2013 Southeast Asian haze: Difference between revisions
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====Measures taken==== |
====Measures taken==== |
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The health hazard had forced the authorities to close all 221 schools in Muar and Ledang for two days. A similar directive was also given to shut down all schools in Batu Pahat.<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/call-for-permanent-solution-to-haze-threat-1.304592?cache=03D163D03edding-pred-1.1176%2F%3FpFpentwa%3Fkey%3DKuala+Lumpur%3Fpage%3D0%3Fpage%3D0%3Fpage%3D0%2F7.198993 "Call for Permanent Solution to Haze Threat"], ''[[New Straits Times]]'', Malaysia, 21 June 2013.</ref><ref name="Mail 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2345093/Singapore-haze-2013-Residents-told-stay-indoors-possibly-WEEKS.html |newspaper=[[Daily Mail]] |title=Singapore tells residents to stay indoors, possibly for WEEKS, after smoke from Indonesian forest fire blankets city |date=June 20, 2013 }}</ref> Many outdoor activities on the affected area such as the [[Malaysian National Service]] (PLKN) camp training and Johor Rugby Carnival had been stopped or postponed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jerebu: Aktiviti luar di kem PLKN dihentikan|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Dalam_Negeri/20130620/dn_25/Jerebu-Aktiviti-luar-di-kem-PLKN-dihentikan|accessdate=21 June 2013|newspaper=Utusan Malaysia|language=Malay|date=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jerebu: Karnival Ragbi Johor 2013 ditangguh|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/jerebu-karnival-ragbi-johor-2013-ditangguh-1.173855|accessdate=21 June 2013|newspaper=Sinar Harian|language=Malay|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> The Department of Environment has issued a ban against open burning activities in Selangor, Malacca and Johor until further notice. Those who are convicted of an open burning offence can face fines of not more than RM500,000 (S$199,400) or a maximum imprisonment of five years, or both according to Section 29AA(2) of the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2001.<ref name="TodayOnline">{{cite news|title=Indonesia to extinguish fires using cloud-seeding|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/indonesia-extinguish-fires-using-cloud-seeding|accessdate=20 June 2013|newspaper=Today Online|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> Malaysian Prime Minister also advised the public to reduce outdoor activities at the moment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/pm-urges-caution-as-haze-worsens-1.302360?cache=03%2F7.206949%2F7.209145%2F7.209565%3Fkey%3DMalaysia|title=PM urges caution as haze worsens|date=18 June 2013|accessdate=19 June 2013|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref> |
The health hazard had forced the authorities to close all 221 schools in Muar and Ledang for two days. A similar directive was also given to shut down all schools in Batu Pahat.<ref>[http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/call-for-permanent-solution-to-haze-threat-1.304592?cache=03D163D03edding-pred-1.1176%2F%3FpFpentwa%3Fkey%3DKuala+Lumpur%3Fpage%3D0%3Fpage%3D0%3Fpage%3D0%2F7.198993 "Call for Permanent Solution to Haze Threat"], ''[[New Straits Times]]'', Malaysia, 21 June 2013.</ref><ref name="Mail 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2345093/Singapore-haze-2013-Residents-told-stay-indoors-possibly-WEEKS.html |newspaper=[[Daily Mail]] |title=Singapore tells residents to stay indoors, possibly for WEEKS, after smoke from Indonesian forest fire blankets city |date=June 20, 2013 }}</ref> Many outdoor activities on the affected area such as the [[Malaysian National Service]] (PLKN) camp training and Johor Rugby Carnival had been stopped or postponed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jerebu: Aktiviti luar di kem PLKN dihentikan|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/Dalam_Negeri/20130620/dn_25/Jerebu-Aktiviti-luar-di-kem-PLKN-dihentikan|accessdate=21 June 2013|newspaper=Utusan Malaysia|language=Malay|date=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jerebu: Karnival Ragbi Johor 2013 ditangguh|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/jerebu-karnival-ragbi-johor-2013-ditangguh-1.173855|accessdate=21 June 2013|newspaper=Sinar Harian|language=Malay|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> The Department of Environment has issued a ban against open burning activities in Selangor, Malacca and Johor until further notice. Those who are convicted of an open burning offence can face fines of not more than RM500,000 (S$199,400) or a maximum imprisonment of five years, or both according to Section 29AA(2) of the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2001.<ref name="TodayOnline">{{cite news|title=Indonesia to extinguish fires using cloud-seeding|url=http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/indonesia-extinguish-fires-using-cloud-seeding|accessdate=20 June 2013|newspaper=Today Online|date=20 June 2013}}</ref> Malaysian Prime Minister also advised the public to reduce outdoor activities at the moment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/pm-urges-caution-as-haze-worsens-1.302360?cache=03%2F7.206949%2F7.209145%2F7.209565%3Fkey%3DMalaysia|title=PM urges caution as haze worsens|date=18 June 2013|accessdate=19 June 2013|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]}}</ref> |
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====Air pollution index==== |
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!colspan=7|Daily API readings in June 2013<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.doe.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=818&Itemid=370&lang=en Department of Environment Malaysia]</ref> |
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!Date (Time)||align=center|[[George Town, Penang|George Town]]||align=center|[[Kuala Lumpur]]||align=center|[[Malacca Town]]||align=center|[[Johor Bahru]]||align=center|[[Kuantan]]||align=center|[[Kuching]] |
