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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=2895&TTL=The_Gaza_War_and_the_New_Outburst_of_Anti-Semitism The Gaza War and the New Outburst of Anti-Semitism], [http://www.jewishaffairs.org Institute for Global Jewish Affairs]
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5459435.ece Gaza Conflict Fuels Anti-Semitic Attacks across Europe], ''The Times''
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5459435.ece Gaza Conflict Fuels Anti-Semitic Attacks across Europe], ''The Times''
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/world/europe/21france.html Tensions in the Mideast Reverberate in France], ''New York Times''
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/world/europe/21france.html Tensions in the Mideast Reverberate in France], ''New York Times''

Revision as of 08:41, 15 March 2009

Since December 2008, a rise in antisemitic incidents has been reported throughout the worldwide press as a wave of reprisal attacks in response to Israel's operation in the Gaza Strip.[1][2][3][4]

The rise in reported incidents was particularly notable in France and the United Kingdom, countries with large Muslim and Jewish populations.[5] The incidents, which included firebombings and arson of Jewish buildings, attacks on Jewish individuals, defacement of synagogues and vandalism, drew reactions from several governments and non-governmental organizations worldwide. The incidents were condemned by the governments of several countries as well as Jewish and Muslim organisations.

Scale

According to figures released by the Global Forum Against Anti-Semitism, a body affiliated with the Jewish Agency, the number of antisemitic attacks around the world during Israel's three-week military operation against Hamas in Gaza was up more than 300% compared to the same period last year, reaching a two-decade high. More than 250 incidents were reported during the 22-day assault compared to 80 during the same period last year. The bulk of the incidents were carried out in Western Europe and were led by local Muslims. The violent assaults included attacks against both synagogues and Jewish communities, as well as vandalism of privately owned Jewish property.[6][4] The Community Security Trust confirmed that January 2009 was the worst month ever in Britain for antisemitic incidents, in the wake of Israel’s action in Gaza.[7]

A spokesman for the ADL stated that "We have always seen a link between violence in the Middle East to antisemitism but we have never seen anything like what we are seeing now... Not on this scale, not in this intensity."[8] “It has been the worst we’ve ever seen."[9]

Turkey's Jewish community stated that it has never seen anything like the antisemitism which emerged as a result of the public's fury over the situation in Gaza.[10] The head of Oslo's Jewish community spoke of an "explosion of violence" in anti-Jewish protests, the likes of which had never occurred in the past.[11] Silvyo Ovadya, head of the Jewish community of Turkey, noted that "every speech criticizing Israel has a tendency to turn into cries of 'Damn Jews.' I don't recall such an atmosphere previously."[12] In the United Kingdom, the Jewish Chronicle called the outbreak the "worst wave of hate for quarter of a century".[13] The BBC quoted an East London community activist who said that "the level of anger is so great over Gaza - nothing I have ever seen before, much higher than over Afghanistan."[14]

Threats and intimidation

Hamas leader, Mahmoud Zahar, warned that Islamists would kill Jewish children anywhere in the world in revenge for the assault.[1] Joods Actueel, a Belgian Jewish magazine, received a dozen death threats on its website, including a threat to carry out a suicide attack to "avenge the suffering of the Palestinians".[15] British Jews were advised to review their security arrangements after several were identified on Islamist websites as “financial supporters of Israel”.[16] In Turkey, Jews in Istanbul did not want to be identified as Jews and were afraid to walk down the street.[17] In Indonesia, protestors shut down the country's only synagogue, threatening to drive out the country's Jews.[18]

Incidents

This section details incidents of physical attacks against Jewish persons and property, as well as discrimination and antisemitic statements by government officials. More minor incidents such as antisemitic harassment and hate speech in the context of anti-Israel demonstrations were reported in Argentina,[19] Australia,[20] Canada,[21] and Turkey.[11][22] Nazi imagery, offensive to most Jews, and slogans suggesting comparison between the Holocaust and Israel's current actions were used in anti-Israel rallies across Europe. The European Fundamental Rights Agency states that “drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis” is one of several possible manifestations of antisemitism with regard to Israel.[23] Most protesters, however, rejected any accusation of antisemitism.[8] Antisemitic statements have also increased on blogs and internet forums.[24]

