Zarqawi PSYOP program: Difference between revisions
Zer0faults (talk | contribs) →Effect of US PSYOP on domestic audiences: WP:OR prevents you from drawin glinks to that program and these laws / documents. |
restored info deleted by "the decider" which he had not noticed was taken from Newsweek, and again restarting attempt to improve while Zero only contributes by reverting |
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The '''Zarqawi PSYOP program''' refers to a US [[Psychological operations]] program, or propaganda campaign exaggerating the importance of [[Al Zarqawi]] in [[Al Qaeda]] and the [[Iraq insurgency]]. |
The '''Zarqawi PSYOP program''' refers to a US [[Psychological operations]] program, or propaganda campaign exaggerating the importance of [[Al Zarqawi]] in [[Al Qaeda]] and the [[Iraq insurgency]]. |
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The program was allegedly primarily aimed at, but not limited to, the "Iraqi and Arab media" along with the "U.S. Home Audience," which was part of a "broader propaganda campaign."<ref name="WaPo">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/09/AR2006040900890.html Military Plays Up Role of Zarqawi - Jordanian Painted As Foreign Threat To Iraq's Stability] By Thomas E. Ricks, The [[Washington Post]], April 10, 2006</ref><ref name="Salon">[http://www.salon.com/opinion/blumenthal/2006/06/15/zarqawi/ "Mission Accomplished" in a business suit - Ignoring U.S. intelligence, Bush inflated Zarqawi, then made a pointless trip to Iraq to pose as a heroic dragon slayer. It doesn't work anymore] by [[Sidney Blumenthal]], [[Salon]], June 15, 2006</ref><ref name="CounterPunch1">[http://www.counterpunch.org/vanbergen06132006.html Was There a Legal Basis for His Assassination? The Story Behind Zarqawi's Death] by Jennifer van Bergen, [[CounterPunch]], June 12, 2006</ref><ref name="CounterPunch2">[http://www.counterpunch.org/patrick06092006.html America Put Him in the Big Time The Short, Strange Career of Abu Masab al-Zarqawi] by Patrick Cockburn, Counterpunch, June 9, 2006</ref><ref name="RollingStone">[http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/nataffdaily/story/9753195/hyping_zarqawi Hyping Zarqawi] by Tim Dickinson, [[Rolling Stone]], April 11, 2006</ref> |
The program was allegedly primarily aimed at, but not limited to, the "Iraqi and Arab media" along with the "U.S. Home Audience," which was part of a "broader propaganda campaign."<ref name="WaPo">[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/09/AR2006040900890.html Military Plays Up Role of Zarqawi - Jordanian Painted As Foreign Threat To Iraq's Stability] By Thomas E. Ricks, The [[Washington Post]], April 10, 2006</ref><ref name="Salon">[http://www.salon.com/opinion/blumenthal/2006/06/15/zarqawi/ "Mission Accomplished" in a business suit - Ignoring U.S. intelligence, Bush inflated Zarqawi, then made a pointless trip to Iraq to pose as a heroic dragon slayer. It doesn't work anymore] by [[Sidney Blumenthal]], [[Salon]], June 15, 2006</ref><ref name="CounterPunch1">[http://www.counterpunch.org/vanbergen06132006.html Was There a Legal Basis for His Assassination? The Story Behind Zarqawi's Death] by Jennifer van Bergen, [[CounterPunch]], June 12, 2006</ref><ref name="Global_Research">[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0606/S00126.htm Who was Abu Musab al Zarqawi?] by Michel Chossudovsky, Global Research, June 09, 2006,</ref><ref name="CounterPunch2">[http://www.counterpunch.org/patrick06092006.html America Put Him in the Big Time The Short, Strange Career of Abu Masab al-Zarqawi] by Patrick Cockburn, Counterpunch, June 9, 2006</ref><ref name="GRca">[http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=CHO20060418&articleId=2275 Who is behind "Al Qaeda in Iraq"? Pentagon acknowledges fabricating a "Zarqawi Legend"] by Michel Chossudovsky, [[GlobalResearch]], April 18, 2006</ref><ref name="RollingStone">[http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/nataffdaily/story/9753195/hyping_zarqawi Hyping Zarqawi] by Tim Dickinson, [[Rolling Stone]], April 11, 2006</ref> |
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One of the presented goals was to alienate local citizens from him by portraying him as a foreigner and key actor in the insurgency.<ref name="WaPo"/> However, [[Sidney Blumenthal]] reported that, according to a "military source," this campaign ultimately revolved around "domestic political reasons."<ref name="Salon"/> Which an article hosted by [[Information Clearing House]] describes as: |
