His ethnic background was |
Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori ([[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto]], [[Urdu]]: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also spelled ''Mohammad Ghauri'', originally named '''Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam''' but famously known as '''Muhammad of [[Ghor]]''' (1162-1192), was a governor and general under the [[Ghurids|Ghorid dynasty]]. He was the governor of [[Ghazni]], a province in modern-day [[Afghanistan]] from 1173 to 1192. His ethnic background was most likely of [[Persian language|Persian]]-speaking Eastern-Iranian [[Tajiks|Tajik]] stock.<ref>[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], "Ghurids", [[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f6/v10f610.html LINK]): ''"... The Ghurids came from the ٹansabānī family. The name of the eponym ٹansabānasb probably derives from the Middle Persian name Wiڑnasp (Justi, Namenbuch, p. 282). [...] <u>Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ghori's in general and the Sansabanis in particular; We can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks</u>"''</ref><ref>[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: ''"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the <u>Gh</u>ūrīs, of eastern Iranian [[Tajiks|Tājik]] stock. ..."''</ref> |
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== Ghori Emipre == |
== Ghori Emipre == |
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Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid Empire. Before 1160, the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] covered an area running from central [[Afghanistan]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with capitals at [[Ghazni]] and [[Lahore]]. In 1160, the Ghorids conquered [[Ghazni]] from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori became governor of the province. In 1186-87 he conquered [[Lahore]], ending the Ghaznavid Empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control. As a result, Ghori managed to push Muslim rule much further east than [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] did. |
Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid Empire. Before 1160, the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] covered an area running from central [[Afghanistan]] to the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], with capitals at [[Ghazni]] and [[Lahore]]. In 1160, the Ghorids conquered [[Ghazni]] from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori became governor of the province. In 1186-87 he conquered [[Lahore]], ending the Ghaznavid Empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control. As a result, Ghori managed to push Muslim rule much further east than [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] did. |
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Revision as of 22:16, 28 January 2009
Obv: Rider bearing lance on caparisoned horse facing right. Devnagari Legends: Sri /hamirah'. Rev: Simple rendition of recumbent bull with long snout facing left, Devnagari Legends: ' Sri Mahamada Same ' in arc.
Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori (Persian, Pashto, Urdu: محمد شہاب الدین غوری), also spelled Mohammad Ghauri, originally named Mu'izzuddin Muhammad Bin Sam but famously known as Muhammad of Ghor (1162-1192), was a governor and general under the Ghorid dynasty. He was the governor of Ghazni, a province in modern-day Afghanistan from 1173 to 1192. His ethnic background was most likely of Persian-speaking Eastern-Iranian Tajik stock.[1][2]
Ghori Emipre
Ghor lay on the western boundary of the Ghaznavid Empire. Before 1160, the Ghaznavid Empire covered an area running from central Afghanistan to the Punjab, with capitals at Ghazni and Lahore. In 1160, the Ghorids conquered Ghazni from the Ghaznavids, and in 1173 Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori became governor of the province. In 1186-87 he conquered Lahore, ending the Ghaznavid Empire and bringing the last of Ghaznavid territory under his control. As a result, Ghori managed to push Muslim rule much further east than Mahmud of Ghazni did.
Muhammad attacked the north-western regions of the Indian Subcontinent two times. The first time he was defeated in the First Battle of Tarain in present-day Haryana, India by Prithviraj Chauhan, the Hindu Rajput ruler of Delhi and Ajmer. He defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second battle of Tarain in 1192 and took him captive to back to Afghanistan where he was blinded as a punishment. Prithviraj Chauhan defeated and blinded decided to commit suicide. Sultan Muhammad Ghori spared the son of Prithviraj Chauhan, Kola, who in turn took the oath of loyalty to Ghori.
After defeating Prithviraj Chauhan, Muhammad of Gaur established an empire, with its capital at Delhi. He controlled much of Northern and central India. Sultan Muhammad Ghori further expressed his intentions of promoting Islam to convert "The Land Of The Idols".
Personal Life
Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori was the brother of the Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad of Ghor. Muhammad Shahab-ud-Din Ghori was a loyal brother. He refrained from declaring his independence in the Indian Subcontinent, knowing that it would result in civil war between the two brothers. Till the death of Ghiyas-ud-din Muhammad in 1202, After every victory Generals of Ghauri would send the best of the looted items to his elder brother in Afghanistan. Ghiyas-ud-din reciprocated by never interfering in the affairs of his younger brother. Thus they were each able to concentrate on their own responsibilities.
Muhammad Ghori had no heirs and thus he treated his slaves as his sons. It is said that he trained thousands of Turkish slaves in the art of warfare and administration. Most of his slaves were given excellent education. During his reign many hardworking and intelligent slaves rose to positions of excellence. Once a courtier lamented; that Sultan has no male heirs. Ghori immediately replied;
Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khutba throughout these territories.
Ghori's prediction proved true when he was succeeded by a dynasty of Turkish Slaves. Upon his death, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, Muhammad Ghori's most capable general who had started of by sacking Ayodhya in 1193 A.D., took control of Muhammad's Indian conquests and declared himself the first Sultan of Delhi thus establishing Sultanate of Delhi in 1206 CE.The most profound effect of Ghori's victory was the establishment of Muslim rule in India which would last for centuries and have great impact on life and culture of South Asia for centuries.
Influence in Modern Politics
In response to India's development of its surface to surface missile Prithvi, (Sanskrit - Earth) though named after one of the 5 elements of nature, Pakistan launched its own missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads on April 6, 1998 called Ghauri - I. It was symbolically named after Sultan Muhammad Ghori, who is highly revered in Pakistan for his Muslim conquest of the Indian Subcontinent[3]. Pakistan has since developed the Ghauri - II and Ghauri - III as well.
See also
References and footnotes
- John Keay (2001). India: A history. Grove Press; 1 Grove Pr edition. ISBN 0-8021-3797-0.
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- ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, (LINK): "... The Ghurids came from the ٹansabānī family. The name of the eponym ٹansabānasb probably derives from the Middle Persian name Wiڑnasp (Justi, Namenbuch, p. 282). [...] Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ghori's in general and the Sansabanis in particular; We can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks"
- ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: "... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the Ghūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock. ..."
- ^ The Geography of War and Peace: From Death Camps to Diplomats by Colin Robert Flint, Publ Oxford University Press US, 2005, p149
Further reading
- Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877 - This online Copy has been posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation; Also find other historical books: Author List and Title List)
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