Jump to content

Christiaan Lindemans: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m September 1944, Capture and death
m Capture and death
Line 61: Line 61:


===Capture and death===
===Capture and death===
On 26 October 1944, Lindemans was denounced as a German spy by a fellow Abwehr agent named Cornelis Johannes Antonius Verloop{{refn|group="n"|Cornelis Johannes Antonius Verloop, born in 1909 in [[The Hague]].He joined the [[French Foreign Legion]] in 1935, he deserted to join the Abweher as an active intelligence operative, he was involved in the mock arrest of British traitor [[Harold Cole]] (December 1941). He was the one who put Lindemans in touch with Giskes, Verloop crossed into the liberated section of [[North Brabant]] on Abwehr instructions.<ref>Was Arnhem Betrayed ?, by [[Loe de Jong]], article published in Encounter, June 1981</ref>}} nicknamed ''Satan Face''. Verloop claimed{{refn|group="n"|Verloop was questioned by Dutch counterintelligence officer Oreste Pinto, to prove that he could be trusted. Verloop named some members of Pinto's staff including British officer Captain Baker, the intelligence had been passed to him by Kiesewetter.<ref>The Lindemans affair, by Anne Laurens, published by Allan Wingate 1971 , p.179</ref>}} that Lindemans had betrayed Operation Market Garden to intelligence officer Kiesewetter on Friday, 15 September at the Abwehr station in Driebergen. "King Kong" was arrested on 28 October 1944 at Prince Bernhard's headquarters located at Château Wittouck outside Brussels and was soon afterwards transferred to [[Camp 020]] (A maximum-security prison), placed under the command of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant colonel]] R.W.G .Stephens nicknamed ''Tin Eye''. Following an intense two-week interrogation by [[MI5]] agents, Lindemans had several [[epileptic]] fits and consequently, he made a full and detailed confession{{refn|group="n"|Lindemans files and confession went missing prior to his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trial of King Kong Vital But File Has Disappeared |date=16 June 1950 |page=8 |publisher= The Miami News}}</ref>.Lindemans's confession appears to have been made from four reports written down at different times (6 Dec 1944).}} contrary to initial findings compelled by Camp 020 officers that they were unable to report what intel Lindemans has transmitted to the enemy. He was then returned to [[Netherlands|Dutch]] custody (7 Dec 1944) where he was jailed in [[Breda]]{{refn|group="n"|Pinto was ordered back to SHAEF HQ to be congratulated on his catch by a ''Very Important Person'' with a soft American accent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trial of King Kong Vital But File Has Disappeared |date=16 June 1950 |page=8 |publisher= The Miami News}}</ref>}} Prison up to March 1945 and in [[Scheveningen]] until summer 1946.
On 26 October 1944, Lindemans was denounced as a German spy by a fellow Abwehr agent named Cornelis Johannes Antonius Verloop{{refn|group="n"|Born in 1909 in [[The Hague]].Verloop joined the [[French Foreign Legion]] in 1935, he deserted to join the Abweher as an active intelligence operative, he was involved in the mock arrest of British traitor [[Harold Cole]] (December 1941). He was the one who put Lindemans in touch with Giskes, Verloop crossed into the liberated section of [[North Brabant]] on Abwehr instructions.<ref>Was Arnhem Betrayed ?, by [[Loe de Jong]], article published in Encounter, June 1981</ref>}} nicknamed ''Satan Face''. Verloop claimed{{refn|group="n"|Verloop was questioned by Dutch counterintelligence officer Oreste Pinto, to prove that he could be trusted. Verloop named some members of Pinto's staff including British officer Captain Baker, the intelligence had been passed to him by Kiesewetter.<ref>The Lindemans affair, by Anne Laurens, published by Allan Wingate 1971 , p.179</ref>}} that Lindemans had betrayed Operation Market Garden to intelligence officer Kiesewetter on Friday, 15 September at the Abwehr station in Driebergen. "King Kong" was arrested on 28 October 1944 at Prince Bernhard's headquarters located at Château Wittouck outside Brussels and was soon afterwards transferred to [[Camp 020]] (A maximum-security prison), placed under the command of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant colonel]] R.W.G .Stephens nicknamed ''Tin Eye''. Following an intense two-week interrogation by [[MI5]] agents, Lindemans had several [[epileptic]] fits and consequently, he made a full and detailed confession{{refn|group="n"|Lindemans files and confession went missing prior to his death.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trial of King Kong Vital But File Has Disappeared |date=16 June 1950 |page=8 |publisher= The Miami News}}</ref>.Lindemans's confession appears to have been made from four reports written down at different times (6 Dec 1944).}} contrary to initial findings compelled by Camp 020 officers that they were unable to report what intel{{refn|group="n"|A [[Oliver Strachey|ISOS]] ((''Intelligence Services Oliver Strachey'') decrypt of a Abwehr signal dated from end of August showed that Lindemans had intended a meeting in company of military officers and Dutch resistance representatives.Informations about possible landings of airborne troops in the [[Meuse (river)|Meuse]] area were disclosed, it is unclear in what capacity did Lindemans intend this secret conference.}}Lindemans has transmitted to the enemy. He was then returned to [[Netherlands|Dutch]] custody (7 Dec 1944) where he was jailed in [[Breda]]{{refn|group="n"|Pinto was ordered back to SHAEF HQ to be congratulated on his catch by a ''Very Important Person'' with a soft American accent.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trial of King Kong Vital But File Has Disappeared |date=16 June 1950 |page=8 |publisher= The Miami News}}</ref>}} Prison up to March 1945 and in [[Scheveningen]] until summer 1946.


