Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt: Difference between revisions

"*Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt*"
"Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt"
Genre	Hymn
Text	by Martin Luther
Language	German
Based on	"Jesus Christus, nostra salus", then attributed to Jan Hus
Published	1524
	melodyⓘ

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"Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt" (Jesus Christ, our Savior, who turned God's wrath away from us) is a Lutheran hymn in ten stanzas by Martin Luther for communion, first published in 1524 in the Erfurt Enchiridion. It is one of Luther's hymns which he wrote to strengthen his concepts of reformation. The models for the text^[1] and the melody^[2] of Luther's hymn existed in early 15th century Bohemia. The text of the earlier hymn, "Jesus Christus nostra salus", goes back to the late 14th century. That hymn was embedded in a Hussite tradition.

History

The model for "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt" is a late 14th century hymn relating to the Eucharist by Jan of Jenštejn, archbishop of Prague.^[3] The 14th century hymn, in content comparable to the 13th century Lauda Sion Salvatorem,^[4] exists in two versions with ten stanzas: the first eight verses of the Latin version ("Jesus Christus, nostra salus", Jesus Christ, our salvation) form an acrostic on JOHANNES, while another version, in Czech, was also spread by the Hussite Unity of the Brethren.^[3]

Luther wrote hymns to have the congregation actively participate in church services and to strengthen his theological concepts.^[5] In Lent of 1524 Luther was explaining his views on Eucharist in a series of sermons.^[3] "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt", probably written around the same time, contained many ideas he had been developing in these sermons, taking the older Eucharistic hymn as a model: he kept the meter, the number of stanzas and the first line of "Jesus Christus nostra salus", but shaped the content to reflect his own theology.^[1]^[3]

In Luther's time "Jesus Christus nostra salus" was attributed to the church reformer Jan Hus (a "Johannes" like Jenštejn).^[3] Luther saw Hus as a precursor and martyr. Early prints of "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt" came under the header "Das Lied S. Johannes Hus gebessert" (The song of St. Johannes Hus improved).^[3] Luther presented the hymn with several variants of the melody that had been associated with "Jesus Christus nostra salus" for over a century.^[2]^[6]

The earliest extant copy of "Jesus Christus nostra salus" (text and melody) is found in southern Bohemia, 1410.^[2]^[6] The earliest extant prints of Luther's hymn (both editions of the Erfurt Enchiridion and Johann Walter's choral hymnal Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn) originated in 1524.^[3] Later versions approved by Luther (since he wrote the foreword to these editions) are contained in the Klug'sche Gesangbuch (1529/1533) and the Babstsches Gesangbuch (1545).^[2]^[6]

Content

While "Jesus Christus nostra salus" is focused on the presence of Christ in both bread and wine, Luther added that the Eucharist means the "surety of God's grace in forgiveness". He deals with the Passion (in stanzas 1–2, 4,6), with the faith necessary to properly receive (3, 5), the invitation, based on scripture (7, 8), and the love of Christ (9, 10) as the "fruit of faith, to be extended to others".^[3]

The 1524 Erfurt Enchiridion presented the melody and the ten stanzas of Luther's hymn on two pages:

Melody

For their hymns, Luther and the circle around him chose either to compose a new melody, or to borrow an older melody from Latin religious chant, or to adopt a melody from folk-song tradition. "Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der von uns" falls in the second of these categories. Characteristically for such melodies it did not fit easily in the then prevailing mensural notation system, leading to several rhythmic variants in the successive publications of the melody.^[6]

Also for the pitch of the notes there are some variants. What all publications share is two opening notes with the same duration, the second a fifth higher than the first. Fifth and sixth note usually have half the time value of the opening notes (except when using no long non-melismatic notes like in Scheidt's 1650 versions). In Luther's time the earliest variants would have been sung at a quicker pace than the later variants: in Walter's 1524 publication ( tempo in mensural notation) the seventh and eighth note have the same duration as the first two notes, with the seventh note a major second above the first, while in the later Klug'sche and the Babstsches hymnals the tempo has slowed to 2, with the seventh and eighth note, both a minor third above the opening note, having half the time value of the opening notes. In modern notation Die Lieder Martin Luthers (kirche-bremen.de) p. 25 follows the first editions, while Wackernagel 1848 p. 12 follows the later variant.^[6]

Some modern presentations of the melody go further back to the 1410 nostra salus version, e.g. the version of the Luther Gesellschaft, or wander from the original melodic line of the tenor, e.g. the 1993 version of Christian Worship: a Lutheran hymnal. Fitting the hymn's melody in a time signature according to modern music notation with bar lines leads to additional variants. To name only a few: Scheidt 1650 has eleven measures in , with a whole measure for the first two notes; BWV 363 has twelve measures in ⁴
₄, with the first two notes taking half a measure; Bacon 1883 (p. 30) has fifteen measures in time, with in the third and fourth measure; Distler 1938 (p. 17) has the same amount of measures, in ²
time, with in the third and fourth measure.