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<blockquote>''It builds the case for war out of whole cloth. Zarqawi has become the central justification for the ongoing occupation; a threatening, spectral figure who embodies the evils of terrorism.''<ref name="ICH">[http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article12760.htm Zarqawi; the Pentagon’s ongoing war of deception] By Mike Whitney, Information Clearing House</ref></blockquote> |
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==Program== |
==Program== |
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By focusing on his terrorist activities and status as a foreigner the US tried to inflame Iraqi citizens against him.<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/><ref name="CounterPunch1"/> Brig. Gen. Mark Kimmitt, the senior commander in charge, remarked, according to the Washington Post: |
By focusing on his terrorist activities and status as a foreigner the US tried to inflame Iraqi citizens against him.<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/><ref name="CounterPunch1"/> Brig. Gen. Mark Kimmitt, the senior commander in charge, remarked, according to the Washington Post: |
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<blockquote>''"The Zarqawi PSYOP program is the most successful information campaign to date."''<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/></blockquote> |
<blockquote>''"The Zarqawi PSYOP program is the most successful information campaign to date."''<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/></blockquote> |
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[[Michel Chossudovsky]] in an editorial for the [[Centre for Research on Globalization]] suggested another goal for this campaign; which was the intend to mislead the US public by giving them a tangible enemy in the form of terrorists.<ref name="GRca"/> He remarks: |
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<blockquote>''"Without Zarqawi and bin Laden, the "war on terrorism" would loose its [[raison d'être]]. The main [[casus belli]] is to wage a " war on terrorism."'' <ref name="GRca"/></blockquote> |
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==Rise to power== |
==Rise to power== |
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{{main|Abu Musab al-Zarqawi}} |
{{main|Abu Musab al-Zarqawi}} |
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Prior to the involvement of Zarqawi in the Iraqi insurgency, he was jailed in Jordan for attempting to overthrow the government. He was arrested while in possession of explosives and given a 5 year sentence. Upon release from the Jordanian prison in 1999, Zarqawi's involvement in an attempt to blow up the Radisson SAS hotel in Jordan was exposed and he fled the country. According to court testimony by Zarqwai followers he was able to secure funds from al-Qaeda to setup a training camp near Herat. <ref name="WPBio">{{cite news | title=Al-Zarqawi's Biography | date=[[June 8]], [[2006]] | publisher=[[Washington Post]] | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800299.html?nav=rss_world/africa }}</ref> |
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According to a Newsweek article Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was largely unconnected to Saddam Hussein, and not part of [[bin Laden]]'s group, when several incidents turned him from an unknown and unimportant terrorist into the well-known voice of Al Qaeda in [[Iraq]].<ref name="CounterPunch2"/><ref name="Newsweek"> [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/13600653/site/newsweek The Myth of Al Qaeda Before 9/11, Osama bin Laden’s group was small and fractious. How Washington helped to build it into a global threat] By [[Michael Hirsh]], [[Newsweek]], June 30, 2006</ref> Following the allegation he was a link between [[Saddam Hussein]] and [[al Qaeda]] (used as [[casus belli]]<ref name="Salon"/><ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="GRca2">[http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=CHO20060515&articleId=2446 Pentagon PSYOP: "Terror Mastermind" Abu Musab Al Zarqawi is "Incompetent"] by Michel Chossudovsky, GlobalResearch, May 15, 2006</ref>), by [[Colin Powell]] before the [[UN Security Council]] in [[2003]], he became the embodiment of resistance against the US in the Muslim world. Then the [[invasion of Iraq]] by the Bush administration became another boost for his popularity, which [[Michael Hirsch]] in Newsweek describes as: |
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<blockquote>''the Iraq invasion gave Zarqawi a chance to blossom on his own as a jihadi.''<ref name="Newsweek"/></blockquote> |
<blockquote>''the Iraq invasion gave Zarqawi a chance to blossom on his own as a jihadi.''<ref name="Newsweek"/></blockquote> |