[[Oreste Pinto]] did visited Lindemans at least once, the very muscular and keen boxer nicknamed "King Kong" was now the shadow of his former self,{{refn|group="n"|Lindemans was reported suffering from the debilitating effects of partial paralysis, his medical condition featured briefly in a post-war article (statement made by Pinto) published in 1955, in Historia, a French periodical.<ref>"Historia, 1955", numeros 98 a 109 p.472</ref>}} the two men looked at each other, Lindemans could only say those words, ''Is there no mercy ?'',<ref>{{cite news |title=No thumbscrews were needed to make King Kong talk |date=25 May 1950 |page=2 |publisher= The Courier-Mail}}</ref> Pinto didn’t reply only to disappear in the mist of Scheveningen Prison. He allegedly committed suicide by swallowing 80 aspirin in a psychiatric ward{{refn|group="n"|''Psychatric wing'' of the Scheveningen prison also known as the Orange Hotel.}}before his case could be heard.
[[Oreste Pinto]] did visited Lindemans at least once, the very muscular and keen boxer nicknamed "King Kong" was now the shadow of his former self,{{refn|group="n"|Lindemans was reported suffering from the debilitating effects of partial paralysis, his medical condition featured briefly in a post-war article (statement made by Pinto) published in 1955, in Historia, a French periodical.<ref>"Historia, 1955", numeros 98 a 109 p.472</ref>}} the two men looked at each other, Lindemans could only say those words, ''Is there no mercy ?'',<ref>{{cite news |title=No thumbscrews were needed to make King Kong talk |date=25 May 1950 |page=2 |publisher= The Courier-Mail}}</ref> Pinto didn’t reply only to disappear in the mist of Scheveningen Prison. He allegedly committed suicide by swallowing 80 aspirin in a psychiatric ward{{refn|group="n"|''Psychatric wing'' of the Scheveningen prison also known as the Orange Hotel.}}before his case could be heard.

Revision as of 11:08, 29 October 2014

Christiaan Lindemans
File:Lindemans.jpg
Born(1912-10-24)24 October 1912
Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Died18 July 1946(1946-07-18) (aged 33)
Scheveningen, The Netherlands
Cause of deathSuicide
NationalityDutch
OccupationDouble agent
Spouse(s)Gilberte Yvonne Lindemans nee Letuppe
(m. 1941)
Childrentwo daughters

Christiaan Antonius Lindemans (Rotterdam, 24 October 1912 – Scheveningen, 18 July 1946), son of Joseph hendrik Lindemans and Christina Antonia Van Uden, was a Dutch double agent during the Second World War. He is better known under his nickname "King Kong" or in some circles as "le Tueur" (the Killer) as he undertook missions to kill.[1]

He is blamed[2][3] for betraying the plans of Operation Market Garden to the enemy and as a result caused the Allies defeat at the battle of Arnhem in 1944, the loss of the battle prolonged the war by 6 months, allowing the Russian Red Army to enter Berlin first.[4]