Africa

 South Africa

South African Deputy Foreign Minister Fatima Hajaig made allegedly antisemitic comments at a pro-Palestinian rally in Lenasia. She was quoted as saying "They in fact control [America], no matter which government comes in to power, whether Republican or Democratic, whether Barack Obama or George Bush... The control of America, just like the control of most Western countries, is in the hands of Jewish money and if Jewish money controls their country then you cannot expect anything else."[25] A Democratic Alliance spokesperson, who called her comments "bargain-basement conspiracy mongering," said that the Deputy Minister must apologize for her comments or be dismissed from office.[26] Hajaig later apologized for her comments, saying "I conflated Zionist pressure with Jewish influence."[27][28]

Asia

 Indonesia

Islamists marched to the gates of the country's only synagogue stating that "If Israel refuses to stop its attacks and oppression of the Palestinian people, we don't need to defend (the synagogue's) presence here." Protestors threatened to drive out the Jews of Surabaya. The synagogue has been shuttered since.[12]

 Turkey

Anti-Jewish articles appeared in some Turkish newspapers, and openly anti-Semitic graffiti was common. A giant swastika was daubed opposite Istanbul's Israeli Consulate and Jewish symbols were trampled and burned. Jews in Turkey associated the incidents with Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan reaction to the conflict.[29] A sign reading "Jews cannot enter, dogs can" was put at the door of a civic group's office in Eskisehir and removed after a media outcry.[30] Silvyo Ovadya, the head of Musevi Cemaati, Turkey's main Jewish group, said in late January, 2009, that there were several hundred examples of recently published writing with anti-Semitic messages linked to the Gaza conflict. He urged the state to take legal action.[31] Eli Cohen, director-general of the Jewish Agency's Immigration and Absorption Department in Jerusalem said that about 250 Turkish Jews are expected to immigrate to Israel in 2009, more than double the 112 who immigrated in 2008.[32]

 Yemen

In Yemen, Jews were threatened and targeted by locals because of Israel's offensive, and the Yemeni government planned to relocate some Jews to protect them from revenge attacks.[33] Some Jewish children were injured, one seriously, when Muslim students threw stones at them.[34] Anti-Israel protesters also attacked several Jewish homes, smashing windows and pelting them with rocks, and injuring at least one Jewish resident.[35] In February, in a covert operation by the Jewish Agency, a Jewish family from the city of Raida was extricated from Yemen, after suffering from antisemitic attacks and repeated death threats. A grenade had been thrown into the courtyard of the family's home in Raida.[36]

Europe

 Belgium

A Molotov cocktail was thrown at the Beth Hillel Liberal synagogue in Brussels. Rocks and other objects were thrown at a Jewish school. A Jewish home was the subject of an attempted arson.[37] Afterwards, hundreds of protesters tried to march towards the Jewish neighborhood but were held off by police.[38]

 France

Sixty-six antisemitic incidents were reported during the conflict in France, home to Europe's largest Muslim and Jewish populations. Numerous synagogues were attacked with petrol bombs and damaged in various towns.[39] In Toulouse a car was rammed into the gates of a synagogue and set on fire.[40] Leila Shahid, the Palestinian envoy to the European Union, said the “awful incident” was a result of images from Gaza.[41] In Saint-Denis a petrol bomb was thrown at a synagogue which set fire to an adjacent Jewish restaurant.[3] Offensive graffiti was also daubed on synagogues throughout the country. In Paris a rabbi's car was torched,[42] a Jewish student was attacked and stabbed four times by Arab youths[43][44] and a 15-year-old Jewish girl was assaulted by a gang of 10 youths.[45]