Reception history

Part from Walter's *Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn* (1524)

In 1524 Johann Walter's choral setting of the hymn appeared in Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn. Around a decade later Luther's hymn was included in the Klug'sche Gesangbuch. Michael Vehe, publisher of an early Catholic hymnal, Ein new Gesangbüchlin geystlicher Lieder (Leipzig 1537), provided a version in 22 stanzas intended for the feast of Corpus Christi.^[7] That version has strong Counter-Reformation overtones.^[8] Georg Rhau published Balthasar Resinarius' four-part setting of Luther's hymn in Newe deudsche geistliche Gesenge für die gemeinen Schulen (1544). Also the Babstsches Gesangbuch (1545) contained Luther's version. de [Johann Leisentrit] included a version in eight stanzas (derived from Vehe's version but less militant) as a communion hymn in Geistliche Lieder und Psalmen (1567).^[8]

In the 1568 edition of the Gude and Godlie Ballates the hymn was translated as "Our Saviour Christ, King of grace".^[1] Choral settings of the German original came from Joachim Decker (choral setting in Melodeyen Gesangbuch, 1604), Michael Praetorius (SATB-SATB setting in Musae Sioniae, Part III, 1607), Hans Leo Hassler (ATBB setting in Psalmen und Christliche Gesäng, 1607), Melchior Vulpius (four-part setting, 1609)^[9] and Johannes Eccard (SATTB setting). For organ, there are two four-part settings in Samuel Scheidt's 1650 Görlitzer Tabulaturbuch (SSWV 441-540), and chorale preludes by Franz Tunder (Jesus Christus under Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wand), Johann Christoph Bach (No. 38 in 44 Choräle zum Präambulieren), Johann Pachelbel (No. 7 in Erster Theil etlicher Choräle, c. 1693) and Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow (LV 7, LV 19). Johann Sebastian Bach composed a four-part setting (BWV 363) and four chorale preludes, two as part of his Leipziger Choräle (Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes, BWV 665 and 666), and two more as part of Clavier-Übung III (BWV 688 and 689).

The Moravian Hymn Book includes translations under "Our Saviour Christ by His own death" (1754) and "To avert from men God's wrath" (translation by Christian Ignatius Latrobe first published in 1789 – a century and several editions later the first stanza of this translation was omitted from this publication).^[1] The German original is included in 19th century publications such as Philipp Wackernagel's Martin Luthers geistliche Lieder (1848)^[10] and Wilhelm Schircks' edition of Luther's Geistliche Lieder (1854),^[1] although adoption in hymnals was declining.^[11] New English translations were published in the 19th century: "Jesus Christ, our Saviour" (1846), "Christ our Lord and Saviour" (1847), "Lord Jesus Christ! to Thee we pray, From us" (1849, 1880), "Jesus the Christ—the Lamb of God" (1853), "Christ who freed our souls from danger" (1854, 1884),^[12] and "Christ Jesus, our Redeemer born" (1867, 1876).^[1]