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After the capture of [[Saddam Hussein]] the [[Bush administration]] accused him of being behind the continuing mishaps in Iraq, or, as [[Patrick Cockburn]] commented in an editorial for Counterpunch Newsletter: |
After the capture of [[Saddam Hussein]] the [[Bush administration]] accused him of being behind the continuing mishaps in Iraq, or, as [[Patrick Cockburn]] commented in an editorial for Counterpunch Newsletter: |
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Articles in the [[Washington Post]], [[Rolling Stone]], [[Newsweek]] and Counterpunch Newsletter suggest his increased notoriety, as illustrated above, was the result of an orchestrated effort involving [[psychological operations]].<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/><ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="CounterPunch2"/> |
Articles in the [[Washington Post]], [[Rolling Stone]], [[Newsweek]] and Counterpunch Newsletter suggest his increased notoriety, as illustrated above, was the result of an orchestrated effort involving [[psychological operations]].<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/><ref name="Newsweek"/><ref name="CounterPunch2"/> |
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In the wake of his assasination, which had erroneously been reported several times before, the U.S. military produced a video showing him to be the opposite of what the [[media]] previously advocated him to be. |
In the wake of his assasination, which had erroneously been reported several times before, the U.S. military produced a video showing him to be the opposite of what the [[media]] previously advocated him to be. [[Michel Chossudovsky]] from the [[Centre for Research on Globalization]] made this observation: |
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<blockquote>''The video portrays "Terror Mastermind" Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi acting in a "foolish" and "incompetent" fashion.''<ref name="GRca2"/></blockquote> |
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The article suggests that this might also be part of "successful propaganda." The editorial continues with: |
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<blockquote>''What is rarely mentioned is that this outside enemy Al Qaeda is a CIA "intelligence asset", used in covert operations.''</blockquote> |
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==Effect of US PSYOP on domestic audiences== |
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{{see| Psychological operations (United States)| Psychological warfare}} |
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The [[Smith-Mundt Act]], adopted in [[1948]], explicitly forbids information and psychological operations aimed at the US public.<ref name="NSA">[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB177/index.htm Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda - Secret Pentagon "roadmap" calls for "boundaries" between "information operations" abroad and at home but provides no actual limits as long as US doesn't "target" Americans] by [[National Security Archive]], January 26, 2006</ref><ref name="Lamb">[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/1536.pdf Operations as a core competency] by [[Christopher J. Lamb]], senior fellow in the [[Institute for National Security Studies]] at the [[National Defense University]] and has been Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Resources and Plans.[http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:HsFuKh9AdyUJ:www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/jfq_pubs/1536.pdf+%22Information+Operations+Roadmap%22&hl=nl&ct=clnk&cd=8 HTML version]</ref> Nevertheless, the current easy access to news and information from around the globe, makes it difficult to guarantee PSYOP programs do not reach the US public. Or, in the words of Army Col. James A. Treadwell, who commanded the U.S. military psyops unit in Iraq in 2003, in the Washington Post: |
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<blockquote>''There's always going to be a certain amount of bleed-over with the global information environment.''<ref name="WaPo"/></blockquote> |
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[[Agence France Presse]] reported on U.S. propaganda campaigns that: |
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<blockquote>''The Pentagon acknowledged in a newly declassified document that the US public is increasingly exposed to propaganda disseminated overseas in psychological operations.'' <ref name="AP">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0127-01.htm US Propaganda Aimed at Foreigners Reaches US Public: Pentagon Document] by Agence France Presse, January 27, 2006</ref></blockquote> |
