Isotopes of gold: Difference between revisions

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Gold (Au) has one stable isotope, ¹⁹⁷Au, and 18 radioisotopes with ¹⁹⁵Au being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days.

Gold is the heaviest element that has exactly one stable isotope (Bismuth was formerly believed to hold that distinction, but Bismuth-209 has been found to be slightly radioactive).

Gold has been proposed as a material for creating a salted nuclear weapon (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of natural ¹⁹⁷Au, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope ¹⁹⁸Au with a half-life of 2.697 days and produce approximately .411 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.^[1]

The highest amount of ¹⁹⁸Au detected in any United States nuclear test was in shot "Sedan" detonated at Nevada Test Site on July 6, 1962.^[2]

Standard atomic mass: 196.966569(4) u

Table

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)^[3]	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	decay mode(s)^[3]	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
¹⁶⁹Au	79	90	168.99808(32)#	150# µs			1/2+#
¹⁷⁰Au	79	91	169.99612(22)#	310(50) µs [286(+50-40) µs]			(2-)
^170mAu	275(14) keV			630(60) µs [0.62(+6-5) ms]			(9+)
¹⁷¹Au	79	92	170.991879(28)	30(5) µs	p	¹⁷⁰Pt	(1/2+)
¹⁷¹Au	79	92	170.991879(28)	30(5) µs	α (rare)	¹⁶⁷Ir	(1/2+)
^171mAu	250(16) keV			1.014(19) ms	α (54%)	¹⁶⁷Ir	11/2-
^171mAu	250(16) keV			1.014(19) ms	p (46%)	¹⁷⁰Pt	11/2-
¹⁷²Au	79	93	171.99004(17)#	4.7(11) ms	α (98%)	¹⁶⁸Ir	high
¹⁷²Au	79	93	171.99004(17)#	4.7(11) ms	p (2%)	¹⁷¹Pt	high
¹⁷³Au	79	94	172.986237(28)	25(1) ms	α	¹⁶⁹Ir	(1/2+)
¹⁷³Au	79	94	172.986237(28)	25(1) ms	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁷³Pt	(1/2+)
^173mAu	214(23) keV			14.0(9) ms	α (96%)	¹⁶⁹Ir	(11/2-)
^173mAu	214(23) keV			14.0(9) ms	β⁺ (4%)	¹⁷³Pt	(11/2-)
¹⁷⁴Au	79	95	173.98476(11)#	139(3) ms	α	¹⁷⁰Ir	low
¹⁷⁴Au	79	95	173.98476(11)#	139(3) ms	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁷⁴Pt	low
^174mAu	360(70)# keV			171(29) ms			high
¹⁷⁵Au	79	96	174.98127(5)	100# ms	α (82%)	¹⁷¹Ir	1/2+#
¹⁷⁵Au	79	96	174.98127(5)	100# ms	β⁺ (18%)	¹⁷⁵Pt	1/2+#
^175mAu	200(30)# keV			156(3) ms	α	¹⁷¹Ir	11/2-#
^175mAu	200(30)# keV			156(3) ms	β⁺	¹⁷⁵Pt	11/2-#
¹⁷⁶Au	79	97	175.98010(11)#	1.08(17) s [0.84(+17-14) s]	α (60%)	¹⁷²Ir	(5-)
¹⁷⁶Au	79	97	175.98010(11)#	1.08(17) s [0.84(+17-14) s]	β⁺ (40%)	¹⁷⁶Pt	(5-)
^176mAu	150(100)# keV			860(160) ms			(7+)
¹⁷⁷Au	79	98	176.976865(14)	1462(32) ms	β⁺ (60%)	¹⁷⁷Pt	(1/2+,3/2+)
