Isotopes of thallium: Difference between revisions

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Thallium (Tl) has 25 isotopes which have atomic masses that range from 184 to 210. ²⁰³Tl and ²⁰⁵Tl are the only stable isotopes and ²⁰⁴Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a half-life of 3.78 years.

Thallium-202 (half life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron^[1] while thallium-204 (half life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.^[2]

Isotopes of thallium occurring within the radioactive disintegration chains of actinium, radium and thorium were known as:

radium E^II : ²⁰⁶Tl
actinium C^II : ²⁰⁷Tl
thorium C^II : ²⁰⁸Tl
radium C^II : ²¹⁰Tl

Standard atomic mass: 204.3833(2) u

Table

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)^[3]	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	decay mode(s)^[3]	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)	range of natural variation (mole fraction)
¹⁷⁶Tl	81	95	176.00059(21)#	5.2(+30-14) ms			(3-,4-,5-)
¹⁷⁷Tl	81	100	176.996427(27)	18(5) ms	p	¹⁷⁶Hg	(1/2+)
¹⁷⁷Tl	81	100	176.996427(27)	18(5) ms	α (rare)	¹⁷³Au	(1/2+)
^177mTl	807(18) keV			230(40) µs	p	¹⁷⁶Hg	(11/2-)
^177mTl	807(18) keV			230(40) µs	α	¹⁷³Au	(11/2-)
¹⁷⁸Tl	81	97	177.99490(12)#	255(10) ms	α	¹⁷⁴Au
¹⁷⁸Tl	81	97	177.99490(12)#	255(10) ms	p (rare)	¹⁷⁷Hg
¹⁷⁹Tl	81	98	178.99109(5)	270(30) ms	α	¹⁷⁵Au	(1/2+)
¹⁷⁹Tl	81	98	178.99109(5)	270(30) ms	p (rare)	¹⁷⁸Hg	(1/2+)
^179mTl	860(30)# keV			1.60(16) ms	α	¹⁷⁵Au	(9/2-)
^179mTl	860(30)# keV			1.60(16) ms	IT (rare)	¹⁷⁹Tl	(9/2-)
¹⁸⁰Tl	81	99	179.98991(13)#	1.5(2) s	α (75%)	¹⁷⁶Au
					β⁺ (25%)	¹⁷⁶Hg
					β⁺, SF (.0001%)	¹⁰⁰Ru, ⁸⁰Kr^[4]
¹⁸¹Tl	81	100	180.986257(10)	3.2(3) s	α	¹⁷⁷Au	1/2+#
¹⁸¹Tl	81	100	180.986257(10)	3.2(3) s	β⁺	¹⁸¹Hg	1/2+#
^181mTl	857(29) keV			1.7(4) ms	α	¹⁷⁷Au	9/2-#
^181mTl	857(29) keV			1.7(4) ms	β⁺	¹⁸¹Hg	9/2-#
¹⁸²Tl	81	101	181.98567(8)	2.0(3) s	β⁺ (96%)	¹⁸²Hg	2-#
¹⁸²Tl	81	101	181.98567(8)	2.0(3) s	α (4%)	¹⁷⁸Au	2-#
^182m1Tl	100(100)# keV			2.9(5) s	α	¹⁷⁸Au	(7+)
^182m1Tl	100(100)# keV			2.9(5) s	β⁺ (rare)	¹⁸²Hg	(7+)
^182m2Tl	600(140)# keV						10-
¹⁸³Tl	81	102	182.982193(10)	6.9(7) s	β⁺ (98%)	¹⁸³Hg	1/2+#
¹⁸³Tl	81	102	182.982193(10)	6.9(7) s	α (2%)	¹⁷⁹Au	1/2+#
^183m1Tl	630(17) keV			53.3(3) ms	IT (99.99%)	¹⁸³Tl	9/2-#
^183m1Tl	630(17) keV			53.3(3) ms	α (.01%)	¹⁷⁹Au	9/2-#
^183m2Tl	976.8(3) keV			1.48(10) µs			(13/2+)
¹⁸⁴Tl	81	103	183.98187(5)	9.7(6) s	β⁺	¹⁸⁴Hg	2-#
^184m1Tl	100(100)# keV			10# s	β⁺ (97.9%)	¹⁸⁴Hg	7+#
^184m1Tl	100(100)# keV			10# s	α (2.1%)	¹⁸⁰Au	7+#
^184m2Tl	500(140)# keV			>20 ns			(10-)
¹⁸⁵Tl	81	104	184.97879(6)	19.5(5) s	α	¹⁸¹Au	1/2+#