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US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld has approved that document, which is called "[[Information Operations Roadmap]]." <ref name="AP"/> The document acknowledges the [[Smith-Mundt Act]], but fails to offer any way of limiting the effect PSYOP programs have on domestic audiences.<ref name="NSA"/><ref name="Lamb"/><ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4655196.stm US plans to 'fight the net' revealed] By Adam Brookes, [[BBC]], January 27, 2006 </ref> And, although the Information Operations Roadmap does not specifically mention the Zarqawi PSYOP program, it shows the general dilemma psychological operations pose regarding the effect they potentially have on the US home audience. |
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==Quotes== |
==Quotes== |
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The Washington post cites Col. Derek Harvey who said at a meeting by the Army in [[Fort Leavenworth]]: |
The Washington post cites Col. Derek Harvey who said at a meeting by the Army in [[Fort Leavenworth]]: |
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<blockquote>''"Our own focus on Zarqawi has enlarged his caricature, if you will - made him more important than he really is, in some ways."''<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/></blockquote> |
<blockquote>''"Our own focus on Zarqawi has enlarged his caricature, if you will - made him more important than he really is, in some ways."''<ref name="WaPo"/><ref name="RollingStone"/></blockquote> |
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[[Michel Chossudovsky]] observed in [[Centre for Research on Globalization]]: |
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<blockquote>''The internal military documents leaked to Washington Post confirm that the Pentagon is involved in an ongoing propaganda campaign which seeks to provide a face to the enemy. The purpose is to portray the enemy as a terrorist, to mislead public opinion.''<ref name="GRca"/></blockquote> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] |
*[[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] |
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*[[Doublespeak]] |
*[[Doublespeak]] |
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*[[Information Operations Roadmap]] |
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*[[Iraq war]] |
*[[Iraq war]] |
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*[[Newspeak]] |
*[[Newspeak]] |
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*[[Psychological warfare]] |
*[[Psychological warfare]] |
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*[[PSYOP]] |
*[[PSYOP]] |
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*[[Smith-Mundt Act]] |
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*[[War on Terrorism]] |
*[[War on Terrorism]] |
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Revision as of 00:05, 22 July 2006
 |
The Zarqawi PSYOP program refers to a US Psychological operations program, or propaganda campaign exaggerating the importance of Al Zarqawi in Al Qaeda and the Iraq insurgency.
The program was allegedly primarily aimed at, but not limited to, the "Iraqi and Arab media" along with the "U.S. Home Audience," which was part of a "broader propaganda campaign."[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
One of the presented goals was to alienate local citizens from him by portraying him as a foreigner and key actor in the insurgency.[1] However, Sidney Blumenthal reported that, according to a "military source," this campaign ultimately revolved around "domestic political reasons."[2] Which an article hosted by Information Clearing House describes as:
It builds the case for war out of whole cloth. Zarqawi has become the central justification for the ongoing occupation; a threatening, spectral figure who embodies the evils of terrorism.[8]
Program
The Washington Post reported on April 10, 2006, that the role of Zarqawi was magnified by the Pentagon in a psychological operations campaign started in 2004. In the words of the Washington Post:
For the past two years, U.S. military leaders have been using Iraqi media and other outlets in Baghdad to publicize Zarqawi's role in the insurgency. The documents explicitly list the "U.S. Home Audience" as one of the targets of a broader propaganda campaign.[1]
The article goes on to explain that a slide created for a briefing by Army Gen. George W. Casey Jr,
describes the "home audience" as one of six major targets of the American side of the war.