 Germany

A Jewish community center in Rostock was daubed and later stoned.[46] In Unna a Jewish Cemetery was vandalized. The Central Council of Jews in Germany reported a significant increase in the number of hate mails and death threats during the conflict.[47]

 Greece

According to the American Jewish Committee, Synagogues in Volos and Corfu as well as the Jewish Cemetery in Athens were vandalized. They also expressed concern that the Greek media had displayed antisemitism in newspapers during the conflict.[23]

 Italy

Italian trade union Flaica-Cub issued a call to boycott Jewish-owned shops in Rome in protest at the Israeli offensive. Rome Mayor Gianni Alemanno said the idea had "an undeniable antisemitic flavor",[48] further charging that the proposal echoed the race laws under fascism in the 1930s. The union denied accusations of antisemitism, and union President Giancarlo Desiderati said the union condemns "any form of antisemitism".[49]

 Netherlands

A Molotov cocktail was thrown at a Jewish-owned building in Amsterdam, following an attempted arson of a Jewish institution in Arnhem. A synagogue in Haaksbergen and a Jewish-owned building in Oss were targeted by stoning.[50] At an anti-Israel demonstration in Utrecht, some demonstrators shouted "Hamas, Hamas, Jews to the gas", a reference to the Holocaust era gas chambers.[51] Two men were convicted in the incident.[52] Dutch MP Harry van Bommel participated in the demonstration, leading to a complaint to the Dutch Justice Ministry accusing the parliamentarian of incitement to hate, violence and discrimination against Jews. According to Ha'aretz, in an online video van Bommel's voice can be heard while protesters chanted. Van Bommel told Haaretz he did not hear the calls, and that he would have left had he heard them.[53][54]

 Sweden

A Jewish burial chapel in Malmö was the target of an arson attack and Jewish center in Helsingborg was set alight twice in three days.[24]

 United Kingdom

The number of antisemitic incidents during the conflict numbered approximately 225, according to the Community Security Trust. This represents eight times the number of incidents recorded in the same period last year.[55] 11 incidents involved physical violence; 13 synagogues were daubed and 20 Jewish buildings other than synagogues were also daubed. More than half the total have been incidents of abuse, both verbal and by email or post.[56] Brondesbury Park Synagogue in Willesden was damaged after an attempted firebombing and a gang of between 15 and 20 youths rampaged in the Jewish district of Golders Green trying to force their way into Jewish restaurants and shops, specifically focusing their abuse on the London Jewish Family Centre; a Jewish motorist was also dragged from his car and assaulted.[57][58] Anti-Semitic graffiti with slogans including 'Kill Jews', 'Jews are scumbags' and 'Jihad 4 Israel' were also sprayed in Jewish areas across London and Manchester.[59][60] Prominent British Jews were advised to review their security arrangements after several were identified on Islamist websites as “financial supporters of Israel”.[61] There was also an article in The Sun with a similar theme written by Glen Jenvey which turned out to be a hoax. [62] Police stepped up security in Jewish neighborhoods, and members of the Jewish community were reported to have fled the country because of safety fears.[63] High-ranking Foreign Office diplomat Rowan Laxton was arrested after allegedly launching an antisemitic tirade in a gym, while watching television reports of the Israeli attack in Gaza.[64] The Metropolitan Police reported four times as many anti-Jewish incidents following the conflict as Islamaphobic events.[65]

North America

 United States

In Chicago, a Molotov cocktail was thrown at the North Side temple in Chicago. The glass doors at Lincolnwood Jewish Congregation were shattered by a brick and "Free Palestine" and "Death to Israel" were spray painted on the building.[66][67] At a Jewish preschool in Camarillo, California, swastikas and anti-Semitic messages written in black marker on its sidewalk and walls.[68]In Irvine, California posters were pasted at Beth Jacob orthodox congregation. One poster proclaimed, "Gaza -- The New Shoah" and a second read, "Hamas Recognises Israeli Genocide." Similar posters were found on the same day at the nearby reform congregation Shir Ha-Ma'alot.[69]