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|align=center|17 (7am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|56|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|74|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|129|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|77|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|106|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|59 |
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|- |
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|align=center|17 (11am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|53|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|66|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|102|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|74|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|107|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|58 |
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|align=center|17 (5pm)|| style="text-align:center; background:#6f9;"|46|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|60|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|62|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|77|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|99|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|56 |
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|align=center|18 (7am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#6f9;"|41|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|59|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|65|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|116|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|70|| style="text-align:center; background:#6f9;"|47 |
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|align=center|18 (11am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#6f9;"|46|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|62|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|68|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|125|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|67|| style="text-align:center; background:#6f9;"|42 |
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|align=center|18 (5pm)|| style="text-align:center; background:#6f9;"|49|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|65|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|72|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|122|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|63|| style="text-align:center; background:#6f9;"|46 |
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|align=center|19 (7am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|55|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|75|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|148|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|122|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|67|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|60 |
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|align=center|19 (11am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|56|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|76|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|160|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|124|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|68|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|65 |
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|- |
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|align=center|19 (5pm)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|57|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|72|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|161|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|152|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|70|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|68 |
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|align=center|20 (7am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|54|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|61|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|134|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|171|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|72|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|79 |
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|- |
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|align=center|20 (11am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|53|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|61|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|137|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|181|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|71|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|80 |
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|- |
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|align=center|20 (5pm)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|52|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|67|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|150|| style="text-align:center;color:#fff; background:#c03;"|219|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|73|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|85 |
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|- |
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|align=center|21 (7am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|57|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|78|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|192|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|190|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|85|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|84 |
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|- |
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|align=center|21 (11am)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|60|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|81|| style="text-align:center;color:#fff; background:#c03;"|205|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|197|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|87|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|83 |
