Isotopes of iridium: Difference between revisions
m Dated {{Citation needed}}. (Build p609) |
XinaNicole (talk | contribs) →Table: Added info from http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |
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Iridium-192 has accounted for the majority of cases tracked by the US [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] in which radioactive materials have gone missing in quantities large enough to make a [[dirty bomb]].<ref name=nyorker>{{cite journal|journal=The New Yorker|title=The Unthinkable|author= Steve Coll |date= March 12, 2007|accessdate=2007-03-09|url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/03/12/070312fa_fact_coll?printable=true}}</ref> |
Iridium-192 has accounted for the majority of cases tracked by the US [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] in which radioactive materials have gone missing in quantities large enough to make a [[dirty bomb]].<ref name=nyorker>{{cite journal|journal=The New Yorker|title=The Unthinkable|author= Steve Coll |date= March 12, 2007|accessdate=2007-03-09|url= http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/03/12/070312fa_fact_coll?printable=true}}</ref> |
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== |
== Table == |
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{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap" |
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; white-space:nowrap" |
||
! rowspan="2" | nuclide<br />symbol |
! rowspan="2" | nuclide<br />symbol |
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Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
! <br />isotopic mass (u)<br /> |
! <br />isotopic mass (u)<br /> |
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! rowspan="2" | half-life |
! rowspan="2" | half-life |
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! rowspan="2" | decay mode(s)<ref>Added info from http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx</ref> |
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! rowspan="2" | daughter<br>isotope(s) |
|||
! rowspan="2" | nuclear<br />spin |
! rowspan="2" | nuclear<br />spin |
||
! rowspan="2" | representative<br />isotopic<br />composition<br />(mole fraction) |
! rowspan="2" | representative<br />isotopic<br />composition<br />(mole fraction) |
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Line 35: | Line 37: | ||
| 163.99220(44)# |
| 163.99220(44)# |
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| 1# ms |
| 1# ms |
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| |
|||
| |
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| 2-# |
| 2-# |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 42: | Line 46: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(110)# keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(110)# keV |
||
| 94(27) µs |
| 94(27) µs |
||
| 9+# |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| 9+# |
|||
|- |
|||
| <sup>165</sup>Ir |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 88 |
|||
| 164.98752(23)# |
|||
| <1# µs |
|||
| 1/2+# |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| rowspan=2|<sup>165</sup>Ir |
||
| |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 |
|||
| 300(60) µs |
|||
| rowspan=2|164.98752(23)# |
|||
| 11/2- |
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| rowspan=2|<1# µs |
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| |
|||
| [[proton emission|p]] |
|||
| |
|||
| <sup>164</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2|1/2+# |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[alpha decay|α]] (rare) |
|||
| <sup>166</sup>Ir |
|||
| <sup>161</sup>Re |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 89 |
|||
| 165.98582(22)# |
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| 10.5(22) ms |
|||
| (2-) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup> |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>165m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180(50)# keV |
||
| |
| rowspan=2|300(60) µs |
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| ( |
| p (87%) |
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| <sup>164</sup>Os |
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| |
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| rowspan=2|11/2- |
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| |
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| rowspan=2| |
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| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
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| α (13%) |
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| <sup>167</sup>Ir |
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| <sup>161</sup>Re |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 90 |
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| 166.981665(20) |