In the 20th century Hugo Distler wrote a SAB setting. He also published a Partita (organ) and setting (voice and organ), Op. 8/3 No. 3 in 1938. In 1964 Kurt Fiebig produced a setting for three parts: soprano, alto and men.^[13] No. 313 of Christian Worship: a Lutheran hymnal (1993) is a four-part setting derived from the Klug'sche Gesangbuch, with a translation of eight stanzas of the hymn as "Jesus Christ, Our Blessed Savior".^[14] The Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch includes the hymn as No. 215, omitting verses three and six of the original. A 2012 performance of the hymn in Bremen reverted to the melody version of the very first publication of 1524.^[15] A new harmonization for four-part chorus and organ by Yves Kéler and Danielle Guerrier Koegler was published in 2013, on a French translation of the hymn.^[16]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f John Julian. A Dictionary of Hymnology. London: John Murray, 1907 (2nd edition), Volume I, p. 598
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d James Lyon. Chorals Editions Beauchesne, 2005. ISBN 270101493X – pp. 2–9
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Leaver, Robin A. (2007). Jesus Christus unser Heiland, in: Luther's Liturgical Music. Grand Rapids, MI. pp. 153–160. ISBN 9780802832214.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Lucke 1923, p. 144
^ Albrecht, Christoph Albrecht (1995). Einführung in die Hymnologie (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 17–18. ISBN 3-52-557178-X.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Jan van Biezen. "The tempo of hymns of the Reformation, related to the tempi of polyphonic music in mensural notation", English summary of the Dutch-language article "Nogmaals de gemeentezang: het tempo van de reformatorische kerkliederen" (Congregational singing revisited: the tempo of hymns of the Reformation) in Het Orgel No. 75 (1979), pp. 446–460
^ August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, editor. Michael Vehe's Gesangbüchlin vom jahre 1537: Das älteste katholische gesangbuch. Hannover, 1853. pp. 68–71
^ ^a ^b Richard D. Wetzel, Erika Heitmeyer. Johann Leisentrit's Geistliche Lieder und Psalmen, 1567: Hymnody of the Counter-Reformation in Germany Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. ISBN 1611475503 pp. 55–56
^ "Melchior Vulpius / Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt". Carus-Verlag. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
^ de [Philipp Wackernagel], editor. Martin Luthers geistliche Lieder mit den zu seinen Lebzeiten gebräuchlichen Singweisen. Stuttgart, 1848. pp. 12-13
^ Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, Der von uns at hymnary.org
^ Leonard Woolsey Bacon and Nathan Hale Allen The Hymns of Martin Luther Set to Their Original Melodies With an English Version. London 1884, pp. 30–31
^ "Kurt Fiebig / Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt". Carus-Verlag. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
^ "313. Jesus Christ, Our Blessed Savior". hymnary.org. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
^ Die Lieder Martin Luthers No. 17, p. 25 at www.kirche-bremen.de
^ Yves Kéler. Les 43 chants de Martin Luther: Textes originaux et Paraphrases françaises strophiques rimées et chantables; Sources et commentaires suivis de Chants harmonisés à quatre voix pour orgue et choeur par Yves Kéler et Danielle Guerrier Koegler. Guides musicologiques, No. 7 (Édith Weber, editor). Beauchesne, 2013. ISBN 2701015901

Literature

Wilhelm Lucke: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt in: D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe, vol 35, Weimar 1923, pp 142–146

External links

[JJ1907-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f John Julian. A Dictionary of Hymnology. London: John Murray, 1907 (2nd edition), Volume I, p. 598

[Lyon2005-2] James Lyon. Chorals Editions Beauchesne, 2005. ISBN 270101493X – pp. 2–9

[Leaver-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Leaver, Robin A. (2007). Jesus Christus unser Heiland, in: Luther's Liturgical Music. Grand Rapids, MI. pp. 153–160. ISBN 9780802832214.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[4] Lucke 1923, p. 144

[Albrecht-5] Albrecht, Christoph Albrecht (1995). Einführung in die Hymnologie (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 17–18. ISBN 3-52-557178-X.

[JvB1979-6] Jan van Biezen. "The tempo of hymns of the Reformation, related to the tempi of polyphonic music in mensural notation", English summary of the Dutch-language article "Nogmaals de gemeentezang: het tempo van de reformatorische kerkliederen" (Congregational singing revisited: the tempo of hymns of the Reformation) in Het Orgel No. 75 (1979), pp. 446–460

[7] August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, editor. Michael Vehe's Gesangbüchlin vom jahre 1537: Das älteste katholische gesangbuch. Hannover, 1853. pp. 68–71

[Wetzel2013pp55ff-8] Richard D. Wetzel, Erika Heitmeyer. Johann Leisentrit's Geistliche Lieder und Psalmen, 1567: Hymnody of the Counter-Reformation in Germany Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. ISBN 1611475503 pp. 55–56

[Vulpius-9] "Melchior Vulpius / Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt". Carus-Verlag. Retrieved 23 February 2015.

[10] [Philipp Wackernagel], editor. Martin Luthers geistliche Lieder mit den zu seinen Lebzeiten gebräuchlichen Singweisen. Stuttgart, 1848. pp. 12-13

[11] Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, Der von uns at hymnary.org

[12] Leonard Woolsey Bacon and Nathan Hale Allen The Hymns of Martin Luther Set to Their Original Melodies With an English Version. London 1884, pp. 30–31

[Fiebig-13] "Kurt Fiebig / Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt". Carus-Verlag. Retrieved 23 February 2015.

[Savior-14] "313. Jesus Christ, Our Blessed Savior". hymnary.org. Retrieved 2 March 2015.