South America

 Bolivia

In La Paz, vandals removed a Star of David from a monument from the Plaza Israel and started spray-painting "plaza Palestina" on Jewish murals.[70]

 Venezuela

The synagogue of the Israelite Association of Venezuela in Caracas was defaced.[71] The synagogue, the city's oldest, was later occupied and ransacked by an armed gang of about 15 men.[72][73] The men also destroyed religious objects and daubed slogans including "Jews get out".[74] Justice Minister Tareck El Aissami said that a city police officer had organized the attack,[75] and eight police officers were arrested in connection with the incident.[76] The synagogue had cancelled services in the preceding weeks because of a feared backlash from the Israeli military operation in Gaza.[77] President Hugo Chavez condemned the attack, suggesting that his political foes were responsible for it.[78] Following arrests and interviews with the suspects, Wilmer Flores Trosel, director of the scientific and investigative police, CICPC, said that robbery not antisemitism had been the motive behind the break in. [79]

Jewish schools were closed for several days due to concern that they would attract anti-Israel demonstrations.[80] Jewish organizations in Venezuela accused President Hugo Chavez, who called Israel's military actions a "holocaust", of being the "invisible hand" behind violence and hate propaganda against Jews.[71][81] According to Jewish community leader, Abraham Levy, "Where we live, the antisemitism is sanctioned... It comes from the president, through the government, and into the media." The government denied allegations of antisemitism in connection with its stance on the conflict.[82]

Reactions

Governments

Asia

 Israel: Israel expressed its concern over the rise in antisemitic attacks and called on world leaders to condemn all forms of incitement and hatred and to hold to account those responsible. Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said that whatever one's opinion of Israel's military operation, it should not be used to legitimize hate and antisemitic incitement.[83]

 Turkey: Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan condemned antisemitism, although Jews living there believed that the language he used during the conflict gave some a license to turn their outrage at Israel's action into racial hatred. In an open letter to Erdogan a group of five US Jewish organizations wrote that Turkish Jews felt threatened, adding: "A connection is clearly perceived between the inflammatory denunciation of Israel by Turkish officials and the rise of antisemitism."[84] However, Erdogan's foreign policy adviser Ahmet Davutoglu told journalists during a briefing on Gaza that "Since the 15th century Turkey has been a safe haven for all religious groups... there is not a single case of antisemitism in Turkey."[10]

Europe

 France: French President Nicolas Sarkozy urged leaders of the Jewish, Muslim and Catholic communities to condemn the incidents,[85] and warned that there would be "zero tolerance" for antisemitic attacks.[39] Interior Minister Michele Alliot-Marie met Muslim and Jewish officials to discuss the tensions and antisemitic slogans heard at anti-Israeli rallies. Prime Minister Francois Fillon said that French authorities would increase their checks on television, radio and the Internet to prevent any hate messages prompted by the conflict in Gaza from spreading.[86]

 Netherlands: Dutch premier Jan Peter Balkenende said that Dutch Muslim and Jewish groups need to work together to ease tensions following a series of apparent antisemitic attacks.[51]

 Poland: Polish Ambassador to Israel Agnieszka Magdziak-Miszewska said that any comparisons between Israel's operation in Gaza and the Holocaust committed by Nazi Germany were "pure antisemitism which cannot be justified."[87]

 Spain: Spanish Foreign Minister Miguel Angel Moratinos warned that criticism of Israel should not take antisemitic undertones. He said "Everyone is free to attend demonstrations," but called for "a lot of caution and prudence." "Antisemitism must be avoided... The Israeli government should be criticised if it used disproportionate force, but without going too far in the sense that everything Jewish or Semitic would need to be unanimously criticised."[88]