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| 35.2(20) ms |
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| 1/2+ |
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| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| rowspan=2|<sup>166</sup>Ir |
||
| |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89 |
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| 30.0(6) ms |
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| rowspan=2|165.98582(22)# |
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| 11/2- |
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| rowspan=2|10.5(22) ms |
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| |
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| α (93%) |
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| |
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| <sup>162</sup>Re |
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| rowspan=2|(2-) |
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| rowspan=2| |
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| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
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| p (7%) |
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| <sup>168</sup>Ir |
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| <sup>165</sup>Os |
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| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
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|- |
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| style="text-align:right" | 91 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>166m</sup>Ir |
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| 167.97988(16)# |
|||
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 172(6) keV |
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| 161(21) ms |
|||
| rowspan=2|15.1(9) ms |
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| high |
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| α (98.2%) |
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| |
|||
| <sup>162</sup>Re |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|(9+) |
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| rowspan=2| |
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| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
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| p (1.8%) |
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| <sup>165</sup>Os |
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|- |
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| rowspan=3|<sup>167</sup>Ir |
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| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 90 |
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| rowspan=3|166.981665(20) |
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| rowspan=3|35.2(20) ms |
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| α (48%) |
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| <sup>163</sup>Re |
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| rowspan=3|1/2+ |
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| rowspan=3| |
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| rowspan=3| |
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|- |
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| p (32%) |
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| <sup>166</sup>Os |
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|- |
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| [[beta decay|β<sup>+</sup>]] (20%) |
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| <sup>167</sup>Os |
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|- |
|||
| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>167m</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 175.3(22) keV |
|||
| rowspan=3|30.0(6) ms |
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| α (80%) |
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| <sup>163</sup>Re |
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| rowspan=3|11/2- |
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| rowspan=3| |
|||
| rowspan=3| |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (20%) |
|||
| <sup>167</sup>Os |
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|- |
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| p (.4%) |
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| <sup>166</sup>Os |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>168</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91 |
|||
| rowspan=2|167.97988(16)# |
|||
| rowspan=2|161(21) ms |
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| α |
|||
| <sup>164</sup>Re |
|||
| rowspan=2|high |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (rare) |
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| <sup>168</sup>Os |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>168m</sup>Ir |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>168m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(100)# keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(100)# keV |