Nevertheless, the slide did not specifically assert the program targeted U.S. citizens. Although other parts of the briefings did suggest it was directed at the U.S. media to alter the view of the war.
Another slide in the briefing noted a "selective leak" to reporter Dexter Filkins, about a letter boasting of suicide attacks in Iraq and allegedly written by Zarqawi. He used that information for an article[9] in the New York Times.[7] Contacted by the Post Filkins commented he was skeptical at the time, and still is, about the document's authenticity.[1]
According to Sidney Blumenthal, in an article for Salon, a military source told him that, for ultimately "domestic political reasons," Donald Rumsfeld and the White House resisted degrading the dramatically inflated image of Zarqawi.[2]
Responding to the in the Post reported psychological operations aimed at Americans, Army Col. James A. Treadwell, commander of the U.S. military psyops unit in Iraq but no longer present as the program was started, said that the US doesn't do that. Another officer commented in the Post that, although all material provided was in Arabic, the campaign probably influenced the view of the American press raising his profile. The Post continues that, according to an officer familiar with the case, this program was not related to another program which was linked to the Lincoln Group.[1]
By focusing on his terrorist activities and status as a foreigner the US tried to inflame Iraqi citizens against him.[1][7][3] Brig. Gen. Mark Kimmitt, the senior commander in charge, remarked, according to the Washington Post:
"The Zarqawi PSYOP program is the most successful information campaign to date."[1][7]
Michel Chossudovsky in an editorial for the Centre for Research on Globalization suggested another goal for this campaign; which was the intend to mislead the US public by giving them a tangible enemy in the form of terrorists.[6] He remarks:
"Without Zarqawi and bin Laden, the "war on terrorism" would loose its raison d'être. The main casus belli is to wage a " war on terrorism." [6]
Rise to power
According to a Newsweek article Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was largely unconnected to Saddam Hussein, and not part of bin Laden's group, when several incidents turned him from an unknown and unimportant terrorist into the well-known voice of Al Qaeda in Iraq.[5][10] Following the allegation he was a link between Saddam Hussein and al Qaeda (used as casus belli[2][10][11]), by Colin Powell before the UN Security Council in 2003, he became the embodiment of resistance against the US in the Muslim world. Then the invasion of Iraq by the Bush administration became another boost for his popularity, which Michael Hirsch in Newsweek describes as:
the Iraq invasion gave Zarqawi a chance to blossom on his own as a jihadi.[10]
After the capture of Saddam Hussein the Bush administration accused him of being behind the continuing mishaps in Iraq, or, as Patrick Cockburn commented in an editorial for Counterpunch Newsletter:
"No sooner had Saddam Hussein been captured than the US spokesmen began to mention al-Zarqawi's name in every sentence."[5]
Articles in the Washington Post, Rolling Stone, Newsweek and Counterpunch Newsletter suggest his increased notoriety, as illustrated above, was the result of an orchestrated effort involving psychological operations.[1][7][10][5]
In the wake of his assasination, which had erroneously been reported several times before, the U.S. military produced a video showing him to be the opposite of what the media previously advocated him to be. Michel Chossudovsky from the Centre for Research on Globalization made this observation:
The video portrays "Terror Mastermind" Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi acting in a "foolish" and "incompetent" fashion.[11]
The article suggests that this might also be part of "successful propaganda." The editorial continues with:
What is rarely mentioned is that this outside enemy Al Qaeda is a CIA "intelligence asset", used in covert operations.