[Bremen2011-15] Die Lieder Martin Luthers No. 17, p. 25 at www.kirche-bremen.de

[16] Yves Kéler. Les 43 chants de Martin Luther: Textes originaux et Paraphrases françaises strophiques rimées et chantables; Sources et commentaires suivis de Chants harmonisés à quatre voix pour orgue et choeur par Yves Kéler et Danielle Guerrier Koegler. Guides musicologiques, No. 7 (Édith Weber, editor). Beauchesne, 2013. ISBN 2701015901

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox musical composition
 | name                = "{{Lang|de|Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt}}"
-| image               = Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt (Erfurter Enchiridion).jpg
+| image               =
 | alt                 =
-| caption             = The hymn in the [[Erfurt Enchiridion]] (1524)
+| caption             =
 | Title_English       = Jesus Christ, our Savior, who turned God's wrath from us
 | genre               = [[Hymn]]
 | text                = by [[Martin Luther]]
-| based_on            = ''Jesus Christus, nostra salus'', then attributed to [[Jan Hus |Johannes Hus]]
+| based_on            = "[[Jesus Christus, nostra salus]]", then attributed to [[Jan Hus]]
 | language            = German
+| melody              =
-| melody              = by Luther, based on a medieval tune arranged by Franz Tunder, Johann Pachelbel and especially J. S. Bach (BWV 665, 666, 688, 689)
 | published           = {{Start date|1524}}
 | misc                = {{Audio|Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt.mid|melody}}
 }}
-"'''{{lang|de|Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt}}'''" (Jesus Christ, our Savior, who turned God's wrath away from us) is a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[hymn]] in ten stanzas by [[Martin Luther]] for [[Eucharist in Lutheranism|communion]], first published in 1524 in the ''[[Erfurt Enchiridion]]''. It is one of [[List of hymns by Martin Luther|Luther's hymns]] which he wrote to strengthen his concepts of [[Protestant Reformation|reformation]]. Luther based the text on a Latin model which he believed to have been written by the early reformer and martyr [[Jan Hus |Johannes Hus]].
+"'''{{lang|de|Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt}}'''" (Jesus Christ, our Savior, who turned God's wrath away from us) is a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[hymn]] in ten stanzas by [[Martin Luther]] for [[Eucharist in Lutheranism|communion]], first published in 1524 in the ''[[Erfurt Enchiridion]]''. It is one of [[List of hymns by Martin Luther|Luther's hymns]] which he wrote to strengthen his concepts of [[Protestant Reformation|reformation]]. The models for the text<ref name="JJ1907" /> and the melody<ref name="Lyon2005" /> of Luther's hymn existed in early 15th century Bohemia. The text of the earlier hymn, "[[Jesus Christus nostra salus]]", goes back to the late 14th century. That hymn was embedded in a [[Hussite]] tradition.
 == History ==
-The model for "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt" is a late 14th century hymn relating to the [[Eucharist]] by [[Jan of Jenštejn]], archbishop of Prague.<ref name= "Leaver" /> The 14th century hymn, in content comparable to the 13th century ''[[Lauda Sion Salvatorem]]'',<ref>Lucke 1923, p. 144</ref> exists in two versions with ten stanzas: the first eight verses of the Latin version ("Jesus Christus, nostra salus", Jesus Christ, our salvation) form an [[acrostic]] on JOHANNES, while another version, in Czech, was also spread by the [[Hussite]] [[Unity of the Brethren]].<ref name= "Leaver" />
+The model for "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt" is a late 14th century hymn relating to the [[Eucharist]] by [[Jan of Jenštejn]], archbishop of Prague.<ref name= "Leaver" /> The 14th century hymn, in content comparable to the 13th century ''[[Lauda Sion Salvatorem]]'',<ref>Lucke 1923, p. 144</ref> exists in two versions with ten stanzas: the first eight verses of the Latin version ("[[Jesus Christus, nostra salus]]", Jesus Christ, our salvation) form an [[acrostic]] on JOHANNES, while another version, in Czech, was also spread by the [[Hussite]] [[Unity of the Brethren]].<ref name= "Leaver" />
+Luther wrote hymns to have the congregation actively participate in church services and to strengthen his theological concepts.<ref name="Albrecht" /> In [[Lent]] of 1524 Luther was explaining [[Eucharist in Lutheranism|his views on Eucharist]] in a series of sermons.<ref name= "Leaver" /> "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt", probably written around the same time, contained many ideas he had been developing in these sermons, taking the older Eucharistic hymn as a model: he kept the meter, the number of stanzas and the first line of "Jesus Christus nostra salus", but shaped the content to reflect his own theology.<ref name="JJ1907" /><ref name= "Leaver" />