||
| 125(40) ms |
| 125(40) ms |
||
| α |
|||
| <sup>164</sup>Re |
|||
| low |
| low |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>169</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2|<sup>169</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 92 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 92 |
||
| 168.976295(28) |
| rowspan=2|168.976295(28) |
||
| 780(360) ms |
| rowspan=2|780(360) ms<br>[0.64(+46-24) s] |
||
| |
| α |
||
| <sup>165</sup>Re |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|1/2+# |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
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|- |
|- |
||
| |
| β<sup>+</sup> (rare) |
||
| <sup>169</sup>Os |
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| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 154(24) keV |
|||
| 308(22) ms |
|||
| 11/2-# |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup> |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>169m</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text- |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 154(24) keV |
||
| rowspan=2|308(22) ms |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 93 |
|||
| |
| α (72%) |
||
| <sup>165</sup>Re |
|||
| 910(150) ms [0.87(+18-12) s] |
|||
| rowspan=2|11/2-# |
|||
| low# |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (28%) |
|||
| <sup>169</sup>Os |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>170</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 93 |
|||
| rowspan=2|169.97497(11)# |
|||
| rowspan=2|910(150) ms<br>[0.87(+18-12) s] |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (64%) |
|||
| <sup>170</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2|low# |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (36%) |
|||
| <sup>166</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>170m</sup>Ir |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>170m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(70)# keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(70)# keV |
||
| 440(60) ms |
| 440(60) ms |
||
| high# |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
| high# |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>171</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2|<sup>171</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 94 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 94 |
||
| 170.97163(4) |
| rowspan=2|170.97163(4) |
||
| 3.6(10) s |
| rowspan=2|3.6(10) s<br>[3.2(+13-7) s] |
||
| α (58%) |
|||
| 1/2+# |
|||
| <sup>167</sup>Re |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|1/2+# |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (42%) |
|||
| <sup>171</sup>Os |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>171m</sup>Ir |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>171m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180(30)# keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 180(30)# keV |
||
| 1.40(10) s |
| 1.40(10) s |
||
| (11/2-) |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
| (11/2-) |
||
| <sup>172</sup>Ir |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 95 |
|||
| 171.97046(11)# |
|||
| 4.4(3) s |
|||
| (3+) |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| rowspan=2|<sup>172</sup>Ir |
||
| |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 95 |
|||
| 2.0(1) s |
|||
| rowspan=2|171.97046(11)# |
|||
| (7+) |
|||
| rowspan=2|4.4(3) s |
|||
| |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (98%) |
|||
| |
|||
| <sup>172</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2|(3+) |
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| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| α (2%) |
|||
| <sup>173</sup>Ir |
|||
| <sup>168</sup>Re |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 96 |
|||
| 172.967502(15) |
|||
| 9.0(8) s |
|||
| (3/2+,5/2+) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup> |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>172m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 280(100)# keV |
||
| 2. |
| rowspan=2|2.0(1) s |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> (77%) |
|||
| (11/2-) |
|||
| <sup>172</sup>Os |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|(7+) |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| α (23%) |
|||
| <sup>174</sup>Ir |
|||
| <sup>168</sup>Re |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 97 |
|||
| 173.966861(30) |
|||
| 7.9(6) s |
|||
| (3+) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| rowspan=2|<sup>173</sup>Ir |
||
| |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96 |
|||
| 4.9(3) s |
|||
| rowspan=2|172.967502(15) |
|||
| (7+) |
|||
| rowspan=2|9.0(8) s |
|||
| |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (93%) |