 United Kingdom: A group of 40 British MPs issued a parliamentary motion condemning attacks on the Jewish community as a result of the war in Gaza.[89] Member of Parliament Sadiq Khan condemned the incidents, writing "I am sickened at the sight of a swastika daubed on a synagogue in Hertfordshire: outraged that there are children in British cities afraid to go to school in case they get attacked on the way."[90] Liberal Democrat shadow home secretary Chris Huhne said: "The Home Secretary and the police need to stamp on antisemitic crime quickly and firmly."[91] Foreign Office Minister Lord Malloch-Brown condemned the targeting of Jews around the world as a direct result of Israel’s foreign policy.[92] London Mayor Boris Johnson condemned those who had used the Gaza conflict as a platform for antisemitism.[93]

South America

 Argentina: The Argentinian government condemned antisemitic incidents.[19]

 Venezuela: In responding to the desecration of a Caracas synagogue, Foreign Minister Nicolas Maduro called on "all the Venezuelan people, the entire Venezuelan community, to reject these actions, with the same moral force with which we reject the crimes committed against the Palestinian people."[72]

Non-governmental

United States-based Human rights group Human Rights First condemned what it described as a "wave of incidents of antisemitic violence in a number of European countries targeting Jews and Jewish property in apparent backlash to recent events in Gaza." The group stressed that "international events should never a justification for violence targeting individuals or property on account of race, ethnicity, religion, or other similar factors," and urged European governments to speak out against violence targeting Jewish and other communities and to hold the perpetrators accountable.[3]

Muslim groups

The Canadian Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR-CAN), while affirming the right to protest against Israel, categorically condemned anti-Semitic language used by a small number of protesters at rallies against the Israeli assault.[94]

A Muslim umbrella organisation in France, the French Council of the Muslim Faith, condemned all violence and was “determined to strengthen relations with the Jewish community in these difficult times”.[95]

A group of more than twenty prominent British Muslims issued an open letter condemning antisemitic attacks. The letter, intended to be read in mosques across the UK, condemned attacks on "innocent British citizens and the desecration of all places of worship.” It said: “The ongoing killing of Palestinian civilians by Israeli forces has angered us all. However, this does not, and cannot, justify attacks on our fellow citizens of Jewish faith and background here in Britain." The letter was sent to coincide with Friday prayers, to nearly a thousand British mosques.[96][97]

Jewish groups

Abraham Foxman, American director of the Anti-Defamation League, said the Gaza War unleashed a "pandemic of antisemitism". "This is the worst, the most intense, the most global that it's been in most of our memories, and the effort to get the good people to stand up is not easy. All of a sudden, as if the floodgates had been opened, within days an open season had been declared on world Jewry," Foxman said in an address.[98][99]

The Simon Wiesenthal Center stated that the situation in Gaza "spawned a worldwide spike in antisemitism", and condemned threats, attacks on synagogues and verbal incitement. The group "urged Muslim leaders throughout North America, the UK and beyond to condemn calls for violence against Jews around the world."[100]

The head of Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France, an umbrella group of French Jewish organizations, warned that "the conflict should not spread to France," and invited his Muslim counterpart, Mohamed Moussaoui of CFCM to "overcome together" the difficulties.[95]

The president of the European Jewish Congress Moshe Kantor took a different position and claimed that the rise in antisemitic incidents is not related to the Gaza conflict, but to the current economic crisis. In a recent survey of the Anti-Defamation League 31 percent of Europeans in Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Spain and Britain blamed Jews for at least partly for the economic crisis.[101]

Motives

Some commentators have said that antisemites are using the conflict "as an excuse for their racism."[13] People who attacked Jews and synagogues "hated Jews before the start of the conflict and it just gives them a reason or an easy explanation to express this hatred."[102] British Foreign Secretary David Miliband wrote that he was "alarmed at the attempts of extremist voices in the UK to use the conflict to legitimise antisemitic sentiments."[13]

Others believe that, although using antisemitic canards, the provocateurs don't view themselves as antisemitic, but rather as identifying with Palestinians who are victims of Israel.[43] They believe that “the fine line between valid criticism of Israel and anti-Semitism has been dangerously blurred.”[103]