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|align=center|21 (5pm)|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|64|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|80|| style="text-align:center;color:#fff; background:#c03;"|271|| style="text-align:center; background:#f96;"|158|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|90|| style="text-align:center; background:#ff9;"|86 |
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|align=center|22 (7am)|| style="text-align:center; background:"|N/A|| style="text-align:center; background:"|N/A|| style="text-align:center; background:"|N/A|| style="text-align:center; background:"|N/A|| style="text-align:center; background:"|N/A|| style="text-align:center; background:"|N/A |
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|} |
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<span style="background:#6f9; color:#000; padding:0 3px; font-family:courier new,courier;"> 0–50 </span> Good |
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<span style="background:#ff9; color:#000; padding:0 3px; font-family:courier new,courier;"> 51–100</span> Moderate |
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<span style="background:#f96; color:#000; padding:0 3px; font-family:courier new,courier;">101–200</span> Unhealthy |
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<span style="background:#c03; color:#fff; padding:0 3px; font-family:courier new,courier;">201–300</span> Very unhealthy |
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<span style="background:maroon; color:#fff; padding:0 3px; font-family:courier new,courier;">301-</span> Hazardous |
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{{-}} |
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===Singapore=== |
===Singapore=== |
Revision as of 10:35, 21 June 2013
![]() | This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses, and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Satellite_image_of_2013_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20130619.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_2013_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20130619.jpg)
The 2013 Southeast Asian haze was a haze caused by continued uncontrolled burning from plantation cultivation in Indonesia, and affected several countries in the Southeast Asian region, such as Malaysia and Singapore. The haze started around mid-June 2013 when farmers around Dumai City, Riau Province burned down large areas of forest for land clearing.[citation needed] As many as 187 hotspots were picked up by satellites on 18 June 2013.[1] Many of the hotspots are owned by palm oil companies (with business based on Singapore and Malaysia) or smallholder farmers who supply palm oil to these companies and use traditional slash-and-burn methods to clear their land for the next planting season.[2]
Countries affected
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_showing_extent_of_2013_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20130619.png/220px-Map_showing_extent_of_2013_Southeast_Asian_haze_-_20130619.png)
Malaysia
The haze affecting Malaysia was the worst since 2005, with the Air Pollution Index (API) hitting 172 on 19 June 2013.[3] On 17 June, only two areas of unhealthy API was recorded, reduced from six areas on 16 June.[4][5] According to the Malaysian Department of Environment, the two areas were Kemaman, Terengganu (118) and Balok Baru, Kuantan, Pahang (110).[4] On 19 June, API readings at 5pm by the Malaysian Department of Environment showed that Johor and Malacca were worst affected by the haze. The highest reading in Johor was 172, which was recorded in Muar, while that of Malacca was 161, which was recorded in the state capital, Malacca City.[6]
On 20 June 2013, the haze in Malaysia worsened. Johor and Malacca remained the worst-affected states. In Johor, Muar recorded a hazardous reading (383) at 11am, which was the worst of the readings. Kota Tinggi was the 2nd-worst, recording a very unhealthy reading of 232. In Malacca, Malacca City was worst hit, with an unhealthy reading of 137. Readings in other parts of Malaysia ranged from good to unhealthy.[7] There is also a concern that the haze may affect the Jelajah Malaysia cycling tour the following week.[8]
Measures taken
The health hazard had forced the authorities to close all 221 schools in Muar and Ledang for two days. A similar directive was also given to shut down all schools in Batu Pahat.[9][10] Many outdoor activities on the affected area such as the Malaysian National Service (PLKN) camp training and Johor Rugby Carnival had been stopped or postponed.[11][12] The Department of Environment has issued a ban against open burning activities in Selangor, Malacca and Johor until further notice. Those who are convicted of an open burning offence can face fines of not more than RM500,000 (S$199,400) or a maximum imprisonment of five years, or both according to Section 29AA(2) of the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2001.[13] Malaysian Prime Minister also advised the public to reduce outdoor activities at the moment.[14]
Air pollution index
Daily API readings in June 2013[15] | ||||||
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Date (Time) | George Town | Kuala Lumpur | Malacca Town | Johor Bahru | Kuantan | Kuching |
17 (7am) | 56 | 74 | 129 | 77 | 106 | 59 |
17 (11am) | 53 | 66 | 102 | 74 | 107 | 58 |
17 (5pm) | 46 | 60 | 62 | 77 | 99 | 56 |
18 (7am) | 41 | 59 | 65 | 116 | 70 | 47 |
18 (11am) | 46 | 62 | 68 | 125 | 67 | 42 |
18 (5pm) | 49 | 65 | 72 | 122 | 63 | 46 |
19 (7am) | 55 | 75 | 148 | 122 | 67 | 60 |
19 (11am) | 56 | 76 | 160 | 124 | 68 | 65 |
19 (5pm) | 57 | 72 | 161 | 152 | 70 | 68 |
20 (7am) | 54 | 61 | 134 | 171 | 72 | 79 |
20 (11am) | 53 | 61 | 137 | 181 | 71 | 80 |
20 (5pm) | 52 | 67 | 150 | 219 | 73 | 85 |
21 (7am) | 57 | 78 | 192 | 190 | 85 | 84 |
21 (11am) | 60 | 81 | 205 | 197 | 87 | 83 |
21 (5pm) | 64 | 80 | 271 | 158 | 90 | 86 |
22 (7am) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
0–50 Good 51–100 Moderate 101–200 Unhealthy 201–300 Very unhealthy 301- Hazardous
Singapore
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Effects_of_2013_Southeast_Asian_haze_on_Singapore.jpg/220px-Effects_of_2013_Southeast_Asian_haze_on_Singapore.jpg)