|||
| |
|||
| <sup>173</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2|(3/2+,5/2+) |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| α (7%) |
|||
| <sup>175</sup>Ir |
|||
| <sup>169</sup>Re |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 98 |
|||
| 174.964113(21) |
|||
| 9(2) s |
|||
| (5/2-) |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup> |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>173m</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text- |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 253(27) keV |
||
| rowspan=2|2.20(5) s |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 99 |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (88%) |
|||
| 175.963649(22) |
|||
| <sup>173</sup>Os |
|||
| 8.3(6) s |
|||
| rowspan=2|(11/2-) |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (12%) |
|||
| <sup>169</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>174</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 |
|||
| rowspan=2|173.966861(30) |
|||
| rowspan=2|7.9(6) s |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (99.5%) |
|||
| <sup>174</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2|(3+) |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (.5%) |
|||
| <sup>170</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup> |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>174m</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text- |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 193(11) keV |
||
| rowspan=2|4.9(3) s |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 100 |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (99.53%) |
|||
| 176.961302(21) |
|||
| <sup>174</sup>Os |
|||
| 30(2) s |
|||
| rowspan=2|(7+) |
|||
| 5/2- |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (.47%) |
|||
| <sup>170</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>175</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 98 |
|||
| rowspan=2|174.964113(21) |
|||
| rowspan=2|9(2) s |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (99.15%) |
|||
| <sup>175</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2|(5/2-) |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (.85%) |
|||
| <sup>171</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>176</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 99 |
|||
| rowspan=2|175.963649(22) |
|||
| rowspan=2|8.3(6) s |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (97.9%) |
|||
| <sup>176</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (2.1%) |
|||
| <sup>172</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>177</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 100 |
|||
| rowspan=2|176.961302(21) |
|||
| rowspan=2|30(2) s |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (99.94%) |
|||
| <sup>177</sup>Os |
|||
| rowspan=2|5/2- |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (.06%) |
|||
| <sup>173</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>178</sup>Ir |
| <sup>178</sup>Ir |
||
Line 238: | Line 356: | ||
| 177.961082(21) |
| 177.961082(21) |
||
| 12(2) s |
| 12(2) s |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>178</sup>Os |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 247: | Line 367: | ||
| 178.959122(12) |
| 178.959122(12) |
||
| 79(1) s |
| 79(1) s |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>179</sup>Os |
|||
| (5/2)- |
| (5/2)- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 256: | Line 378: | ||
| 179.959229(23) |
| 179.959229(23) |
||
| 1.5(1) min |
| 1.5(1) min |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>180</sup>Os |
|||
| (4,5)(+#) |
| (4,5)(+#) |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 265: | Line 389: | ||
| 180.957625(28) |
| 180.957625(28) |
||
| 4.90(15) min |
| 4.90(15) min |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>181</sup>Os |
|||
| (5/2)- |
| (5/2)- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 274: | Line 400: | ||
| 181.958076(23) |
| 181.958076(23) |
||
| 15(1) min |
| 15(1) min |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>182</sup>Os |
|||
| (3+) |
| (3+) |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>183</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2|<sup>183</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 106 |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106 |
||
| 182.956846(27) |
| rowspan=2|182.956846(27) |
||
| 57(4) min |
| rowspan=2|57(4) min |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> ( 99.95%) |
|||
| 5/2- |
|||
| <sup>183</sup>Os |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|5/2- |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| α (.05%) |
|||
| <sup>179</sup>Re |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>184</sup>Ir |
| <sup>184</sup>Ir |
||
Line 292: | Line 425: | ||
| 183.95748(3) |
| 183.95748(3) |
||
| 3.09(3) h |
| 3.09(3) h |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>184</sup>Os |
