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{{about|the wound|the action|Biting|other uses|Bite (disambiguation)}}
LUIS SUAREZ BITING LIVERPOOL TRAITOR!
{{Infobox disease
| Name = Animal bite
| Image = USN Medic Louis Kost gets attacked by Bruno crop retouch.tif
| Caption = Military working dog training to attack by biting
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|T|14|1|t|08}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|E906.5}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 000034
| eMedicineSubj =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID = D001733
}}
An '''animal bite''' is a [[wound]] received from the [[teeth]] of an [[animal]], including humans. Animals may bite in self-defence, in an attempt to prey one food, and as part of normal interactions. Other bite attacks may be apparently unprovoked. Self-inflicted bites occur in some genetic illnesses, such as [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]]. Biting is an act that occurs when an animal uses its teeth to pierce another object, including [[food]], [[flesh]], and inanimate matter. A person bitten by an animal potentially carrying [[parvovirus]] or [[rabies virus]] should consult a medical doctor immediately. An animal bite victim may also incur serious bacterial infections of the bone called [[osteomyelitis]] which can become life-threatening if untreated, whether or not the animal has parvovirus or rabies virus.

==Signs and symptoms==
Bite wounds can cause a number of signs and symptoms

*Generalized tissue damage due to tearing and scratching
*Serious [[hemorrhage]] if major blood vessels are pierced
*[[Infection]] by [[bacterium|bacteria]] or other [[pathogen]]s, including rabies
*Introduction of [[Venom (poison)|venom]] into the wound by venomous animals such as some [[snakes]]
*Introduction of other irritants into the wound, causing [[inflammation]] and [[itching]]

==Causes==
[[File:Mosquito bite from Flickr.jpg|thumb|A mosquito bite]]

Bites are usually classified by the type of creature causing the wound.
Many different creatures are known to bite humans.

===Vertebrates===
*[[Dog bites]] are commonplace, with children the most commonly bitten and the face the most common target.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dogbitelaw.com/PAGES/statistics.html |title= Dog Bite Statistics |author= Kenneth M. Phillips |date= 2009-12-27 |accessdate= 2010-08-06 }}</ref> About 4.7 million [[dog bite]]s are reported annually in the [[United States]].<ref>[http://www.hsus.org/pets/pet_care/dog_care/stay_dog_bite_free/questions_and_answers_about_dog_bites/ Questions and Answers about Dog Bites]{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>
*Other companion animals, including [[cat]]s, [[ferret]]s, and [[companion parrot|parrots]], may bite humans.
*[[Wildlife]] may sometimes bite humans. The bites of various mammals such as [[bat]]s, [[rabbit]]s, [[wolf|wolves]], [[raccoon]]s, etc. may transmit [[rabies]], which is almost always fatal if left untreated.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

Involuntary biting injuries due to [[closed-fist injuries]] from fists striking teeth (referred to as [[Reverse bite injury|reverse bite injuries]]) are a common consequence of [[Hand to hand combat|fist fights]]. These have been termed "fight bites". Injuries in which the [[knuckle joint]]s or [[tendon]]s of the hand are bitten into tend to be the most serious.

In spite of their name, [[hickey|love bite]]s are not biting injuries (they involve bruising from sucking, and the skin is not broken), although actual biting injuries are sometimes seen as the result of fetishistic activities.
*[[Snakebite]]

===Arthropods===
*[[Spider bite]]
*[[Insect bites and stings]]
**[[Flea bite]]s are responsible for the transmission of [[bubonic plague]].
**[[Mosquito bite]]s are responsible for the transmission of [[dengue fever]] and [[malaria]].
*[[Leech bite]]

==Treatment==
Initial treatment includes washing the bite wound.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Animal bites Fact sheet N°373|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs373/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=5 May 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> If there is a low risk of infection the wound may be sutured.<ref name=WHO2013/>

===Antibiotics===
Antibiotics to prevent infection are recommended for dog and cat bites of the hand,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1021 |title=BestBets: Antibiotics in cat bites |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> and human bites if they are more than superficial.<ref name="Oehler2009">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70110-0|author=Oehler RL, Velez AP, Mizrachi M, Lamarche J, Gompf S|title=Bite-related and septic syndrome caused by cats and dogs|journal=Lancet Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=9|pages=439&ndash;47|pmid=19555903|issue=7}}</ref> They are also recommended in those who have [[immunodeficiency|poor immune function]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Evidence for antibiotics to prevent infection in bites in other areas is not clear.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Medeiros I, Saconato H |title=Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume= |issue=2 |pages=CD001738 |year=2001 |pmid=11406003 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001738 |url= |editor1-last=Medeiros |editor1-first=Iara Marques}}</ref>

The first choice is [[amoxicillin with clavulanic acid]], and if the person is penicillin-allergic, [[doxycycline]] and [[metronidazole]].<ref name="Oehler2009"/> The antistaphylococcal penicillins (e.g., [[cloxacillin]], [[nafcillin]], [[flucloxacillin]]) and the [[macrolide]]s (e.g., [[erythromycin]], [[clarithromycin]]) are not used for empirical therapy, because they do not cover ''[[Pasteurella]]'' species.<ref name="Oehler2009"/>

===Rabies===
Animal bites inflicted by some animals, including [[carnivora]]ns and [[bat]]s, can transmit [[rabies]]. The animal is caught alive or dead with its head preserved, so the head can later be analyzed to detect the disease. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behavior, and red eyes.

If the animal cannot be captured, prophylactic rabies treatment is recommended in most places. Certain places, such as [[Hawaii]], [[Australia]], and the [[United Kingdom]], are known not to have native rabies. Treatment is generally available in [[North America]] and the [[Northern European]] states.