References

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  3. ^ a b c Human Rights First Condemns Antisemitic Backlash Attacks in Europe, humanrightsfirst.org 23-01-2009
  4. ^ a b Jewish Agency: Anti-Semitic acts in Jan. 2009 triple last year's records, Haaretz 25-01-2009
  5. ^ Rise of extremism in London
  6. ^ Highest anti-Semitism rates in 2 decades, Jerusalem Post, 25-01-2009
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  12. ^ a b Jews in Muslim lands anxious over Gaza war, Boston.com, 16-02-2009
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  15. ^ Antwerp Jews receive death threats, expatica.com, 06-01-2009
  16. ^ Adam Fresco, Sean O'Neill and Adam Sage, "Police warn British Jews of revenge attacks", The Times 08-01-2009
  17. ^ 'Scared to be identified as Jews', ynet, 02-01-2009
  18. ^ Jews in Muslim lands anxious over Gaza war, 16-02-2009
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  20. ^ Australian activist sorry for anti-Semitic remarks, JTA, 29-01-2009
  21. ^ The ‘oldest hatred’ lives, from Gaza to Florida, 12-01-2009
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  23. ^ a b AJC Alarmed by Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in Greek Media, American Jewish Committee, January 8, 2009
  24. ^ a b "Jews in Sweden under increasing threat", The Local: Sweden's news in English 07-01-2009
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  28. ^ Jewish board satisfied with Hajaig apology Mail & Guardian
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  33. ^ "Yemen Jews Suffer Gaza Backlash", AHN 15-01-2009
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  35. ^ "Thousands in Lebanon, Turkey protest Gaza attack". Associated Press. 04-01-2009. Retrieved 11-01-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  36. ^ Yossi Melman, Haaretz, and the Associated Press, Jewish Yemenite family arrives in Israel after secret rescue, Haaretz 19-02-2009
  37. ^ "Wave of anti-Semitic acts hit Belgium". JTA. 07-01-2009. Archived from the original on 11-01-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help)
  38. ^ "Anti-Israeli demonstrations in various European cities". EJP. 03-01-2009. Archived from the original on 11-01-2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |archivedate= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  40. ^ Tom Heneghan, "French faith leaders unite against Gaza backlash", Reuters 13-01-2009
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  42. ^ Marc Perelman, Antisemitic Incidents Rise in France as Worry Increases About Ethnic Divisions, Jewish Daily Forward 21-01-2009
  43. ^ a b Katrin Bennhold, Gaza conflict reverberates in France, International Herald Tribune 20-01-2009
  44. ^ Elizabeth Bryant, Jewish, Muslim women bond in France over pastry, San Fransisco Chronicle 22-01-2009
  45. ^ Adam Sage, Anti-Semitic attack on teenage girl in Paris, The Times 08-01-2009
  46. ^ Benjamin Weinthal, German police ban Israeli flags, Jerusalem Post 14-01-2009
  47. ^ Zentralrat der Juden beklagt wachsenden Antisemitismus, Rheinische Post 26-01-2009
  48. ^ Ruth Ellen Gruber, Rome mayor shops Jewish in solidarity, JTA 10-01-2009
  49. ^ Stephen Brown, Italy criticizes call for Jewish boycott over Gaza, Reuters 09-01-2009
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  54. ^ [1] Video of the pro hamas intifada hezbollah expressions during anti Israel demonstration, with Dutch parliament member Harry van Bommel leading. "Hamas, Hamas, Joden aan het gas" ("Hamas, Hamas, Jews to the gas.") can be heard about half way through the clip, and is subtitled.
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  57. ^ Bid to firebomb synagogue as protests grow, Jewish Chronicle, 08-01-2009