|||
| 5- |
| 5- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 299: | Line 434: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 225.65(11) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 225.65(11) keV |
||
| 470(30) µs |
| 470(30) µs |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| 3+ |
| 3+ |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 306: | Line 443: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 328.40(24) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 328.40(24) keV |
||
| 350(90) ns |
| 350(90) ns |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| (7)+ |
| (7)+ |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 315: | Line 454: | ||
| 184.95670(3) |
| 184.95670(3) |
||
| 14.4(1) h |
| 14.4(1) h |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>185</sup>Os |
|||
| 5/2- |
| 5/2- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 324: | Line 465: | ||
| 185.957946(18) |
| 185.957946(18) |
||
| 16.64(3) h |
| 16.64(3) h |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>186</sup>Os |
|||
| 5+ |
| 5+ |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>186m</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>186m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0.8(4) keV |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0.8(4) keV |
||
| 1.92(5) h |
| rowspan=2|1.92(5) h |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| 2- |
|||
| <sup>186</sup>Os |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|2- |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Isomeric transition|IT]] (rare) |
|||
| <sup>186</sup>Ir |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>187</sup>Ir |
| <sup>187</sup>Ir |
||
Line 340: | Line 488: | ||
| 186.957363(7) |
| 186.957363(7) |
||
| 10.5(3) h |
| 10.5(3) h |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>187</sup>Os |
|||
| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 347: | Line 497: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 186.15(4) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 186.15(4) keV |
||
| 30.3(6) ms |
| 30.3(6) ms |
||
| IT |
|||
| <sup>187</sup>Ir |
|||
| 9/2- |
| 9/2- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 354: | Line 506: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 433.81(9) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 433.81(9) keV |
||
| 152(12) ns |
| 152(12) ns |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| 11/2- |
| 11/2- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 363: | Line 517: | ||
| 187.958853(8) |
| 187.958853(8) |
||
| 41.5(5) h |
| 41.5(5) h |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>188</sup>Os |
|||
| 1- |
| 1- |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>188m</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>188m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 970(30) keV |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 970(30) keV |
||
| 4.2(2) ms |
| rowspan=2|4.2(2) ms |
||
| |
| IT |
||
| <sup>188</sup>Ir |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|7+# |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| β<sup>+</sup> (rare) |
|||
| <sup>188</sup>Os |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>189</sup>Ir |
| <sup>189</sup>Ir |
||
Line 379: | Line 540: | ||
| 188.958719(14) |
| 188.958719(14) |
||
| 13.2(1) d |
| 13.2(1) d |
||
| [[Electron capture|EC]] |
|||
| <sup>189</sup>Os |
|||
| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 386: | Line 549: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 372.18(4) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 372.18(4) keV |
||
| 13.3(3) ms |
| 13.3(3) ms |
||
| IT |
|||
| <sup>189</sup>Ir |
|||
| 11/2- |
| 11/2- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 393: | Line 558: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2333.3(4) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2333.3(4) keV |
||
| 3.7(2) ms |
| 3.7(2) ms |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| (25/2)+ |
| (25/2)+ |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 402: | Line 569: | ||
| 189.9605460(18) |
| 189.9605460(18) |
||
| 11.78(10) d |
| 11.78(10) d |
||
| β<sup>+</sup> |
|||
| <sup>190</sup>Os |
|||
| 4- |
| 4- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 409: | Line 578: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 26.1(1) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 26.1(1) keV |
||
| 1.120(3) h |
| 1.120(3) h |
||
| IT |
|||
| <sup>190</sup>Ir |
|||
| (1-) |
| (1-) |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 416: | Line 587: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 36.154(25) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 36.154(25) keV |
||
| >2 µs |
| >2 µs |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| (4)+ |
| (4)+ |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 423: | Line 596: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 376.4(1) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 376.4(1) keV |