In Singapore, air quality remained in the Unhealthy range for a few days.[16] Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) first hit levels unseen in 16 years when a PSI of 155 was recorded at 10 p.m. on 17 June 2013.[3] At 10 p.m. on 19 June 2013, the 3-hour PSI reading of 321 breached the Hazardous zone for the first time in the nation's history, surpassing its previous record of 226 (Very unhealthy) during the 1997 haze. [17] However, the reading soon decreased to 282 at 11 p.m., and 218 at 12 a.m., both of which are in the Very unhealthy range. At 1 p.m. on 20 June 2013, the 3-hour PSI reading reached record levels once again with a reading of 371 in the Hazardous range.[18]
At 11am on 21 June 2013, a new all-time high was recorded, with a PSI of 400 in the "Hazardous" range. Shortly after that, the new record was broken again at 12pm, with the PSI remaining in the "Hazardous" range with a reading of 401. [19]
As with the other haze events that preceded this, the ties between Indonesia and Singapore have become strained, with Indonesia swiftly pushing the blame for the haze to Singapore and Malaysia, which have invested in palm oil firms at the area of the burning.[20] The Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, as well as Vivian Balakrishnan, the Singaporean Minister of Environment and Water Resources, have expressed concern over the haze, calling on Indonesia to do more to resolve the issue.[21] Cloud seeding was suggested to get rid of the haze, but Singapore's meteorological service said that it was not possible at the moment, since there was insufficient cloud cover.[22]
Aggravating the situation, face masks were sold out early in major drugstores and other retailers due to strong demand,[23] although the Ministry of Health subsequently reassured the public that restocks were being distributed, from its adequate armory of close to 9 million N95 masks.[24]
Measures taken
The Singapore Armed Forces has ceased all outfield training until further notice to ensure the safety of the soldiers.[25]
On 19 June 2013, Environment and Water Resources Minister Vivian Balakrishnan announced in a press conference that the Government has formed a task force which comprises 23 agencies to deal with the situation and draw up contingency plans. If the haze situation worsens, schools will be closed and the Ministry of Manpower Singapore may issue a stop-work order.[26] NEA also sent a delegation to Indonesia on 20 June 2013 to discuss concrete steps to take in order to cope with the situation.[27] McDonald's Singapore has officially stopped its delivery services in the country for the time being, as a safety precaution.[10]
Air traffic controllers at Singapore Changi Airport are also lengthening the time between flight takeoffs and landings. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) has explained that visibility on the runways has dropped to at most 1500m. But despite the severe haze, no significant delays in flight departures and arrivals have hit Changi Airport so far. [28]
On 21 June 2013, the Ministry of Education announced that all school activities will be cancelled in the month of June. [29]
PSI readings
24-hour PSI readings in June 2013 Based on PM2.5 concentration only.[a] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date (Time) | North | South | East | West | Central | Overall |
19 (4pm) | 121 | 115 | 101 | 118 | 107 | 101–121 |
20 (8am) | 168 | 173 | 156 | 171 | 152 | 152–173 |
20 (12pm) | 178 | 196 | 180 | 180 | 169 | 169–196 |
20 (4pm) | 193 | 214 | 193 | 191 | 179 | 179–214 |
20 (11pm) | 196 | 236 | 196 | 199 | 182 | 182–236 |
21 (8am) | 197 | 196 | 180 | 198 | 170 | 170–198 |
21 (9am) | 205 | 205 | 184 | 209 | 175 | 175–209 |
21 (10am) | 219 | 216 | 186 | 220 | 179 | 179–220 |
21 (11am) | 217 | 220 | 186 | 227 | 180 | 180–227 |
21 (12pm) | 210 | 232 | 188 | 225 | 181 | 181–232 |
21 (3pm) | 190 | 225 | 181 | 196 | 173 | 173-225 |
21 (4pm) | 185 | 225 | 177 | 194 | 171 | 171-225 |
21 (5pm) | 177 | 216 | 175 | 189 | 166 | 166-216 |
21 (6pm) | 173 | 200 | 169 | 182 | 161 | 161-200 |
3-hour PSI readings in June 2013 Based on PM10 concentration only.[b]
|
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Both government responses
Malaysian Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Razak said on his official Twitter that four ministers from four countries (Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore and Thailand) would meet in Malaysia to discuss the issue on 20 August 2013.[30][31] Malaysian Natural Resources and Environment Minister Datuk Dr James Dawos Mamit also said that Malaysia are willing to send help to Sumatra.[32]
On 21 June 2013, Emeritus Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong stated on his Facebook page that “the Singapore Child is being suffocated”. This was in response to an Indonesian Minister comments on Singaporeans "behaving like a child" over the haze issue, made the day before. Using an example of Malaysian and Singaporeans being neighbours, he stressed that one should be considerate for another. He then quoted an act of "burning our garden refuse openly if the smoke will enter our neighbour’s house" for instance.[33]
International responses
Indonesia – A foreign ministry official said that the government plans to use cloud-seeding to extinguish fires that have been causing the haze.[13] Agung Laksono, the Indonesian Minister for People's Welfare, called for Singapore to cease "making all these noise" and "behaving like a child", insisting that Singapore companies that own plantations on Sumatra must share the blame.[34]
- Greenpeace International – The environmental organization thought of the situation as an "international problem", stating that "nothing could be more illustrative of forest destruction than the polluting haze that is coming from Sumatra". It urged the parties responsible for the haze to take preventive actions.[35]
See also
- 1997 Southeast Asian haze
- 2005 Malaysian haze
- 2006 Southeast Asian haze
- Air quality index
- Asian brown cloud
- Borneo peat swamp forests
- Deforestation in Borneo
- Haze
- Pollutant Standards Index
- Smog
Notes
- ^ 24-hour PSI readings obtained from Weather@SG, a Singapore weather website owned and updated by the National Environment Agency, Singapore.