-In Luther's time this hymn was mistakenly attributed to [[Jan Hus]] (a "Johannes" like Jenštejn).<ref name= "Leaver" /> Luther's version, also in ten stanzas, treats the theme of [[Eucharist in Lutheranism|Eucharist from his own theological concepts]].<ref name= "Leaver" /> Early prints of Luther's version came with the note "Das Lied S. Johannes Hus gebessert" (The song of St. Johannes Hus improved).<ref name= "Leaver" /> From its first publication in 1524 the hymn was combined with a{{which|date=February 2015}} pre-existing tune.
+In Luther's time "Jesus Christus nostra salus" was attributed to the church reformer [[Jan Hus]] (a "Johannes" like Jenštejn).<ref name= "Leaver" /> Luther saw Hus as a precursor and martyr. Early prints of "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt" came under the header "Das Lied S. Johannes Hus gebessert" (The song of St. Johannes Hus improved).<ref name= "Leaver" /> Luther presented the hymn with several variants of the melody that had been associated with "Jesus Christus nostra salus" for over a century.<ref name="Lyon2005" /><ref name="JvB1979" />
+The earliest extant copy of "Jesus Christus nostra salus" (text and melody) is found in southern Bohemia, 1410.<ref name="Lyon2005" /><ref name="JvB1979" /> The earliest extant prints of Luther's hymn (both editions of the ''[[Erfurt Enchiridion]]'' and [[Johann Walter]]'s choral hymnal ''[[Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn]]'') originated in 1524.<ref name= "Leaver" /> Later versions approved by Luther (since he wrote the foreword to these editions) are contained in the ''Klug'sche Gesangbuch'' (1529/1533) and the ''Babstsches Gesangbuch'' (1545).<ref name="Lyon2005" /><ref name="JvB1979" />
 == Content ==
-Luther wrote hymns to have the congregation actively participate in church services and to strengthen his theological concepts.<ref name="Albrecht" /> For ''Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt'' he kept the meter, the number of stanzas and the first line of the Latin model, but shaped the content to reflect his theology. While the Latin hymn is focused on the presence of Christ in both bread and wine, Luther added that the Eucharist means the "surety of God's grace in forgiveness".<ref name= "Leaver" /> He deals with the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] (in stanzas 1–2, 4,6), with the faith necessary to properly receive (3, 5), the invitation, based on scripture (7, 8), and the love of Christ (9, 10) as the "fruit of faith, to be extended to others".<ref name= "Leaver" /> The thread of thought is similar to sermons by Luther during [[Lent]] of 1524.<ref name= "Leaver" />
+While "Jesus Christus nostra salus" is focused on the presence of Christ in both bread and wine, Luther added that the Eucharist means the "surety of God's grace in forgiveness". He deals with the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] (in stanzas 1–2, 4,6), with the faith necessary to properly receive (3, 5), the invitation, based on scripture (7, 8), and the love of Christ (9, 10) as the "fruit of faith, to be extended to others".<ref name= "Leaver" />
+The 1524 ''[[Erfurt Enchiridion]]'' presented the melody and the ten stanzas of Luther's hymn on two pages:
+<center>[[File:Enchiridion geistlicher Gesänge 21.jpg|350px|border]][[File:Enchiridion geistlicher Gesänge 22.jpg|345px|border]]</center>
+==Melody==
+[[File:Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns - 2nd quarter 16th century.jpg|thumb|275px|[[Image:mensural proportion1.gif]]'''2''' variant of "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt", as published in the second quarter of the 16th century in [[Wittenberg]]]]
+For their hymns, Luther and the circle around him chose either to compose a new melody, or to borrow an older melody from Latin religious chant, or to adopt a melody from folk-song tradition. "Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der von uns" falls in the second of these categories. Characteristically for such melodies it did not fit easily in the then prevailing [[mensural notation]] system, leading to several rhythmic variants in the successive publications of the melody.<ref name="JvB1979" />
