Greenland shark: Difference between revisions
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This shark frequently has a relationship with a parasitic [[copepod]], ''[[Ommatokoita elongata]]'', that attaches itself to the [[cornea]] of the eye and feeds on the shark's corneal tissue; the resulting scar tissue leads to partial [[blindness]] of the shark.<ref>[[Canadian Geographic]]: Searching for a Monster</ref> However, studies show the Greenland shark can probably detect light. The copepod is a whitish-yellow creature that was said to be [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]], but this was proven false by American shark parasitologist George Benz. Some theorize that the function of the copepod is to attract prey for the shark, like a [[fishing lure]]. This is suggested by the fact that these normally sluggish sharks have been found with much faster-moving animals (such as [[squid]]) in their stomachs. However, the theory of copepods acting as fishing lures is weakened by reports by Canadian Researcher William Sommers in Arctic Canada, where he witnessed Greenland sharks snatching caribou from the water's edge. Biologists know little of the shark's reproduction and life cycle, aside from [[ovoviviparous|ovoviviparity]]; its lifespan may be as long as 200 years.<ref>"Somniosus microcephalus" http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 (Accessed 7/1/07)</ref><ref>Florida Museum of Natural History, "Tracking the Mysterious Greenland Shark." http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/innews/greenland2006.html (Accessed 7/1/07)</ref> |
This shark frequently has a relationship with a parasitic [[copepod]], ''[[Ommatokoita elongata]]'', that attaches itself to the [[cornea]] of the eye and feeds on the shark's corneal tissue; the resulting scar tissue leads to partial [[blindness]] of the shark.<ref>[[Canadian Geographic]]: Searching for a Monster</ref> However, studies show the Greenland shark can probably detect light. The copepod is a whitish-yellow creature that was said to be [[bioluminescence|bioluminescent]], but this was proven false by American shark parasitologist George Benz. Some theorize that the function of the copepod is to attract prey for the shark, like a [[fishing lure]]. This is suggested by the fact that these normally sluggish sharks have been found with much faster-moving animals (such as [[squid]]) in their stomachs. However, the theory of copepods acting as fishing lures is weakened by reports by Canadian Researcher William Sommers in Arctic Canada, where he witnessed Greenland sharks snatching caribou from the water's edge. Biologists know little of the shark's reproduction and life cycle, aside from [[ovoviviparous|ovoviviparity]]; its lifespan may be as long as 200 years.<ref>"Somniosus microcephalus" http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 (Accessed 7/1/07)</ref><ref>Florida Museum of Natural History, "Tracking the Mysterious Greenland Shark." http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/innews/greenland2006.html (Accessed 7/1/07)</ref> |
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Recently, the Greenland shark has been regularly observed in the St. Lawrence Estuary, where it swims in deep and shallow water. The Greenland shark in the St. Lawrence is not completely devoid of the parasitic [[copepod]], ''[[Ommatokoita elongata]]'', and a number of specimens without the parasite do show signs of scarring on the cornea. In fact, the population in the St. Lawrence appears to be very visual. The shark |
Recently, the Greenland shark has been regularly observed in the St. Lawrence Estuary, where it swims in deep and shallow water. The Greenland shark in the St. Lawrence is not completely devoid of the parasitic [[copepod]], ''[[Ommatokoita elongata]]'', and a number of specimens without the parasite do show signs of scarring on the cornea. In fact, the population in the St. Lawrence appears to be very visual. The first shark observed by [[GEERG]] researchers in the St. Lawrence was a large and slow-moving female. <ref>"GEERG: The Greenland Shark" http://www.geerg.ca/gshark1.htm (Accessed 7/5/08)</ref> |
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==Greenland sharks as food== |
==Greenland sharks as food== |
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==Inuit legends== |
==Inuit legends== |
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The shark is not considered to be dangerous to humans, though there are [[Inuit]] legends of the fish attacking kayaks. <ref>[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/innews/knifekill2003.htm Skipper Uses Knife To Kill 600-Kilo Shark<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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== Research == |
== Research == |
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The Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group (GEERG), led by Canadian |
The Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group (GEERG), led by Canadian researchers Jeffrey Gallant and Dr. Chris Harvey-Clark, has been studying the Greenland shark in the [[Saguenay River|Saguenay Fjord]] and [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence|St. Lawrence Estuary]] since 2001. The Greenland shark has repeatedly been documented (captured or washed ashore) in the Saguenay since at least 1888<ref>"GEERG: The Greenland Shark" http://www.geerg.ca/gshark1.htm (Accessed 7/5/08)</ref>. Accidental captures and strandings have also been recorded in the St. Lawrence Estuary for over a century. Current research conducted by GEERG involves the study of the behaviour of the Greenland shark by observing it underwater using scuba and video equipment and by placing acoustic and satellite tags (telemetry) on live specimens, however overall very little is known about this mysterious species. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.geerg.ca Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group] |
* [http://www.geerg.ca Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group] |
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{{Selachimorpha|D.}} |
{{Selachimorpha|D.}} |
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Revision as of 14:45, 15 April 2009
| Greenland shark | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | S. microcephalus
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| Binomial name | |
| Somniosus microcephalus | |
| File:Greenland Shark DistMap.png | |
| Range of the Greenland shark | |
| Synonyms | |
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Squalus squatina (non Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Template:FixHTML Template:Sharksportal Template:FixHTML
The Greenland shark, Somniosus microcephalus, also known as the sleeper shark, gurry shark, ground shark, grey shark, or by the Inuit Eqalussuaq, is a large shark native to the waters of the North Atlantic Ocean around Greenland and Iceland. These sharks live further north than any other shark species. They are closely related to the Pacific sleeper shark. [1] This is one of the largest species of shark, of comparable dimensions to Great White Shark. Large Greenland Sharks grow to 6.4 meters (21 feet) and 1000 kg (2200 lbs)[2], and possibly up to 7.3 meters (24 feet).[3] It rivals the Pacific sleeper shark (possibly up to 7 meters or 23 feet long) as the largest species in the diverse Dalatiidae family.