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  60. ^ Britain faces abuse backlash, Jewish Chronicle, 30-12-2008
  61. ^ Adam Fresco, Sean O'Neill and Adam Sage, "Police warn British Jews of revenge attacks", The Times 08-01-2009
  62. ^ Sun front-page story on 'terror target' Sir Alan Sugar under investigation
  63. ^ Mark Townsend, Rise in antisemitic attacks 'the worst recorded in Britain in decades': British Jews' safety fears grow after Gaza invasion, Guardian 08-02-2009
  64. ^ Emily Andrews and Tamara Cohen, High-ranking Foreign Office diplomat arrested over anti-Semitic gym tirade, Daily Mail 09-02-2009
  65. ^ MacShane, Dennis, The writing is on the synagogue wall, The Times, February 19, 2009
  66. ^ "Molotov cocktail thrown at North Side temple". 29 December 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  67. ^ "Synagogues defaced in Chicago, Lincolnwood". 10 January 2009. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  68. ^ Gaza conflict means local anti-Semitism, JFS gets new logo, 09-01-2009
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  71. ^ a b Aimee Kligman, How Venezuela and the Middle East are becoming inseparable, Examiner 26-01-2009
  72. ^ a b Synagogue desecrated in Venezuela, BBC, 01-02-2009
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  76. ^ [2], Associated Press (retrieved 13-02-2009)
  77. ^ Adrian Criscaut, Venezuela synagogue vandalized, CNN 31-01-02009
  78. ^ Chavez condemns attack on synagogue, Associated Press 01-02-2009
  79. ^ "Four More Arrested for Caracas Synagogue Attack as 11 Appear in Court"
  80. ^ Matthew Wagner, "Venezuela's Jews close their schools", Jerusalem Post 09-01-2009
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  83. ^ Israel concerned by anti-Semitic attacks in Europe. Associated Press 12-01-2009 (retrieved from the International Herald Tribune)
  84. ^ Turkish Jews fearful of anti-Semitism after Gaza, Ynet, 27-01-2009
  85. ^ Assaf Uni, Sarkozy urges French religious leaders to condemn anti-Semitic incidents, Haaretz 15-01-2009
  86. ^ France on alert for Gaza hate messages, Reuters 16-01-2009
  87. ^ German, Polish ambassadors blast comparisons of Gaza campaign to Holocaust, Jerusalem Post, 19-01-2009
  88. ^ Moratinos warns against anti-Semitism in Spain, monstersandcritics.com, 20-01-2009
  89. ^ MPs urge hate-attack clampdown, Jewish Chronicle, 22-01-2009
  90. ^ Sadiq Khan, No Excuses, Guardian.co.uk 17-01-2009
  91. ^ Chris Greenwood, Surge reported in anti-Semitic attacks, The Independent 12-02-2009
  92. ^ Minister: ‘Israel anger has become attacks on Jews’ 19-01-2009
  93. ^ Boris declares war on racists in Gaza protests, 18-02-2009
  94. ^ "CAIR-CAN condemns anti-Semitic rhetoric". CAIR.
  95. ^ a b Anti-Israel violence erupts across world, Jewish Chronicle, 18-01-2009
  96. ^ Muslims condemn attacks on Jews, Jewish Chronicle, 15-01-2009.
  97. ^ "We unreservedly condemn attacks on the Jewish community". The Guardian. 2009-01-16. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  98. ^ ADL Leader: Gaza War Unleashed 'Pandemic Of Anti-Semitism', Anti-Defamation League 12-02-2009
  99. ^ Tom Brown, US Jewish leader sees "pandemic of anti-Semitism", Reuters 06-02-2009
  100. ^ WIESENTHAL CENTER: GAZA SPAWNS WORLDWIDE SPIKE IN ANTI-SEMITISM, Simon Wiesenthal Center 12-01-2009
  101. ^ EU Jewish leader: Anti-Semitism spurred by economy, not Gaza war, Haaretz 18-02-2009
  102. ^ "Arab-Jewish tensions rise in France", BBC News
  103. ^ Soeren Kern. Anti-Semitism Sweeps Europe in Wake of Gaza Operation, Brussels Journal, 17-01-2009
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