||
| 3.087(12) h |
| 3.087(12) h |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| (11)- |
| (11)- |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| <sup>191</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 114 |
| style="text-align:right" | 114 |
||
| 190.9605940(18) |
| 190.9605940(18) |
||
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''<ref group="n">Believed to undergo α decay to <sup>187</sup>Re</sup> |
|||
| STABLE |
|||
| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| 0.373(2) |
| 0.373(2) |
||
Line 439: | Line 614: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 171.24(5) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 171.24(5) keV |
||
| 4.94(3) s |
| 4.94(3) s |
||
| IT |
|||
| <sup>191</sup>Ir |
|||
| 11/2- |
| 11/2- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 449: | Line 626: | ||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|||
| <sup>192</sup>Ir |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| style="text-align:right" | 115 |
|||
| 191.9626050(18) |
|||
| 73.827(13) d |
|||
| 4+ |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|||
| rowspan=2|<sup>192</sup>Ir |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 77 |
|||
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115 |
|||
| rowspan=2|191.9626050(18) |
|||
| rowspan=2|73.827(13) d |
|||
| β<sup>-</sup> (95.24%) |
|||
| <sup>192</sup>Pt |
|||
| rowspan=2|4+ |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| EC (4.76%) |
|||
| <sup>192</sup>Os |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>192m1</sup>Ir |
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>192m1</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 56.720(5) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 56.720(5) keV |
||
| 1.45(5) min |
| 1.45(5) min |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| 1- |
| 1- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 469: | Line 655: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 168.14(12) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 168.14(12) keV |
||
| 241(9) a |
| 241(9) a |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| (11-) |
| (11-) |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| <sup>193</sup>Ir |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
| style="text-align:right" | 77 |
||
| style="text-align:right" | 116 |
| style="text-align:right" | 116 |
||
| 192.9629264(18) |
| 192.9629264(18) |
||
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable'''<ref group="n">Believed to undergo α decay to <sup>189</sup>Re</sup> |
|||
| STABLE |
|||
| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| 0.627(2) |
| 0.627(2) |
||
Line 485: | Line 673: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80.240(6) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80.240(6) keV |
||
| 10.53(4) d |
| 10.53(4) d |
||
| IT |
|||
| <sup>193</sup>Ir |
|||
| 11/2- |
| 11/2- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 494: | Line 684: | ||
| 193.9650784(18) |
| 193.9650784(18) |
||
| 19.28(13) h |
| 19.28(13) h |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> |
|||
| <sup>194</sup>Pt |
|||
| 1- |
| 1- |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 501: | Line 693: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 147.078(5) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 147.078(5) keV |
||
| 31.85(24) ms |
| 31.85(24) ms |
||
| IT |
|||
| <sup>194</sup>Ir |
|||
| (4+) |
| (4+) |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 508: | Line 702: | ||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 370(70) keV |
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 370(70) keV |
||
| 171(11) d |
| 171(11) d |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
| (10,11)(-#) |
| (10,11)(-#) |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 517: | Line 713: | ||
| 194.9659796(18) |
| 194.9659796(18) |
||
| 2.5(2) h |
| 2.5(2) h |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> |
|||
| <sup>195</sup>Pt |
|||
| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>195m</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>195m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(5) keV |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(5) keV |
||
| 3.8(2) h |
| rowspan=2|3.8(2) h |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> (95%) |
|||
| 11/2- |
|||
| <sup>195</sup>Pt |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|11/2- |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| IT (5%) |
|||
| <sup>195</sup>Ir |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>196</sup>Ir |
| <sup>196</sup>Ir |
||
Line 533: | Line 736: | ||
| 195.96840(4) |
| 195.96840(4) |
||
| 52(1) s |
| 52(1) s |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> |
|||
| <sup>196</sup>Pt |
|||
| (0-) |