+Also for the pitch of the notes there are some variants. What all publications share is two opening notes with the same duration, the second a fifth higher than the first. Fifth and sixth note usually have half the time value of the opening notes (except when using no long non-melismatic notes like in [[scores:Das Görlitzer Tabulaturbuch, SSWV 441-540 (Scheidt, Samuel)|Scheidt's 1650 versions]]). In Luther's time the earliest variants would have been sung at a quicker pace than the later variants: in Walter's 1524 publication ([[Image:mensural proportion1.gif]] tempo in mensural notation) the seventh and eighth note have the same duration as the first two notes, with the seventh note a [[major second]] above the first, while in the later ''Klug'sche'' and the ''Babstsches'' hymnals the tempo has slowed to [[Image:mensural proportion1.gif]]'''2''', with the seventh and eighth note, both a minor third above the opening note, having half the time value of the opening notes. In modern notation [http://www.kirche-bremen.de/downloads/Liederheft_52_fertigNeu.pdf ''Die Lieder Martin Luthers'' (kirche-bremen.de) p. 25] follows the first editions, while [https://archive.org/stream/martinluthersge00wackgoog#page/n70/mode/2up Wackernagel 1848 p. 12] follows the later variant.<ref name="JvB1979" />
+Some modern presentations of the melody go further back to the 1410 nostra salus version, e.g. [http://www.luther-gesellschaft.de/assets/pdf/lieder/jesus_christus_unser_heiland.pdf the version of the Luther Gesellschaft], or wander from the original melodic line of the tenor, e.g. [http://www.hymnary.org/hymn/CWLH1993/313 the 1993 version of ''Christian Worship: a Lutheran hymnal'']. Fitting the hymn's melody in a [[time signature]] according to modern music notation with [[bar line]]s leads to additional variants. To name only a few: [[scores:Das Görlitzer Tabulaturbuch, SSWV 441-540 (Scheidt, Samuel)|Scheidt 1650]] has eleven measures {{nobreak|in {{music|alla-breve}}}}, with a whole measure for the first two notes; {{nobreak|[[scores:Chorale Harmonisations, BWV 1-438 (Bach, Johann Sebastian)|BWV 363]]}} has twelve measures {{nobreak|in {{music|time|4|4}}}}, with the first two notes taking half a measure; [[scores:Deutsche geistliche Lieder (Luther, Martin)|Bacon 1883 (p. 30)]] has fifteen measures {{nobreak|in {{music|common-time}} time}}, with {{nobreak|{{music|quarter}} {{music|quarter}} {{music|half}} {{music|half}} {{music|half}}}} in the third and fourth measure; [[scores:Kleine Orgelchoral-Bearbeitungen, Op.8/3 (Distler, Hugo)|Distler 1938 (p. 17)]] has the same amount of measures, {{nobreak|in {{music|time|2|&nbsp;}} time}}, with {{nobreak|{{music|half}} {{music|half}} {{music|quarter}} {{music|quarter}} {{music|half}}}} in the third and fourth measure.
-The 1524 ''[[Erfurt Enchiridion]]'' presented the melody and the ten stanzas of Luther's hymn on two pages.
+==Reception history==
-== Adoption of Luther's hymn ==
-[[File:Luther-Walter-Jesus-Christus-unser-Heiland-1524-1.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Part from Walter's ''[[Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn]]'' (1524)]]
+[[File:Luther-Walter-Jesus-Christus-unser-Heiland-1524-1.png|thumb|left|upright=1.6|Part from Walter's ''[[Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn]]'' (1524)]]
+In 1524 [[Johann Walter]]'s choral setting of the hymn appeared in ''[[Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn]]''. Around a decade later Luther's hymn was included in the ''Klug'sche Gesangbuch''. [[Michael Vehe]], publisher of an early [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] hymnal, ''Ein new Gesangbüchlin geystlicher Lieder'' (Leipzig 1537), provided a version in 22 stanzas intended for the [[Corpus Christi (feast)|feast of Corpus Christi]].<ref>[[August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben]], editor. [https://archive.org/stream/MN40216ucmf_6#page/n75/mode/2up ''Michael Vehe's Gesangbüchlin vom jahre 1537: Das älteste katholische gesangbuch''. Hannover, 1853. pp. 68–71]</ref> That version has strong [[Counter-Reformation]] overtones.<ref name="Wetzel2013pp55ff" /> [[Georg Rhau]] published [[scores:Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wand (Resinarius, Balthasar)|Balthasar Resinarius' four-part setting of Luther's hymn]] in ''Newe deudsche geistliche Gesenge für die gemeinen Schulen'' (1544). Also the ''Babstsches Gesangbuch'' (1545) contained Luther's version. {{ill|de|Johann Leisentrit}} included a version in eight stanzas (derived from Vehe's version but less militant) as a [[Eucharist|communion]] hymn in ''Geistliche Lieder und Psalmen'' (1567).<ref name="Wetzel2013pp55ff" />