Krist, as he was called by his fellow comrades, had worked for the Allies with great bravery, being personally responsible for the death of at least of twenty-seven Germans during the guerrilla war in the outskirts of Antwerp. His love for women and gambling was limitless, he didn't know the meaning of fear; unfortunately neither did he know the meaning of loyalty.[5]

Biography

Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Lindemans worked alongside his brother Jan as a mechanic at his father's garage in Rotterdam. In 1934 he was involved in a motorcycle accident which left him partly paralysed on the left side of the body and left him with a lumbering, simian-like, gait.[6] Tall and heavily built (6 ft 3 and 260 lbs), he was nicknamed King Kong, he spoke French and German well and some English. By his own account, Lindemans started to work as a informant for the British secrets service since the spring of 1940, in August of the same year, he found a job as lorry driver on the Lille to Paris route carrying petrol for the German air forces. While living at Lille, and through his girlfriend (who later became his wife), he became involved with the resistance sometime in 1941.

By 1943, his popularity as one of the leaders of the Dutch resistance was its highest. He had begun collecting jewels and other valuables from rich women to provide fighting funds for the underground "escape route" through occupied Belgium and the Netherlands into Spain and Portugal.

Lindemans served as a contact with resistance movements such as the RVV (Raad van Verzet or Council of Resistance, the RVV was engaged in both communications sabotage and protection of onderduikers or people in hiding[7]), the CS VI group of Amsterdam (a clandestine sabotage and intelligence organisation, one of its members was Dutch officer Captain Kas de Graaf[8][n 1]), the Trouw (Fidelity), the Het Parool (The spoken Word),[9] the Dutch-Paris escape line run by John Henry Weidner[10] and for evasion networks within the jurisdisdiction of MI9.[11]

In February 1944 his younger brother Henk was arrested in Rotterdam and held captive at La Hague, awaiting execution.Followed on 24 February[12] by his wife who was then 3 months pregnant, expecting her second child, a French cabaret singer who worked for the French Resistance named Gilberte Letuppe nicknamed Gilou Lelup at Hotel Montholon in Paris, the arrest was made by two members of the Gestapo assisted by four German soldiers heavily armed. They searched her bag and her room and found three ID cards, some Kommandantur signatures, pass and some German employment permits, all stolen the previous day, in addition to the items discovered, three revolvers and a box of ammunitions, all to be hand over to a French resistance movement in Bordeaux.

Letuppe was taken prisonner and interrogated for eleven hours that day, she was beating with such force in the face, she fell from her chair but she refused to speak.She was therefore taken to Fresnes Prison , South of Paris where she was jailed, manacled hand and foot with no food an water or a bed for four days.She was questionned violently a couple of times (twenty-four), beaten in the face at each occasions.Because of her mustism, she spend the next six months in Solitary confinement.

She is registered,[13] at the beginning of August, to be the last woman admitted to Fort de Romainville, a stop before deportation.Her file numbered 6 862 described her being born on 15 September 1922 and nine months pregnant (9 Monat schwanger).But, instead, being among the prisonners aboard the last convoy[n 2] (I.264, 15 August 1944) of deportees from Paris (quai des bestiaux, gare de Pantin) to Germany and alike some of her fellow inmates who were unable to travel, she was evacuated from the Fort of Romainville on 17 August to a local Hospice in Saint-Denis where she gave birth on 25 August to her second child, a daughter.

Her testimony was later written down by the Allied Information Service (AIS)-SHAEF[n 3] and used as evidence in the Nuremberg trials.

By March 1944, he was able to make contact with the intelligence agency of the SS or Sicherheitsdienst and agreed to be their agent[n 4] in exchange for his brother release.[15][16] From here on, he was instructed to renew contact with resistance agents and transmit back to Major Hermann Giskes[n 5](who had run the successful operation Operation North Pole) information about the resistance movement in the occupied Netherlands, France and Belgium, Lindemmans was ordered to infiltrate the British Intelligence Service and obtain information on the time and place of Day X,[17] in the wake of D-Day's landings, lindemans said to have visited the British sector of the Normandy Beachhead,[18] he succeeded in getting himself recruiting by IS 9 (Intelligence School 9 aka Nine Eyes[19]), a top-secret section which worked under MI9,[20] by the end of September 1944[n 6], he was a member of Prince Bernhard's staff and was appointed to the position of liaison officer (with temporary rank of Captain) between Dutch resistance and a British Intelligence unit commanded by a Canadian officer[n 7]

September 1944

On 3 September 1944, Giskes left Brussels (en route to his next assignment) and instructed Lindemans to stay in Belgium and make contact with Anglo-Canadian intelligence, he was to offer himself as an agent, the mission was to find out what plans Canadian Intelligence[n 8] had made for the Netherlands and as soon as possible cross the lines with that information.