Habits and habitat
Greenland sharks are deep-water sharks, living at depths up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), but information has shown that they do inhabit shallower water as they have been filmed in depths as shallow as 8 m (24 ft) in the St Lawrence River . Though famously sluggish when hunted (they can be dragged out of the water with one's bare hands)[citation needed], they feed on agile prey such as fish, and on mammals like seals.[4] The stomachs of a few Greenland sharks have even been found to contain pieces from reindeer, horses, and even parts of a polar bear. An entire reindeer, minus its antlers, was found in the stomach contents of one Greenland shark.[5] Greenland sharks are even cannibalistic, eating each other, because they are immune to each other's toxic flesh.
This shark frequently has a relationship with a parasitic copepod, Ommatokoita elongata, that attaches itself to the cornea of the eye and feeds on the shark's corneal tissue; the resulting scar tissue leads to partial blindness of the shark.[6] However, studies show the Greenland shark can probably detect light. The copepod is a whitish-yellow creature that was said to be bioluminescent, but this was proven false by American shark parasitologist George Benz. Some theorize that the function of the copepod is to attract prey for the shark, like a fishing lure. This is suggested by the fact that these normally sluggish sharks have been found with much faster-moving animals (such as squid) in their stomachs. However, the theory of copepods acting as fishing lures is weakened by reports by Canadian Researcher William Sommers in Arctic Canada, where he witnessed Greenland sharks snatching caribou from the water's edge. Biologists know little of the shark's reproduction and life cycle, aside from ovoviviparity; its lifespan may be as long as 200 years.[7][8]
Recently, the Greenland shark has been regularly observed in the St. Lawrence Estuary, where it swims in deep and shallow water. The Greenland shark in the St. Lawrence is not completely devoid of the parasitic copepod, Ommatokoita elongata, and a number of specimens without the parasite do show signs of scarring on the cornea. In fact, the population in the St. Lawrence appears to be very visual. The first shark observed by GEERG researchers in the St. Lawrence was a large and slow-moving female. [9]
Greenland sharks as food
The flesh of a Greenland shark is poisonous when fresh. This is due to the presence of the toxin trimethylamine oxide, which, upon digestion, breaks down into trimethylamine, producing effects similar to extreme drunkenness. Occasionally, sled dogs that end up eating the flesh are unable to stand up due to the neurotoxins. However, it can be eaten if it is boiled in several changes of water or dried or rotted for some months (as by being buried in boreal ground, exposing it to several cycles of freezing and thawing). It is considered a delicacy in Iceland and Greenland.
Similar toxic effects occur in the related Pacific sleeper shark, but not in most other shark species, whose meat is often consumed fresh [10].
Inuit legends
The shark is not considered to be dangerous to humans, though there are Inuit legends of the fish attacking kayaks. [11]
Research
The Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group (GEERG), led by Canadian researchers Jeffrey Gallant and Dr. Chris Harvey-Clark, has been studying the Greenland shark in the Saguenay Fjord and St. Lawrence Estuary since 2001. The Greenland shark has repeatedly been documented (captured or washed ashore) in the Saguenay since at least 1888[12]. Accidental captures and strandings have also been recorded in the St. Lawrence Estuary for over a century. Current research conducted by GEERG involves the study of the behaviour of the Greenland shark by observing it underwater using scuba and video equipment and by placing acoustic and satellite tags (telemetry) on live specimens, however overall very little is known about this mysterious species.
References
- ^ Jurassic Shark (2000) documentary by Jacinth O'Donnell; broadcast on Discovery Channel, August 5, 2006
- ^ http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Somniosus_microcephalus.html
- ^ http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/GreenlandShark/GreenlandShark.html
- ^ "Canadian Geographic: The Greenland Shark" http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/ma04/indepth/anthropology.asp (Accessed 7/1/07)
- ^ http://www.postmodern.com/~fi/sharkpics/ellis/greenlan.htm
- ^ Canadian Geographic: Searching for a Monster
- ^ "Somniosus microcephalus" http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=138 (Accessed 7/1/07)
- ^ Florida Museum of Natural History, "Tracking the Mysterious Greenland Shark." http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/innews/greenland2006.html (Accessed 7/1/07)
- ^ "GEERG: The Greenland Shark" http://www.geerg.ca/gshark1.htm (Accessed 7/5/08)
- ^ http://www.sportfishingmag.com/species/fish-facts/shark-eating-35284.html (Accessed 3/20/08)
- ^ Skipper Uses Knife To Kill 600-Kilo Shark
- ^ "GEERG: The Greenland Shark" http://www.geerg.ca/gshark1.htm (Accessed 7/5/08)
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2008) |
- Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened
- "Somniosus microcephalus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 23 January.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help) - Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Somniosus microcephalus". FishBase. May 2006 version.
- "Greenland Shark" on "As It Happens" May 6, 2008; CBC Radio 1(WMV file)
- http://www.ibnlive.com/news/polar-bear-eaten-by-shark-shocking-data-on-the-top-predator/70914-11.html
External links
- Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group
- Canadian Museum of Nature SV Greenland Shark