-A first choral setting of the hymn appeared in [[Johann Walter]]'s 1524 choral hymnal ''[[Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn]]''. Later choral settings are by Joachim Decker (choral setting in ''Melodeyen Gesangbuch'', 1604), by [[Michael Praetorius]] ([[SATB|SATB-SATB]] setting in ''Musae Sioniae'', Part III, 1607), by [[Hans Leo Hassler]] (ATBB setting in ''Psalmen und Christliche Gesäng'', 1607), by [[Melchior Vulpius]] (four-part setting, 1609)<ref name="Vulpius" /> and by [[Johannes Eccard]] (SATTB setting).
-[[Johann Pachelbel]] composed a [[chorale prelude]] on the hymn, ''[[Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der von uns (Pachelbel)|Jesus Christus unser Heiland]]''. [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] composed a four-part setting ([[BWV 363]]) and four chorale preludes, two as part of his ''Leipziger Choräle'' ([[Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes]], [[BWV 665|BWV 665 and 666]]), and two more as part of ''[[Clavier-Übung III]]'' ([[BWV 688|BWV 688 and 689]]).
+In the 1568 edition of the ''[[The Gude and Godlie Ballatis|Gude and Godlie Ballates]]'' the hymn was translated as "Our Saviour Christ, King of grace".<ref name="JJ1907" /> Choral settings of the German original came from Joachim Decker (choral setting in ''Melodeyen Gesangbuch'', 1604), [[Michael Praetorius]] ([[SATB|SATB-SATB]] setting in ''Musae Sioniae'', Part III, 1607), [[Hans Leo Hassler]] (ATBB setting in ''Psalmen und Christliche Gesäng'', 1607), [[Melchior Vulpius]] (four-part setting, 1609)<ref name="Vulpius" /> and [[Johannes Eccard]] (SATTB setting). For organ, there are two four-part settings in [[Samuel Scheidt]]'s 1650 [[scores:Das Görlitzer Tabulaturbuch, SSWV 441-540 (Scheidt, Samuel)|''Görlitzer Tabulaturbuch'' (SSWV 441-540)]], and [[chorale prelude]]s by [[Franz Tunder]] (''[[scores:Choralvorspiele alter Meister (Straube, Karl)|Jesus Christus under Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wand]]''), [[Johann Christoph Bach]] (No. 38 in ''[[scores:44 Choräle zum Präambulieren (Bach, Johann Christoph)|44 Choräle zum Präambulieren]]''), [[Johann Pachelbel]] ([[Jesus Christus unser Heiland, der von uns (Pachelbel)|No. 7 in ''Erster Theil etlicher Choräle'']], {{circa}}&nbsp;1693) and [[Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow]] ([[scores:Chorale Preludes and Variations (Zachow, Friedrich Wilhelm)|LV 7]], [[scores:Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, LV 19 (Zachow, Friedrich Wilhelm)|LV 19]]). [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] composed a four-part setting ([[BWV 363]]) and four chorale preludes, two as part of his ''Leipziger Choräle'' ([[Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes]], [[BWV 665|BWV 665 and 666]]), and two more as part of ''[[Clavier-Übung III]]'' ([[BWV 688|BWV 688 and 689]]).
+[[The Moravian Hymn Book|The ''Moravian Hymn Book'']] includes translations under "Our Saviour Christ by His own death" (1754) and "To avert from men God's wrath" (translation by [[Christian Ignatius Latrobe]] first published in 1789 – a century and several editions later the first stanza of this translation was omitted from this publication).<ref name="JJ1907" /> The German original is included in 19th century publications such as Philipp Wackernagel's ''Martin Luthers geistliche Lieder'' (1848)<ref>{{ill|de|Philipp Wackernagel}}, editor. [https://archive.org/stream/martinluthersge00wackgoog#page/n70/mode/2up ''Martin Luthers geistliche Lieder mit den zu seinen Lebzeiten gebräuchlichen Singweisen.'' Stuttgart, 1848. pp. 12-13]</ref> and Wilhelm Schircks' edition of Luther's ''Geistliche Lieder'' (1854),<ref name="JJ1907" /> although adoption in hymnals was declining.<ref>[http://www.hymnary.org/text/jesus_christus_unser_heiland_der_von_uns Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, Der von uns] at {{url|hymnary.org}}</ref> New English translations were published in the 19th century: "Jesus Christ, our Saviour" (1846), "Christ our Lord and Saviour" (1847), "Lord Jesus Christ! to Thee we pray, From us" (1849, 1880), "Jesus the Christ—the Lamb of God" (1853), "Christ who freed our souls from danger" (1854, 1884),<ref>[[Leonard Woolsey Bacon]] and Nathan Hale Allen ''[[scores:Deutsche geistliche Lieder (Luther, Martin)|The Hymns of Martin Luther Set to Their Original Melodies With an English Version]]''. London 1884, pp. 30–31</ref> and "Christ Jesus, our Redeemer born" (1867, 1876).<ref name="JJ1907" />
-In the 20th century [[Hugo Distler]] wrote a [[STAB|SAB]] setting. In 1964 Kurt Fiebig wrote a setting for three parts: soprano, alto and men.<ref name="Fiebig" />