On 4 September 1944, Captain Peter Baker of IS 9 of the D group (Western Europe Area) arrived in Brussels en route to Antwerp in search of a Dutchman who would be able to go through the lines and to contact Allied airmen hiding in the southern part of the Netherlands (Allied pilots were to stay put as the Allied amies were preparing to move toward Eindhoven[24]).

An Armée secrète ‘s operative named Urbain Renniers[n 9] recommended Lindemans to the job, before sending him out, Baker made a few enquiries, he then went to the 21st Army Group's[n 10] headquarters which in turn contacted Prince Bernhard’s staff, on SHAEF special forces Captain de Graaf’s recommendation, Prince Bernhard notifiy Baker that Lindemans could be trusted. From now on Lindemans had joined The Buccaneers[n 11], Baker's private army, the Jolly Roger was the unit Battle standard.[25] On the night of 14 September[n 12], Captain Baker conducted Lindemans and a Belgian to the front near Berigen (Location of Capt Baker HQ, the British intended to drive on Eindhoven with 300 tanks from the bridgehead near Berigen), in full British battle dress uniform he crossed the frontlines through a hail of shells, the Belgian was wounded and taken to a German field Hospital, he died shortly after and for Lindemans he had rendezvous with the German HQs in the Netherlands. Lindemans first met with German Luftwaffe general Kurt Student in Vught[27][28][n 13] and then escorted to Driebergen[31] by Abwehr agent Richard Christmann[32] (1905-1989).

Alongside his BBO assignement Lindemans had received a Dutch BI (bureau of information, The Dutch exile government's intelligence service and MI-6 counterpart[33]) order, once in Eindhoven he was to tell resistance fighters at The Philips Company also known as Eindhoven Philips, that they should hold back information on the development of V-2 rocket and a cyclotron[n 14] until the Allies reached them unless they considered it to be a strategic imperative. In that case they were to hand their intelligence to Lindemans on his way back through the lines[34] possibly part of the Melanie Mission[n 15], a joint operation between the Office of Strategic Services and the BI,[35] the Melanie Mission was to collect military, economic and industrial intelligence.[36] Saturday 16 September. He went for the safe house of resistant police officer Inspector Kooy, his address had been given to Lindemans via Baker by Dutch intelligence liaison officers. Kooy started to suspect Lindemans, he had him searched and when a copy of the Deutsche Zeitung in den Niederlanden and a pass signed by Major Kiesewetter (Giskes's subordinate) were discovered in his pocket, Lindemans answered that he had picked up the paper on the road and the pass was forged, Kooy had him locked him up in a coal cellar near the police station .

Lindemans was released on Tuesday, 19 September, one day after the Allies entered Eindhoven[n 16] by Baker who was absolutely furious that one of his best agents was detained, Kooy produced the items discovered, Baker's reply that the newspaper meant nothing and the pass was a fake. On 23 September, Lindemans was debriefed and cleared of any suspicion by Captain de Graff.[38] (A coded telegram was sent to the BI HQ in London noting that Lindemans was all right[39])

Tactical advantage

Since the war various authors have speculated that Lindemans' information led Field Marshal Model (Model's Tactical HQ was located in Oosterbeek, in the neighbouring of Arnhem) to reposition the II SS Panzer Corps (commanded by General Bittrich) under the cover of darkness to positions overlooking likely Airborne targets, mainly bridgeheads, near Arnhem.[40]

According to Lindemans, the Allies wanted to attack Eindhoven.[41] More specifically, Lindemans' information stated that the Allied attack would be north of Eindhoven and would consist of Airborne troops eventually backstopped by Allied armor.[42]