- ^ 3-hour PSI readings obtained from the official PSI Readingby the National Environment Agency, Singapore. The reading is updated hourly.
References
- ^ "Four times as many hotspots in Sumatra now". The Star. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ Jessica Chaem (June 20, 2013). "Haze hits hazardous levels, Singapore and Indonesia at war of words". Eco Business. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
- ^ a b "Haze Shrouds Singapore, Malaysia". Online Wall Street Journal. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Hanya dua kawasan bacaan IPU tidak sihat". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). 18 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "Enam kawasan catat IPU tidak sihat". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). 17 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "API readings by Malaysian Department of Environment: 19 June 2013". Malaysian Department of Environment. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "API readings by Malaysian Department of Environment: 20 June 2013". 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "Haze may affect race". Borneo Post. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ "Call for Permanent Solution to Haze Threat", New Straits Times, Malaysia, 21 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Singapore tells residents to stay indoors, possibly for WEEKS, after smoke from Indonesian forest fire blankets city". Daily Mail. June 20, 2013.
- ^ "Jerebu: Aktiviti luar di kem PLKN dihentikan". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ "Jerebu: Karnival Ragbi Johor 2013 ditangguh". Sinar Harian (in Malay). 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ a b "Indonesia to extinguish fires using cloud-seeding". Today Online. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "PM urges caution as haze worsens". New Straits Times. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ Department of Environment Malaysia
- ^ "PSI reading climbs in S'pore but remains within moderate range". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
- ^ "S'pore PSI hits all-time high, PSI at 321 at 10pm". The Straits Times. 19 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "Haze reaches hazardous level; PSI hits 371". Channel NewsAsia. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "PSI hits new all-time high of 401 on Friday". Channel NewsAsia. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ "Singapore and Indonesia clash over regional haze". Telegraph. 18 June 2013.
- ^ "Haze update: PM Lee says Singapore urging Indonesia to take action to reduce haze". The Straits Times. 18 June 2013.
{{cite news}}
:|first=
missing|last=
(help) - ^ Feng, Zengkun (20 June 2013). "Haze update: Record 321 PSI at 10pm; plans in place if haze worsens". The Straits Times.
- ^ Face Masks, Anyone? Singapore Struggles With Haze, CNBC, June 20, 2013
- ^ "There is sufficient stock of N95 masks: Health Ministry". The Straits Times. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "Haze in S'pore reaches hazardous level". Channel NewsAsia. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "Haze update: Haze taskforce convened as PSI soared to record level". The Straits Times. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
- ^ "Singapore Government Agencies Coordinate Effort To Mitigate Haze Impact On Public". National Environment Agency, Singapore. 19 June 2013.
- ^ "CAAS allows more time between flight takeoffs and landings due to haze". Channel NewsAsia. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ "MOE stops all school activities for June". TODAYonline. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ "Najib statement about the haze". Twitter. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "Asean ministers to discuss haze problem". The Star. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
- ^ "Malaysia willing to aid Indonesia on haze". New Straits Times. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
- ^ "The 'Singapore Child is being suffocated': Goh Chok Tong". Channel NewsAsia. June 21, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
- ^ "Indonesia chides Singapore over reactions on haze situation". Channel News Asia. June 20, 2013.
- ^ Cheam, Jessica (19 June 2013). "Name and shame companies behind haze: Singapore". Eco-Business.