| (0-) |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>196m</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>196m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 210(40) keV |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 210(40) keV |
||
| 1.40(2) h |
| rowspan=2|1.40(2) h |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> (99.7%) |
|||
| (10,11-) |
|||
| <sup>196</sup>Pt |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|(10,11-) |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| IT |
|||
| <sup>196</sup>Ir |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>197</sup>Ir |
| <sup>197</sup>Ir |
||
Line 549: | Line 759: | ||
| 196.969653(22) |
| 196.969653(22) |
||
| 5.8(5) min |
| 5.8(5) min |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> |
|||
| <sup>197</sup>Pt |
|||
| 3/2+ |
| 3/2+ |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>197m</sup>Ir |
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>197m</sup>Ir |
||
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 115(5) keV |
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 115(5) keV |
||
| 8.9(3) min |
| rowspan=2|8.9(3) min |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> (99.75%) |
|||
| 11/2- |
|||
| <sup>197</sup>Pt |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2|11/2- |
|||
| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
| rowspan=2| |
|||
|- |
|||
| IT (.25%) |
|||
| <sup>197</sup>Ir |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| <sup>198</sup>Ir |
| <sup>198</sup>Ir |
||
Line 565: | Line 782: | ||
| 197.97228(21)# |
| 197.97228(21)# |
||
| 8(1) s |
| 8(1) s |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> |
|||
| <sup>198</sup>Pt |
|||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 574: | Line 793: | ||
| 198.97380(4) |
| 198.97380(4) |
||
| 20# s |
| 20# s |
||
| β<sup>-</sup> |
|||
| <sup>199</sup>Pt |
|||
| 3/2+# |
| 3/2+# |
||
| |
| |
||
| |
| |
||
|} |
|} |
||
<references group="n" /> |
|||
=== Notes === |
=== Notes === |
Revision as of 11:02, 5 May 2011
There are two natural isotopes of iridium (Ir), and many radioisotopes, the most stable radioisotope being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 beta decays into platinum-192, while most of the other radioisotopes decay into osmium.
Standard atomic mass: 192.217(3) u
Iridium-192
Iridium-192 (symbol Ir192) is a radioactive isotope of iridium, with a half-life of 73.83 days[citation needed]. It decays by emitting beta (β) particles and gamma (γ) radiation. About 96% of Ir-192 decays occur via emission of β and γ radiation, leading to Pt-192.[citation needed] Some of the β radiation is captured by other Ir-192 nuclei, which are then converted to Os-192. Beta radiation capture is responsible for the remaining 4% of It-192 decays. [1]
Iridium-192 is also a strong gamma rays emitter. There are seven principal energy packets produced during its disintegration process ranging from just over 0.2 to about 0.6 MeV. Iridium-192 is commonly used as a gamma ray source in industrial radiography to locate flaws in metal components.[2] It is also used in radiotherapy as a radiation source.
Iridium-192 has accounted for the majority of cases tracked by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission in which radioactive materials have gone missing in quantities large enough to make a dirty bomb.[3]
Table
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[4] | daughter isotope(s) |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
164Ir | 77 | 87 | 163.99220(44)# | 1# ms | 2-# | ||||
164mIr | 270(110)# keV | 94(27) µs | 9+# | ||||||
165Ir | 77 | 88 | 164.98752(23)# | <1# µs | p | 164Os | 1/2+# | ||
α (rare) | 161Re | ||||||||
165mIr | 180(50)# keV | 300(60) µs | p (87%) | 164Os | 11/2- | ||||
α (13%) | 161Re | ||||||||
166Ir | 77 | 89 | 165.98582(22)# | 10.5(22) ms | α (93%) | 162Re | (2-) | ||
p (7%) | 165Os | ||||||||
166mIr | 172(6) keV | 15.1(9) ms | α (98.2%) | 162Re | (9+) | ||||
p (1.8%) | 165Os | ||||||||
167Ir | 77 | 90 | 166.981665(20) | 35.2(20) ms | α (48%) | 163Re | 1/2+ | ||
p (32%) | 166Os | ||||||||
β+ (20%) | 167Os | ||||||||
167mIr | 175.3(22) keV | 30.0(6) ms | α (80%) | 163Re | 11/2- | ||||
β+ (20%) | 167Os | ||||||||
p (.4%) | 166Os | ||||||||
168Ir | 77 | 91 | 167.97988(16)# | 161(21) ms | α | 164Re | high | ||
β+ (rare) | 168Os | ||||||||
168mIr | 50(100)# keV | 125(40) ms | α | 164Re | low | ||||
169Ir | 77 | 92 | 168.976295(28) | 780(360) ms [0.64(+46-24) s] |
α | 165Re | 1/2+# | ||
β+ (rare) | 169Os | ||||||||
169mIr | 154(24) keV | 308(22) ms | α (72%) | 165Re | 11/2-# | ||||
β+ (28%) | 169Os | ||||||||
170Ir | 77 | 93 | 169.97497(11)# | 910(150) ms [0.87(+18-12) s] |
β+ (64%) | 170Os | low# | ||
α (36%) | 166Re | ||||||||
170mIr | 270(70)# keV | 440(60) ms | high# | ||||||
171Ir | 77 | 94 | 170.97163(4) | 3.6(10) s [3.2(+13-7) s] |
α (58%) | 167Re | 1/2+# | ||
β+ (42%) | 171Os | ||||||||