Capture and death

On 26 October 1944, Lindemans was denounced as a German spy by a fellow Abwehr agent named Cornelis Johannes Antonius Verloop[n 17] nicknamed Satan Face. Verloop claimed[n 18] that Lindemans had betrayed Operation Market Garden to intelligence officer Kiesewetter on Friday, 15 September at the Abwehr station in Driebergen. "King Kong" was arrested on 28 October 1944 at Prince Bernhard's headquarters located at Château Wittouck outside Brussels and was soon afterwards transferred to Camp 020 (A maximum-security prison), placed under the command of Lieutenant colonel R.W.G .Stephens nicknamed Tin Eye. Following an intense two-week interrogation by MI5 agents, Lindemans had several epileptic fits and consequently, he made a full and detailed confession[n 19] contrary to initial findings compelled by Camp 020 officers that they were unable to report what intel[n 20]Lindemans has transmitted to the enemy. He was then returned to Dutch custody (7 Dec 1944) where he was jailed in Breda[n 21] Prison up to March 1945 and in Scheveningen until summer 1946.

Oreste Pinto did visited Lindemans at least once, the very muscular and keen boxer nicknamed "King Kong" was now the shadow of his former self,[n 22] the two men looked at each other, Lindemans could only say those words, Is there no mercy ?,[48] Pinto didn’t reply only to disappear in the mist of Scheveningen Prison. He allegedly committed suicide by swallowing 80 aspirin in a psychiatric ward[n 23]before his case could be heard.

Body exhumed

On Tuesday, 17 June 1986[n 24], Dutch pathologist Martin Voortman positively identified a skeleton exhumed as that of Christiaan Lindemans, according to Voortman, the skeleton had an irregularly healed break in its left ankle, corresponding to Lindemans' medical records. The body[n 25] was recovered[n 26]at dawn the same day from Rotterdam Crooswijk cemetery from a coffin sandwiched between those of Lindemans's parents.[52]

In 1997, Lindemans' suicide note surfaced and had provided satisfactory evidence that Lindemans took his own life.[53]

Prison, rumours and escape

According to British officer Capt Baker's own recollections of events, Lindemans was kept at the Tower of London, he was later executed for treason.[54]

In the summer of 1946, a Dutch newspaper published an article on a prison break which occurred at Scheveningen Prison, three men being held at the camp for political delinquents escaped, one of the escapees was the notorious Christiaan Lindemans, the mysterious Tower of London prisoner, a previous escape attempt by Lindemans from the same place had been thwarted.,[55] he may have been allowed to escape[56] to South America[57] after a body-swap.[58][59]

The Prince Bernhard impersonation

On the eve of the liberation of Eindhoven, preceded by Sherman Tanks, Baker entered the town of Valkenswaard, accompanied by Charles Muller[n 27], a French officer, the two mens were driven through the town in an impressive Cadillac limousine, quickly attracting devoted followers.With his horn rimmed spectacles and his London-tailored uniform, Baker bore an uncanny resemblance to Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and as expected, a large and enthusiastic crowd started to cheer at Baker who politely replied waving his hands in royal manner.At the end, Baker had to take refuge at the Irish Guards’s HQ at Aalst near Eindhoven where some British and American journalists were waiting to interview the Commander-in-Chief of the Dutch Forces.

Baker acknowledged in his memoirs that pictures were taken that day.[60] It is possible that the enduring myth that Lindemans and Prince Bernhard were acquainted before Operation Market-Garden started found its origin in the Baker-Lindemans connection.