¹⁸⁵Tl	81	104	184.97879(6)	19.5(5) s	β⁺	¹⁸⁵Hg	1/2+#
^185mTl	452.8(20) keV			1.93(8) s	IT (99.99%)	¹⁸⁵Tl	9/2-#
					α (.01%)	¹⁸¹Au
					β⁺	¹⁸⁵Hg
¹⁸⁶Tl	81	105	185.97833(20)	40# s	β⁺	¹⁸⁶Hg	(2-)
¹⁸⁶Tl	81	105	185.97833(20)	40# s	α (.006%)	¹⁸²Au	(2-)
^186m1Tl	320(180) keV			27.5(10) s	β⁺	¹⁸⁶Hg	(7+)
^186m2Tl	690(180) keV			2.9(2) s			(10-)
¹⁸⁷Tl	81	106	186.975906(9)	~51 s	β⁺	¹⁸⁷Hg	(1/2+)
¹⁸⁷Tl	81	106	186.975906(9)	~51 s	α (rare)	¹⁸³Au	(1/2+)
^187mTl	335(3) keV			15.60(12) s	α	¹⁸³Au	(9/2-)
					IT	¹⁸⁷Tl
					β⁺	¹⁸⁷Hg
¹⁸⁸Tl	81	107	187.97601(4)	71(2) s	β⁺	¹⁸⁸Hg	(2-)
^188m1Tl	40(30) keV			71(1) s	β⁺	¹⁸⁸Hg	(7+)
^188m2Tl	310(30) keV			41(4) ms			(9-)
¹⁸⁹Tl	81	108	188.973588(12)	2.3(2) min	β⁺	¹⁸⁹Hg	(1/2+)
^189mTl	257.6(13) keV			1.4(1) min	β⁺ (96%)	¹⁸⁹Hg	(9/2-)
^189mTl	257.6(13) keV			1.4(1) min	IT (4%)	¹⁸⁹Tl	(9/2-)
¹⁹⁰Tl	81	109	189.97388(5)	2.6(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁰Hg	2(-)
^190m1Tl	130(90)# keV			3.7(3) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁰Hg	7(+#)
^190m2Tl	290(70)# keV			750(40) µs			(8-)
^190m3Tl	410(70)# keV			>1 µs			9-
¹⁹¹Tl	81	110	190.971786(8)	20# min	β⁺	¹⁹¹Hg	(1/2+)
^191mTl	297(7) keV			5.22(16) min	β⁺	¹⁹¹Hg	9/2(-)
¹⁹²Tl	81	111	191.97223(3)	9.6(4) min	β⁺	¹⁹²Hg	(2-)
^192m1Tl	160(50) keV			10.8(2) min	β⁺	¹⁹²Hg	(7+)
^192m2Tl	407(54) keV			296(5) ns			(8-)
¹⁹³Tl	81	112	192.97067(12)	21.6(8) min	β⁺	¹⁹³Hg	1/2(+#)
^193mTl	369(4) keV			2.11(15) min	IT (75%)	¹⁹³Tl	9/2-
^193mTl	369(4) keV			2.11(15) min	β⁺ (25%)	¹⁹³Hg	9/2-
¹⁹⁴Tl	81	113	193.97120(15)	33.0(5) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁴Hg	2-
¹⁹⁴Tl	81	113	193.97120(15)	33.0(5) min	α (1E-7%)	¹⁹⁰Au	2-
^194mTl	300(200)# keV			32.8(2) min	β⁺	¹⁹⁴Hg	(7+)
¹⁹⁵Tl	81	114	194.969774(15)	1.16(5) h	β⁺	¹⁹⁵Hg	1/2+
^195mTl	482.63(17) keV			3.6(4) s	IT	¹⁹⁵Tl	9/2-
¹⁹⁶Tl	81	115	195.970481(13)	1.84(3) h	β⁺	¹⁹⁶Hg	2-
^196mTl	394.2(5) keV			1.41(2) h	β⁺ (95.5%)	Hg	(7+)
^196mTl	394.2(5) keV			1.41(2) h	IT (4.5%)	¹⁹⁶Tl	(7+)
¹⁹⁷Tl	81	116	196.969575(18)	2.84(4) h	β⁺	¹⁹⁷Hg	1/2+
^197mTl	608.22(8) keV			540(10) ms	IT	¹⁹⁷Tl	9/2-
¹⁹⁸Tl	81	117	197.97048(9)	5.3(5) h	β⁺	¹⁹⁸Hg	2-
^198m1Tl	543.5(4) keV			1.87(3) h	β⁺ (54%)	¹⁹⁸Hg	7+
^198m1Tl	543.5(4) keV			1.87(3) h	IT (46%)	¹⁹⁸Tl	7+
^198m2Tl	687.2(5) keV			150(40) ns			(5+)
^198m3Tl	742.3(4) keV			32.1(10) ms			(10-)#
¹⁹⁹Tl	81	118	198.96988(3)	7.42(8) h	β⁺	¹⁹⁹Hg	1/2+
^199mTl	749.7(3) keV			28.4(2) ms	IT	¹⁹⁹Tl	9/2-
²⁰⁰Tl	81	119	199.970963(6)	26.1(1) h	β⁺	²⁰⁰Hg	2-
^200m1Tl	753.6(2) keV			34.3(10) ms	IT	²⁰⁰Tl	7+
^200m2Tl	762.0(2) keV			0.33(5) µs			5+
²⁰¹Tl^{[n 1]}	81	120	200.970819(16)	72.912(17) h	EC	²⁰¹Hg	1/2+
^201mTl	919.50(9) keV			2.035(7) ms	IT	²⁰¹Tl	(9/2-)