171mIr | 180(30)# keV | 1.40(10) s | (11/2-) | ||||||
172Ir | 77 | 95 | 171.97046(11)# | 4.4(3) s | β+ (98%) | 172Os | (3+) | ||
α (2%) | 168Re | ||||||||
172mIr | 280(100)# keV | 2.0(1) s | β+ (77%) | 172Os | (7+) | ||||
α (23%) | 168Re | ||||||||
173Ir | 77 | 96 | 172.967502(15) | 9.0(8) s | β+ (93%) | 173Os | (3/2+,5/2+) | ||
α (7%) | 169Re | ||||||||
173mIr | 253(27) keV | 2.20(5) s | β+ (88%) | 173Os | (11/2-) | ||||
α (12%) | 169Re | ||||||||
174Ir | 77 | 97 | 173.966861(30) | 7.9(6) s | β+ (99.5%) | 174Os | (3+) | ||
α (.5%) | 170Re | ||||||||
174mIr | 193(11) keV | 4.9(3) s | β+ (99.53%) | 174Os | (7+) | ||||
α (.47%) | 170Re | ||||||||
175Ir | 77 | 98 | 174.964113(21) | 9(2) s | β+ (99.15%) | 175Os | (5/2-) | ||
α (.85%) | 171Re | ||||||||
176Ir | 77 | 99 | 175.963649(22) | 8.3(6) s | β+ (97.9%) | 176Os | |||
α (2.1%) | 172Re | ||||||||
177Ir | 77 | 100 | 176.961302(21) | 30(2) s | β+ (99.94%) | 177Os | 5/2- | ||
α (.06%) | 173Re | ||||||||
178Ir | 77 | 101 | 177.961082(21) | 12(2) s | β+ | 178Os | |||
179Ir | 77 | 102 | 178.959122(12) | 79(1) s | β+ | 179Os | (5/2)- | ||
180Ir | 77 | 103 | 179.959229(23) | 1.5(1) min | β+ | 180Os | (4,5)(+#) | ||
181Ir | 77 | 104 | 180.957625(28) | 4.90(15) min | β+ | 181Os | (5/2)- | ||
182Ir | 77 | 105 | 181.958076(23) | 15(1) min | β+ | 182Os | (3+) | ||
183Ir | 77 | 106 | 182.956846(27) | 57(4) min | β+ ( 99.95%) | 183Os | 5/2- | ||
α (.05%) | 179Re | ||||||||
184Ir | 77 | 107 | 183.95748(3) | 3.09(3) h | β+ | 184Os | 5- | ||
184m1Ir | 225.65(11) keV | 470(30) µs | 3+ | ||||||
184m2Ir | 328.40(24) keV | 350(90) ns | (7)+ | ||||||
185Ir | 77 | 108 | 184.95670(3) | 14.4(1) h | β+ | 185Os | 5/2- | ||
186Ir | 77 | 109 | 185.957946(18) | 16.64(3) h | β+ | 186Os | 5+ | ||
186mIr | 0.8(4) keV | 1.92(5) h | β+ | 186Os | 2- | ||||
IT (rare) | 186Ir | ||||||||
187Ir | 77 | 110 | 186.957363(7) | 10.5(3) h | β+ | 187Os | 3/2+ | ||
187m1Ir | 186.15(4) keV | 30.3(6) ms | IT | 187Ir | 9/2- | ||||
187m2Ir | 433.81(9) keV | 152(12) ns | 11/2- | ||||||
188Ir | 77 | 111 | 187.958853(8) | 41.5(5) h | β+ | 188Os | 1- | ||
188mIr | 970(30) keV | 4.2(2) ms | IT | 188Ir | 7+# | ||||
β+ (rare) | 188Os | ||||||||
189Ir | 77 | 112 | 188.958719(14) | 13.2(1) d | EC | 189Os | 3/2+ | ||
189m1Ir | 372.18(4) keV | 13.3(3) ms | IT | 189Ir | 11/2- | ||||
189m2Ir | 2333.3(4) keV | 3.7(2) ms | (25/2)+ | ||||||
190Ir | 77 | 113 | 189.9605460(18) | 11.78(10) d | β+ | 190Os | 4- | ||
190m1Ir | 26.1(1) keV | 1.120(3) h | IT | 190Ir | (1-) | ||||
190m2Ir | 36.154(25) keV | >2 µs | (4)+ | ||||||
190m3Ir | 376.4(1) keV | 3.087(12) h | (11)- | ||||||
191Ir | 77 | 114 | 190.9605940(18) | Stable<ref group="n">Believed to undergo α decay to 187Re | 3/2+ | 0.373(2) | |||
191m1Ir | 171.24(5) keV | 4.94(3) s | IT | 191Ir | 11/2- | ||||
191m2Ir | 2120(40) keV | 5.5(7) s | |||||||
192Ir | 77 | 115 | 191.9626050(18) | 73.827(13) d | β- (95.24%) | 192Pt | 4+ | ||
EC (4.76%) | 192Os | ||||||||
192m1Ir | 56.720(5) keV | 1.45(5) min | 1- | ||||||
192m2Ir | 168.14(12) keV | 241(9) a | (11-) | ||||||
193Ir | 77 | 116 | 192.9629264(18) | Stable<ref group="n">Believed to undergo α decay to 189Re | 3/2+ | 0.627(2) | |||
193mIr | 80.240(6) keV | 10.53(4) d | IT | 193Ir | 11/2- | ||||
194Ir | 77 | 117 | 193.9650784(18) | 19.28(13) h | β- | 194Pt | 1- | ||
194m1Ir | 147.078(5) keV | 31.85(24) ms | IT | 194Ir | (4+) | ||||
194m2Ir | 370(70) keV | 171(11) d | (10,11)(-#) | ||||||
195Ir | 77 | 118 | 194.9659796(18) | 2.5(2) h | β- | 195Pt | 3/2+ | ||
195mIr | 100(5) keV | 3.8(2) h | β- (95%) | 195Pt | 11/2- | ||||
IT (5%) | 195Ir | ||||||||
196Ir | 77 | 119 | 195.96840(4) | 52(1) s | β- | 196Pt | (0-) | ||
196mIr | 210(40) keV | 1.40(2) h | β- (99.7%) | 196Pt | (10,11-) | ||||
IT | 196Ir | ||||||||
197Ir | 77 | 120 | 196.969653(22) | 5.8(5) min | β- | 197Pt | 3/2+ | ||
197mIr | 115(5) keV | 8.9(3) min | β- (99.75%) | 197Pt | 11/2- | ||||
IT (.25%) | 197Ir | ||||||||
198Ir | 77 | 121 | 197.97228(21)# | 8(1) s | β- | 198Pt | |||
199Ir | 77 | 122 | 198.97380(4) | 20# s | β- | 199Pt | 3/2+# |
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ^ Braggerly, L.L. (1956). The radioactive decay of Iridium-192 (Pd.D. Thesis). Pasadena, CA: California Institute of Technology. pp. 1, 2, 7.
- ^ Charles Hellier (2003). Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw-Hill. p. 6.20. ISBN 0-07-028121-1.
- ^ Steve Coll (March 12, 2007). "The Unthinkable". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-03-09.
- ^ Added info from http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
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ignored (help)
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0849304859.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|nopp=
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suggested) (help)
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
External links
- NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Iridium, Radioactive (referring to iridium-192)