Notes

  1. ^ In the fall of 1943, Lindemans helped De Graaf escape from the Netherlands en route to London (Jan 1944).
  2. ^ Letuppe was to be deported to Ravensbrück concentration camp, branded with the following number 57584.
  3. ^ Incorrectly written Sindemans instead of Lindemans.
  4. ^ The Germans gave Lindemans the code name of Christiaan Brand.[14]
  5. ^ After the war, Giskes was recruited by the Gehlen Organization.
  6. ^ 23 September,[21] date of the first meeting between Lindemans and Prince Bernhard at Chateau Wittouck also known by the name of Chateau Rubens.[22]
  7. ^ Lindemans was assigned to a junior Canadian officer by Lieutenant-Colonel Maurice Louis De Rome, OBE, ED, of the Royal 22nd Regiment and Special Forces Detachments (SFD) attached to the 1st Canadian Army, in July 1948, De Rome was promoted to chief of staff,[23] Quebec Army Command with HQ in Montreal.De Rome accompanied British officer Captain Baker to his first meeting with Lindemans.
  8. ^ Lindemans was to find out the status of the Belgian resistance in the forthcoming of an Allied attack and Allied plans for infiltrating agents behind German lines.
  9. ^ Renniers, was one the leaders of the Belgian secret Army in Antwerp, he provided Lindemans with a written statement for his bravery exibited during the liberation of Antwerp.
  10. ^ IS 9 (WEA) was attached to the intelligence staff of Montgomery's 21 Army.
  11. ^ Inspired by The Pirates of Penzance.
  12. ^ There is some confusion about the exact date and area of Lindemans crossing into enemy lines, Langley mentioned the event in his wartime memoir he co-wrote with British historian M. R. D. Foot as taking place 4 days before Operation Market-Garden started, setting the occurrence a day earlier, on the 13 September before midnight and the crossing point being described as near Eindhoven[26] and not Berigen as it is officially recorded.Langley states it was Lindemans's call and other sources says the order came from the First Canadian Army's HQ, Lindemans's assignment under Canadian arrangement was to gather the resistance to linkup in the imminent Operation market-Garden.
  13. ^ Student denied that he ever met Lindemans.On 17 September, Luftwaffe's Flack (Fliegerabwehrkanone, stands for anti-aircraft guns) had reportedly shot down a glider (perhaps American[29]) near Vught, among its cargo, details of Operation Market-Garden were discovered and brought immediately to the attention of Student.[30]
  14. ^ Commissioned by the Reich Postal Office for its laboratory in Miersdorf near Zeuthen.The RPM was headed by Wilhelm Ohnesorge.
  15. ^ The Melanie Mission reached Eindhoven on 21 September 1944.
  16. ^ Baker expressed admiration for Lindeman's courageous and devoted conduct displayed after his release.[37]
  17. ^ Born in 1909 in The Hague.Verloop joined the French Foreign Legion in 1935, he deserted to join the Abweher as an active intelligence operative, he was involved in the mock arrest of British traitor Harold Cole (December 1941). He was the one who put Lindemans in touch with Giskes, Verloop crossed into the liberated section of North Brabant on Abwehr instructions.[43]
  18. ^ Verloop was questioned by Dutch counterintelligence officer Oreste Pinto, to prove that he could be trusted. Verloop named some members of Pinto's staff including British officer Captain Baker, the intelligence had been passed to him by Kiesewetter.[44]
  19. ^ Lindemans files and confession went missing prior to his death.[45].Lindemans's confession appears to have been made from four reports written down at different times (6 Dec 1944).
  20. ^ A ISOS ((Intelligence Services Oliver Strachey) decrypt of a Abwehr signal dated from end of August showed that Lindemans had intended a meeting in company of military officers and Dutch resistance representatives.Informations about possible landings of airborne troops in the Meuse area were disclosed, it is unclear in what capacity did Lindemans intend this secret conference.
  21. ^ Pinto was ordered back to SHAEF HQ to be congratulated on his catch by a Very Important Person with a soft American accent.[46]
  22. ^ Lindemans was reported suffering from the debilitating effects of partial paralysis, his medical condition featured briefly in a post-war article (statement made by Pinto) published in 1955, in Historia, a French periodical.[47]
  23. ^ Psychatric wing of the Scheveningen prison also known as the Orange Hotel.
  24. ^ Ordered by Rotterdam mayor Bram Peper on a request by resistance veteran, Haarlem city councillor Belinda Thone.[49]
  25. ^ According to Dutch General Practitioner Dr Hans.C Moolenburgh, Lindemans's autopsy revealed unexplained high levels of Arsenic.[50]
  26. ^ Lindemans surviving brother and two daughters witnessed the exhumation.[51]
  27. ^ Muller (maybe a pseudonym), a veteran of the Battle of France was made a Lieutenant in Baker's unit, possibly a member of the Jedburgh teams.
General

Under the auspices of MI6, MI9 HQ were located at Wilton Park in Beaconsfield later known as camp 20 (not to be confused with camp 020), described as a special camp who hold prisoners with high intelligence value, with offices (Room 900) at the War Office.

Intelligence School 9, a cover for MI9's field activities.

SHAEF HQ were located in Norfolk House, St. James's Square, London and moved in March 1944 to Bushy Park where Operation Overlord was planned.

The Special Forces Detachments were created by SHAEF and SFHQ to facilitate cooperation between military organizations and resistance groups.