¹⁷⁷Au	79	98	176.976865(14)	1462(32) ms	α (40%)	¹⁷³Ir	(1/2+,3/2+)
^177mAu	216(26) keV			1.180(12) s			11/2-
¹⁷⁸Au	79	99	177.97603(6)	2.6(5) s	β⁺ (60%)	¹⁷⁸Pt
¹⁷⁸Au	79	99	177.97603(6)	2.6(5) s	α (40%)	¹⁷⁴Ir
¹⁷⁹Au	79	100	178.973213(18)	7.1(3) s	β⁺ (78%)	¹⁷⁹Pt	5/2-#
¹⁷⁹Au	79	100	178.973213(18)	7.1(3) s	α (22%)	¹⁷⁵Ir	5/2-#
^179mAu	99(16) keV						(11/2-)
¹⁸⁰Au	79	101	179.972521(23)	8.1(3) s	β⁺ (98.2%)	¹⁸⁰Pt
¹⁸⁰Au	79	101	179.972521(23)	8.1(3) s	α (1.8%)	¹⁷⁶Ir
¹⁸¹Au	79	102	180.970079(21)	13.7(14) s	β⁺ (97.3%)	¹⁸¹Pt	(3/2-)
¹⁸¹Au	79	102	180.970079(21)	13.7(14) s	α (2.7%)	¹⁷⁷Ir	(3/2-)
¹⁸²Au	79	103	181.969618(22)	15.5(4) s	β⁺ (99.87%)	¹⁸²Pt	(2+)
¹⁸²Au	79	103	181.969618(22)	15.5(4) s	α (.13%)	¹⁷⁸Ir	(2+)
¹⁸³Au	79	104	182.967593(11)	42.8(10) s	β⁺ (99.2%)	¹⁸³Pt	(5/2)-
¹⁸³Au	79	104	182.967593(11)	42.8(10) s	α (.8%)	¹⁷⁹Ir	(5/2)-
^183m1Au	73.3(4) keV			>1 µs			(1/2)+
^183m2Au	230.6(6) keV			<1 µs			(11/2)-
¹⁸⁴Au	79	105	183.967452(24)	20.6(9) s	β⁺	¹⁸⁴Pt	5+
^184mAu	68.46(1) keV			47.6(14) s	β⁺ (70%)	¹⁸⁴Pt	2+
					IT (30%)	¹⁸⁴Au
					α (.013%)	¹⁸⁰Ir
¹⁸⁵Au	79	106	184.965789(28)	4.25(6) min	β⁺ (99.74%)	¹⁸⁵Pt	5/2-
¹⁸⁵Au	79	106	184.965789(28)	4.25(6) min	α (.26%)	¹⁸¹Ir	5/2-
^185mAu	100(100)# keV			6.8(3) min			1/2+#
¹⁸⁶Au	79	107	185.965953(23)	10.7(5) min	β⁺ (99.9992%)	¹⁸⁶Pt	3-
¹⁸⁶Au	79	107	185.965953(23)	10.7(5) min	α (.0008%)	¹⁸²Ir	3-
^186mAu	227.77(7) keV			110(10) ns			2+
¹⁸⁷Au	79	108	186.964568(27)	8.4(3) min	β⁺ (99.997%)	¹⁸⁷Pt	1/2+
¹⁸⁷Au	79	108	186.964568(27)	8.4(3) min	α (.003%)	¹⁸³Ir	1/2+
^187mAu	120.51(16) keV			2.3(1) s	IT	¹⁸⁷Au	9/2-
¹⁸⁸Au	79	109	187.965324(22)	8.84(6) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁸Pt	1(-)
¹⁸⁹Au	79	110	188.963948(22)	28.7(3) min	β⁺ (99.9997%)	¹⁸⁹Pt	1/2+
¹⁸⁹Au	79	110	188.963948(22)	28.7(3) min	α (.0003%)	¹⁸⁵Ir	1/2+
^189m1Au	247.23(16) keV			4.59(11) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁹Pt	11/2-
^189m1Au	247.23(16) keV			4.59(11) min	IT (rare)	¹⁸⁹Au	11/2-
^189m2Au	325.11(16) keV			190(15) ns			9/2-
^189m3Au	2554.7(12) keV			242(10) ns			31/2+
¹⁹⁰Au	79	111	189.964700(17)	42.8(10) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁶Pt	1-
¹⁹⁰Au	79	111	189.964700(17)	42.8(10) min	α (1E-6%)		1-
^190mAu	200(150)# keV			125(20) ms	IT	¹⁹⁰Au	11-#
^190mAu	200(150)# keV			125(20) ms	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁹⁰Pt	11-#
¹⁹¹Au	79	112	190.96370(4)	3.18(8) h	β⁺	¹⁹¹Pt	3/2+
^191m1Au	266.2(5) keV			920(110) ms	IT	¹⁹¹Au	(11/2-)
^191m2Au	2490(1) keV			>400 ns
¹⁹²Au	79	113	191.964813(17)	4.94(9) h	β⁺	¹⁹²Pt	1-
^192m1Au	135.41(25) keV			29 ms	IT	¹⁹²Au	(5#)+
^192m2Au	431.6(5) keV			160(20) ms			(11-)