+In the 20th century [[Hugo Distler]] wrote a [[SATB|SAB]] setting. He also published a [[scores:Kleine Orgelchoral-Bearbeitungen, Op.8/3 (Distler, Hugo)|Partita (organ) and setting (voice and organ), Op. 8/3 No. 3]] in 1938. In 1964 Kurt Fiebig produced a setting for three parts: soprano, alto and men.<ref name="Fiebig" /> No. 313 of ''Christian Worship: a Lutheran hymnal'' (1993) is a four-part setting derived from the ''Klug'sche Gesangbuch'', with a translation of eight stanzas of the hymn as "Jesus Christ, Our Blessed Savior".<ref name="Savior" /> The Protestant hymnal ''[[Evangelisches Gesangbuch]]'' includes the hymn as No. 215, omitting verses three and six of the original. A 2012 performance of the hymn in Bremen reverted to the melody version of the very first publication of 1524.<ref name="Bremen2011" /> A new harmonization for four-part chorus and organ by Yves Kéler and Danielle Guerrier Koegler was published in 2013, on a French translation of the hymn.<ref>Yves Kéler. [http://www.editions-beauchesne.com/product_info.php?cPath=91&products_id=1001 ''Les 43 chants de Martin Luther: Textes originaux et Paraphrases françaises strophiques rimées et chantables; Sources et commentaires suivis de Chants harmonisés à quatre voix pour orgue et choeur par Yves Kéler et Danielle Guerrier Koegler''.] Guides musicologiques, No. 7 (Édith Weber, editor). Beauchesne, 2013. ISBN 2701015901</ref>
-The Protestant hymnal ''[[Evangelisches Gesangbuch]]'' has the hymn as No. 215, and omits verses three and six of the original.
 == References ==
@@ Line 51: / Line 64: @@
 | language = German
 }}</ref>
+<ref name="Bremen2011">[http://www.kirche-bremen.de/downloads/Liederheft_52_fertigNeu.pdf ''Die Lieder Martin Luthers''] No. 17, p. 25 at {{url|www.kirche-bremen.de}}</ref>
+<ref name="Savior">{{cite web | url = http://www.hymnary.org/hymn/CWLH1993/313 | title = 313. Jesus Christ, Our Blessed Savior | publisher = hymnary.org | accessdate = 2 March 2015}}</ref>
+<ref name="JJ1907">[[John D. Julian|John Julian]]. [[:File:A Dictionary of Hymnology Vol. 1.pdf|''A Dictionary of Hymnology''. London: John Murray, 1907 (2nd edition), Volume I]], p. 598</ref>
 <ref name= "Leaver">{{cite book
@@ Line 56: / Line 75: @@
 | first = Robin A.
 | url = https://books.google.de/books?id=dD3A8cxPfJoC&pg=PA153
-| title = Jesus Christus unser Heiland, in: ''Luther’s Liturgical Music''
+| title = Jesus Christus unser Heiland, in: ''Luther's Liturgical Music''
 | year = 2007
 | publisher =
 | location = Grand Rapids, MI
 | isbn =
-| pages = 153–160
+9780802832214| pages = 153–160
 }}</ref>
+<ref name="Lyon2005">James Lyon. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7IQ4gXZkEpIC ''Chorals''] Editions Beauchesne, 2005. ISBN 270101493X – pp. 2–9</ref>
+<ref name="JvB1979">[http://www.janvanbiezen.nl/biography.html Jan van Biezen.] [http://www.janvanbiezen.nl/reformation.html "The tempo of hymns of the Reformation, related to the tempi of polyphonic music in mensural notation",] English summary of the Dutch-language article [http://www.janvanbiezen.nl/reform.pdf "Nogmaals de gemeentezang: het tempo van de reformatorische kerkliederen"] (Congregational singing revisited: the tempo of hymns of the Reformation) in ''Het Orgel'' No. 75 (1979), pp. 446–460</ref>
 <ref name="Vulpius">{{cite web
@@ Line 70: / Line 93: @@
 | accessdate = 23 February 2015
 }}</ref>
+<ref name="Wetzel2013pp55ff">Richard D. Wetzel, Erika Heitmeyer. ''[https://books.google.be/books?id=UzYtNSpsJasC Johann Leisentrit's Geistliche Lieder und Psalmen, 1567: Hymnody of the Counter-Reformation in Germany]'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2013. ISBN 1611475503 pp. 55–56</ref>
 <ref name="Fiebig">{{cite web
@@ Line 82: / Line 107: @@
 == Literature ==
+{{Commons category}}
-{{Commonscat}}
 * Wilhelm Lucke: [https://archive.org/stream/werkekritischege35luthuoft#page/142/mode/1up Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns den Gotteszorn wandt] in: ''D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe'', vol 35, Weimar 1923, pp 142–146
 == External links ==
+* [http://www.luther-gesellschaft.de/assets/pdf/lieder/jesus_christus_unser_heiland.pdf "Jesus Christus, unser Heiland"] at {{url|www.luther-gesellschaft.de}}
 * [http://www.hymnary.org/text/jesus_christus_unser_heiland_der_von_uns Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, Der von uns] at {{url|hymnary.org}}
 * {{ChoralWiki|Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns|"Jesus Christus, unser Heiland, der von uns"|prep=of settings, and full text and translations, of}}
@@ Line 92: / Line 118: @@
 {{Lutheran hymnody|state=collapsed}}
+[[Category:16th century in music]]
 [[Category:German Christian hymns]]
 [[Category:Hymn tunes]]