Special Forces Headquarters (SFHQ) was a joint organization between SOE and OSS and subordinate to SHAEF.

The Bureau Inlichtingen (BI) had the task of collecting intelligence, Dutch officer Jan Marginus Somer (1899-1979) was head of the Bureau.

The Bureau Bijzondere Opdrachten (BBO) had the mission to carry out specials operations, the head of BBO was Dutch Major-General J.W Oorschot, assisted by officers Klijzing and De Graff.

See also

References

  1. ^ Was Arnhem Betrayed ?, by Loe de Jong, article published in Encounter, june 1981
  2. ^ "Spy Catcher", by Oreste Pinto, published by Nelson, 1964, p. 129
  3. ^ "Liddell Hart: 15/15/50", [1947-1951],1957, King's College London, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
  4. ^ "Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, Volume II: Since 1914", by Dennis Merrill and Thomas G.Paterson, published by Cengage learning Inc, 7 edition, 2009, p.175
  5. ^ "My Testament", by Capt.Peter Baker,MC, published by John Calder, march 1955, p. 112-3
  6. ^ "Uncertain Horizons:Canadians and their world in 1945", By Greg Donaghy, p. 53
  7. ^ Studies in Intelligence, issue 1, published by the U.S Central Intelligence Agency, 1998, p.109
  8. ^ Uncertain horizons:Canadians and their world in 1945, by Greg Donaghy, p.54
  9. ^ The Lindemans affair, by Anne Laurens, published by Allan Wingate, 1971, p.110
  10. ^ Flee the Captor, by Herbert Ford, published by Review & Herald Publishing 1994, p.243
  11. ^ The Lindemans affair, by Anne Laurens, published by Allan Wingate, 1971, p.39
  12. ^ "Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November 1945-1 October 1946 Documents and other material in evidence, Numbers 257-F to 180-L", vol XXXVII, published at Nuremberg, Germany, 1949, p.298-9
  13. ^ "Les oubliés de Romainville", by Thomas Fontaine, published by Tallandier Editions, 2005, p.92
  14. ^ Camp 20 MI5 and the Nazi spies, introduction by Oliver Hoare, Public Record Office, 2000, p.327
  15. ^ London Calling North Pole, by Hermann J.Giskes, published by British Book Centre, 1953, p.167
  16. ^ The Tenth, by Ronald Brammall, published by Eastgate Publications, 1965, p.118
  17. ^ London Calling North Pole, by Hermann J.Giskes, published by British Book Centre, 1953, p.147
  18. ^ To Win the Winter Sky:The Air War Over the Ardennes,1944-1945, by Danny.S Parker, published by Combined Publishing 1999, p.120
  19. ^ Killer Elite, by Michael Smith, published by Weidenfeld and Nicolson 2006
  20. ^ Shot Down and on the Run, by Graham Pitchfork, published by Dundurn Group Ltd 2003 p.12
  21. ^ "The Guy Liddell Diaries Vol.II,1942-1945, MI5's Director of Counter-Espionage in World War II", edited by Nigel West, published by Routledge, p. 266
  22. ^ "The Hunger Winter Occupied Holland 1944-1945", by Henri A. van der Zee, published by University of Nebraska Press, 1998, p.32
  23. ^ "The Changing Commonwealth Proceedings of the fourth unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conference held at Bigwin Inn, Ontario, Canada, September 8–18, 1949", by Frederic Hubert Soward, published by Oxford University Press, 1950, p.239
  24. ^ A Bridge Too Far, by Cornelius Ryan, published by Simon and Schuster, p.155
  25. ^ Confession of Faith, P.131, by Peter Baker published by Falcon Press 1946
  26. ^ MI 9 The British Secret Service that Fostered Escape and Evasion 1939-1945, and Its American Counterpart, by Langley J.M and Foot M.R.D, London 1979, p.222
  27. ^ Les grandes décisions de la deuxiéme Guerre mondiale 1944-1945, by Jacques de Launay, published by Edito-service 1975,volume 3, p.181
  28. ^ The Lindemans affair, by Anne Laurens, published by Allan Wingate 1971 , p.42
  29. ^ U.S.A. Airborne 50th Anniversary 1940-1990, by Bart Hagerman, Turner Publishing Company 1990, p.123
  30. ^ Les grandes décisions de la deuxiéme Guerre mondiale 1944-1945, by Jacques de Launay, published by Edito-service 1975,volume 3, p.181