Effect of US PSYOP on domestic audiences
The Smith-Mundt Act, adopted in 1948, explicitly forbids information and psychological operations aimed at the US public.[12][13] Nevertheless, the current easy access to news and information from around the globe, makes it difficult to guarantee PSYOP programs do not reach the US public. Or, in the words of Army Col. James A. Treadwell, who commanded the U.S. military psyops unit in Iraq in 2003, in the Washington Post:
There's always going to be a certain amount of bleed-over with the global information environment.[1]
Agence France Presse reported on U.S. propaganda campaigns that:
The Pentagon acknowledged in a newly declassified document that the US public is increasingly exposed to propaganda disseminated overseas in psychological operations. [14]
US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld has approved that document, which is called "Information Operations Roadmap." [14] The document acknowledges the Smith-Mundt Act, but fails to offer any way of limiting the effect PSYOP programs have on domestic audiences.[12][13][15] And, although the Information Operations Roadmap does not specifically mention the Zarqawi PSYOP program, it shows the general dilemma psychological operations pose regarding the effect they potentially have on the US home audience.
Quotes
The Washington post cites Col. Derek Harvey who said at a meeting by the Army in Fort Leavenworth:
"Our own focus on Zarqawi has enlarged his caricature, if you will - made him more important than he really is, in some ways."[1][7]
Michel Chossudovsky observed in Centre for Research on Globalization:
The internal military documents leaked to Washington Post confirm that the Pentagon is involved in an ongoing propaganda campaign which seeks to provide a face to the enemy. The purpose is to portray the enemy as a terrorist, to mislead public opinion.[6]
See also
- Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
- Doublespeak
- Information Operations Roadmap
- Iraq war
- Newspeak
- Propaganda
- Psychological operations (United States)
- Psychological warfare
- PSYOP
- Smith-Mundt Act
- War on Terrorism
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Military Plays Up Role of Zarqawi - Jordanian Painted As Foreign Threat To Iraq's Stability By Thomas E. Ricks, The Washington Post, April 10, 2006
- ^ a b c d "Mission Accomplished" in a business suit - Ignoring U.S. intelligence, Bush inflated Zarqawi, then made a pointless trip to Iraq to pose as a heroic dragon slayer. It doesn't work anymore by Sidney Blumenthal, Salon, June 15, 2006
- ^ a b Was There a Legal Basis for His Assassination? The Story Behind Zarqawi's Death by Jennifer van Bergen, CounterPunch, June 12, 2006
- ^ Who was Abu Musab al Zarqawi? by Michel Chossudovsky, Global Research, June 09, 2006,
- ^ a b c d America Put Him in the Big Time The Short, Strange Career of Abu Masab al-Zarqawi by Patrick Cockburn, Counterpunch, June 9, 2006
- ^ a b c d Who is behind "Al Qaeda in Iraq"? Pentagon acknowledges fabricating a "Zarqawi Legend" by Michel Chossudovsky, GlobalResearch, April 18, 2006
- ^ a b c d e f Hyping Zarqawi by Tim Dickinson, Rolling Stone, April 11, 2006
- ^ Zarqawi; the Pentagon’s ongoing war of deception By Mike Whitney, Information Clearing House
- ^ U.S. Says Files Seek Qaeda Aid in Iraq Conflict By DEXTER FILKINS, New York Times, February 9, 2004
- ^ a b c d The Myth of Al Qaeda Before 9/11, Osama bin Laden’s group was small and fractious. How Washington helped to build it into a global threat By Michael Hirsh, Newsweek, June 30, 2006
- ^ a b Pentagon PSYOP: "Terror Mastermind" Abu Musab Al Zarqawi is "Incompetent" by Michel Chossudovsky, GlobalResearch, May 15, 2006
- ^ a b Rumsfeld's Roadmap to Propaganda - Secret Pentagon "roadmap" calls for "boundaries" between "information operations" abroad and at home but provides no actual limits as long as US doesn't "target" Americans by National Security Archive, January 26, 2006
- ^ a b Operations as a core competency by Christopher J. Lamb, senior fellow in the Institute for National Security Studies at the National Defense University and has been Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Resources and Plans.HTML version
- ^ a b US Propaganda Aimed at Foreigners Reaches US Public: Pentagon Document by Agence France Presse, January 27, 2006
- ^ US plans to 'fight the net' revealed By Adam Brookes, BBC, January 27, 2006