===Tetanus===
[[Tetanus toxoid]] is recommended in those whose vaccinations are not up to date and have a bite that punctures the skin.<ref name=WHO2013/> [[Tetanus immune globulin]] is indicated in people with more than 10 years since prior vaccination. Tetanus boosters (Td) should be given every ten years.

{|
|- valign="top"
| '''Prior toxoid'''
| '''Clean minor wounds'''
| '''All other wounds'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; background:rgb(217, 195, 195);"
| < 3 doses
| TT: yes, '''TIG: no'''
| TT: yes, TIG: yes
|-
| ≥ 3 doses
| TT: if last dose ≥ 10yr<br> '''TIG: no'''
| TT: if last dose ≥ 5yr, TIG: no
|}

TT = tetanus toxoid; TIG: tetanus immune globulin

===Mosquito bites===
{{main|Insect bites and stings}}

[[Antihistamines]] are effective treatment for the symptoms from bites.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbets.org/bets/bet.php?id=1074 |title=BestBets: Oral antihistamines for insect bites |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> Many diseases such as [[malaria]] are transmitted by [[mosquitoes]].

==See also==
* [[Bite force quotient]]
* [[Wilderness first aid]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Bites}}
*[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1033.htm Treating human bites]
*[http://www.orthopaedia.com/display/Main/Human+bite+wound Human bite wounds] - Orthopaedia.com

{{General injuries}}
{{Animal bites and stings}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}

[[Category:Veterinary medicine]]
[[Category:Pain infliction methods]]
[[Category:Injuries]]

Revision as of 12:53, 11 July 2014

This article is about the wound. For the action, see Biting. For other uses, see Bite (disambiguation).
Animal bite
SpecialtyEmergency medicine Edit this on Wikidata

An animal bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal, including humans. Animals may bite in self-defence, in an attempt to prey one food, and as part of normal interactions. Other bite attacks may be apparently unprovoked. Self-inflicted bites occur in some genetic illnesses, such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Biting is an act that occurs when an animal uses its teeth to pierce another object, including food, flesh, and inanimate matter. A person bitten by an animal potentially carrying parvovirus or rabies virus should consult a medical doctor immediately. An animal bite victim may also incur serious bacterial infections of the bone called osteomyelitis which can become life-threatening if untreated, whether or not the animal has parvovirus or rabies virus.

Signs and symptoms

Bite wounds can cause a number of signs and symptoms

Causes

A mosquito bite

Bites are usually classified by the type of creature causing the wound. Many different creatures are known to bite humans.

Vertebrates

Involuntary biting injuries due to closed-fist injuries from fists striking teeth (referred to as reverse bite injuries) are a common consequence of fist fights. These have been termed "fight bites". Injuries in which the knuckle joints or tendons of the hand are bitten into tend to be the most serious.

In spite of their name, love bites are not biting injuries (they involve bruising from sucking, and the skin is not broken), although actual biting injuries are sometimes seen as the result of fetishistic activities.

Arthropods

Treatment

Initial treatment includes washing the bite wound.[3] If there is a low risk of infection the wound may be sutured.[3]

Antibiotics

Antibiotics to prevent infection are recommended for dog and cat bites of the hand,[4] and human bites if they are more than superficial.[5] They are also recommended in those who have poor immune function.[3] Evidence for antibiotics to prevent infection in bites in other areas is not clear.[6]

The first choice is amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and if the person is penicillin-allergic, doxycycline and metronidazole.[5] The antistaphylococcal penicillins (e.g., cloxacillin, nafcillin, flucloxacillin) and the macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, clarithromycin) are not used for empirical therapy, because they do not cover Pasteurella species.[5]

Rabies

Animal bites inflicted by some animals, including carnivorans and bats, can transmit rabies. The animal is caught alive or dead with its head preserved, so the head can later be analyzed to detect the disease. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behavior, and red eyes.

If the animal cannot be captured, prophylactic rabies treatment is recommended in most places. Certain places, such as Hawaii, Australia, and the United Kingdom, are known not to have native rabies. Treatment is generally available in North America and the Northern European states.

Tetanus

Tetanus toxoid is recommended in those whose vaccinations are not up to date and have a bite that punctures the skin.[3] Tetanus immune globulin is indicated in people with more than 10 years since prior vaccination. Tetanus boosters (Td) should be given every ten years.

Prior toxoid Clean minor wounds All other wounds
< 3 doses TT: yes, TIG: no TT: yes, TIG: yes
≥ 3 doses TT: if last dose ≥ 10yr
TIG: no 		TT: if last dose ≥ 5yr, TIG: no

TT = tetanus toxoid; TIG: tetanus immune globulin

Mosquito bites

Main article: Insect bites and stings

Antihistamines are effective treatment for the symptoms from bites.[7] Many diseases such as malaria are transmitted by mosquitoes.

See also

References

  1. ^ Kenneth M. Phillips (27 December 2009). "Dog Bite Statistics". Retrieved 6 August 2010.
  2. ^ Questions and Answers about Dog Bites[dead link]
  3. ^ a b c d "Animal bites Fact sheet N°373". World Health Organization. February 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
  4. ^ "BestBets: Antibiotics in cat bites".
  5. ^ a b c Oehler RL, Velez AP, Mizrachi M, Lamarche J, Gompf S (2009). "Bite-related and septic syndrome caused by cats and dogs". Lancet Infect Dis. 9 (7): 439–47. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70110-0. PMID 19555903.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Medeiros I, Saconato H (2001). Medeiros, Iara Marques (ed.). "Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD001738. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001738. PMID 11406003.
  7. ^ "BestBets: Oral antihistamines for insect bites".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bites.

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