  31. ^ The Lindemans affair, by Anne Laurens, published by Allan Wingate 1971 , p.8
  32. ^ British Intelligence in the Second World War, Security and Counter-Intelligence, by F.H. Hinsley and C.A.G. Simkins , published by Stationery Office Books 1990, volume 4, p.377.
  33. ^ MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949, by Keith Jeffery, published by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 2010, p.544
  34. ^ Uncertain Horizons:Canadians and their world in 1945, By Greg Donaghy, published by Canadian Committee For The History of The Second World War, 1997, p.58
  35. ^ Studied in intelligence, numero 1, published by the U.S Central Intelligence Agency, 1998, p.111
  36. ^ Studied in intelligence, numero 1, published by the U.S Central Intelligence Agency, 1998, p.116
  37. ^ "My Testament", p. 118
  38. ^ Was Arnhem Betrayed ?, by Loe de Jong, article published in Encounter, June 1981.
  39. ^ Uncertain horizons:Canadians and their world in 1945, by Greg Donaghy, p.62
  40. ^ The Sword of St.Michael:The 82nd Airborne Division in World War II, by Guy Lofaro, published by Da Capo Press.
  41. ^ I5 files reveal how 'King Kong' betrayed Allies, The Independent, 20 April 2000.
  42. ^ Pinto, Oreste (1972) Spy Catcher, Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd. pp 136-137, ISBN 0-176-35054-3
  43. ^ Was Arnhem Betrayed ?, by Loe de Jong, article published in Encounter, June 1981
  44. ^ The Lindemans affair, by Anne Laurens, published by Allan Wingate 1971 , p.179
  45. ^ "Trial of King Kong Vital But File Has Disappeared". The Miami News. 16 June 1950. p. 8.
  46. ^ "Trial of King Kong Vital But File Has Disappeared". The Miami News. 16 June 1950. p. 8.
  47. ^ "Historia, 1955", numeros 98 a 109 p.472
  48. ^ "No thumbscrews were needed to make King Kong talk". The Courier-Mail. 25 May 1950. p. 2.
  49. ^ "Experts bid to solve riddle of Arnhem traitor". The Glasgow Herald. 16 June 1986. p. 4.
  50. ^ "As Chance Would Have it, A Study in Coincidences", by H.C Moolenburgh, published by The C.W Daniel Company Limited, 1998
  51. ^ "Exhumation confirms war traitor is dead". The Glasgow Herald. 18 June 1986. p. 4.
  52. ^ "The Courier", Examination confirms identity of double agent's body, 17 june 1986
  53. ^ Operation Market-Garden Then and Now, volume 1 by Karel Magry published by After the Battle, 2002
  54. ^ "My Testament", p.113-4
  55. ^ The Knickerbocker, the magazine of the low countries, volume 6, Atlantic Observer 1946
  56. ^ Associated Press, Paul Verschuur, 4 January 1986, Dutch Council Rules On Wartime Spy Case Disclosure
  57. ^ The News Media and The Law, volume 7, 1986
  58. ^ "Exhumation to confirm death of war traitor". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 June 1986. p. 7.
  59. ^ "Status of Dutch double agent remains mystery". Ottawa Citizen. 14 June 1986. p. 11.
  60. ^ "My Testament", p. 116

Sources

  • The Courier Mail, 25 May 1950, No thumbscrews were needed to make King Kong talk
  • The Courier Mail, 26 May 1950, The Scarlet Pimpernel Of Holland Wilts
  • The Advertiser, 6 June 1950, Traitor Of Arnhem-3
  • The Miami News, 15 June 1950, Hold on King Kong Gained Through Girl
  • The Miami News, 18 June 1950, Suicide Ends Career Of King Kong After Last Romance And Escape Attempt
  • The Straits Times, 18 June 1950, page 10, King Kong makes confession
  • The Sydney Morning Herald, 31 August 1950, Traitor Of Arnhem
  • The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 Sept 1950,Traitor Of Arnhem
  • The Southeast Missourian, 18 February 1953, Nazi Spy Cheats Justice After Betrayal Of Allied Paratroops
  • Tmes Daily, 25 May 1953, The Incredible Nazi Spy Named King Kong

Template:Persondata

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christiaan_Lindemans&oldid=631596901"