²⁰²Tl	81	121	201.972106(16)	12.23(2) d	β⁺	²⁰²Hg	2-
^202mTl	950.19(10) keV			572(7) µs			7+
²⁰³Tl	81	122	202.9723442(14)	Stable^{[n 2]}			1/2+	0.2952(1)	0.29494-0.29528
^203mTl	3400(300) keV			7.7(5) µs			(25/2+)
²⁰⁴Tl	81	123	203.9738635(13)	3.78(2) a	β^- (97.1%)	²⁰⁴Pb	2-
²⁰⁴Tl	81	123	203.9738635(13)	3.78(2) a	EC (2.9%)	²⁰⁴Hg	2-
^204m1Tl	1104.0(4) keV			63(2) µs			(7)+
^204m2Tl	2500(500) keV			2.6(2) µs			(12-)
^204m3Tl	3500(500) keV			1.6(2) µs			(20+)
²⁰⁵Tl	81	124	204.9744275(14)	Stable^{[n 3]}			1/2+	0.7048(1)	0.70472-0.70506
^205m1Tl	3290.63(17) keV			2.6(2) µs			25/2+
^205m2Tl	4835.6(15) keV			235(10) ns			(35/2-)
²⁰⁶Tl^{[n 4]}	81	125	205.9761103(15)	4.200(17) min	β^-	²⁰⁶Pb	0-
^206mTl	2643.11(19) keV			3.74(3) min	IT	²⁰⁶Tl	(12-)
²⁰⁷Tl^{[n 5]}	81	126	206.977419(6)	4.77(2) min	β^-	²⁰⁷Pb	1/2+
^207mTl	1348.1(3) keV			1.33(11) s	IT (99.9%)	²⁰⁷Tl	11/2-
^207mTl	1348.1(3) keV			1.33(11) s	β^- (.1%)	²⁰⁷Pb	11/2-
²⁰⁸Tl^{[n 6]}	81	127	207.9820187(21)	3.053(4) min	β^-	²⁰⁸Pb	5(+)
²⁰⁹Tl	81	128	208.985359(8)	2.161(7) min	β^-	²⁰⁹Pb	(1/2+)
²¹⁰Tl^{[n 7]}	81	129	209.990074(12)	1.30(3) min	β^- (99.991%)	²¹⁰Pb	(5+)#
²¹⁰Tl^{[n 7]}	81	129	209.990074(12)	1.30(3) min	β^-, n (.009%)	²⁰⁹Pb	(5+)#
²¹¹Tl	81	130	210.99348(22)#	1# min [>300 ns]			1/2+#
²¹²Tl	81	131	211.99823(32)#	30# s [>300 ns]			5+#

^ Main isotope used in scintigraphy
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁹Au
^ Believed to undergo α decay to ²⁰¹Au
^ Historic name radium E^II
^ Historic name actinium C^II
^ Historic name thorium C^II
^ Historic name radium C^II

Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.

References

Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter, J. K. Böhlke, P. De Bièvre, H. Hidaka, H. S. Peiser, K. J. R. Rosman and P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help)
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi, A. H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0849304859. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)

[5] Main isotope used in scintigraphy

[6] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁹⁹Au

[7] Believed to undergo α decay to ²⁰¹Au

[8] Historic name radium E^II

[9] Historic name actinium C^II

[10] Historic name thorium C^II

[11] Historic name radium C^II

[1] Thallium Research from Department of Energy

[2] Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes from the International Atomic Energy Agency

[3] ttp://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx

[4] ttp://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mercury-serves-up-a-nuclear-su

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