¹⁹³Au	79	114	192.964150(11)	17.65(15) h	β⁺ (100%)	¹⁸⁹Pt	3/2+
¹⁹³Au	79	114	192.964150(11)	17.65(15) h	α (.00001%)	¹⁸⁹It	3/2+
^193m1Au	290.19(3) keV			3.9(3) s	IT (99.97%)	¹⁹³Au	11/2-
^193m1Au	290.19(3) keV			3.9(3) s	β⁺ (.03%)	¹⁹³Pt	11/2-
^193m2Au	2486.5(6) keV			150(50) ns			(31/2+)
¹⁹⁴Au	79	115	193.965365(11)	38.02(10) h	β⁺	¹⁹⁴Pt	1-
^194m1Au	107.4(5) keV			600(8) ms	IT	¹⁹⁴Au	(5+)
^194m2Au	475.8(6) keV			420(10) ms			(11-)
¹⁹⁵Au	79	116	194.9650346(14)	186.098(47) d	EC	¹⁹⁵Pt	3/2+
^195mAu	318.58(4) keV			30.5(2) s	IT	¹⁹⁵Au	11/2-
¹⁹⁶Au	79	117	195.966570(3)	6.1669(6) d	β⁺ (93.05%)	¹⁹⁶Pt	2-
¹⁹⁶Au	79	117	195.966570(3)	6.1669(6) d	β^- (6.95%)	¹⁹⁶Hg	2-
^196m1Au	84.660(20) keV			8.1(2) s	IT	¹⁹⁶Au	5+
^196m2Au	595.66(4) keV			9.6(1) h			12-
¹⁹⁷Au	79	118	196.9665687(6)	Stable^{[n 1]}			3/2+	1.0000
^197mAu	409.15(8) keV			7.73(6) s	IT	¹⁹⁷Au	11/2-
¹⁹⁸Au	79	119	197.9682423(6)	2.69517(21) d	β^-	¹⁹⁸Hg	2-
^198m1Au	312.2200(20) keV			124(4) ns			5+
^198m2Au	811.7(15) keV			2.27(2) d	IT	¹⁹⁸Au	(12-)
¹⁹⁹Au	79	120	198.9687652(6)	3.139(7) d	β^-	¹⁹⁹Hg	3/2+
^199mAu	548.9368(21) keV			440(30) µs			(11/2)-
²⁰⁰Au	79	121	199.97073(5)	48.4(3) min	β^-	²⁰⁰Hg	1(-)
^200mAu	970(70) keV			18.7(5) h	β^- (82%)	²⁰⁰Hg	12-
^200mAu	970(70) keV			18.7(5) h	IT (18%)	²⁰⁰Au	12-
²⁰¹Au	79	122	200.971657(3)	26(1) min	β^-	²⁰¹Hg	3/2+
²⁰²Au	79	123	201.97381(18)	28.8(19) s	β^-	²⁰²Hg	(1-)
²⁰³Au	79	124	202.975155(3)	53(2) s	β^-	²⁰³Hg	3/2+
²⁰⁴Au	79	125	203.97772(22)#	39.8(9) s	β^-	²⁰⁴Hg	(2-)
²⁰⁵Au	79	126	204.97987(32)#	31(2) s	β^-	²⁰⁵Hg	3/2+

^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹³Ir

Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

References

^ D. T. Win, M. Al Masum (2003). "Weapons of Mass Destruction" (PDF). Assumption University Journal of Technology. 6 (4): 199–219.
^ R. L. Miller (2002). U.S. Atlas of Nuclear Fallout, 1951-1970. Vol. 1 (Abridged General Reader ed.). Two Sixty Press. p. 340. ISBN 1881043134.
^ http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx

Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0849304859. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)

[4] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹³Ir

[1] D. T. Win, M. Al Masum (2003). "Weapons of Mass Destruction" (PDF). Assumption University Journal of Technology. 6 (4): 199–219.

[2] R. L. Miller (2002). U.S. Atlas of Nuclear Fallout, 1951-1970. Vol. 1 (Abridged General Reader ed.). Two Sixty Press. p. 340. ISBN 1881043134.

[3] ttp://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx

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