Gambier Islands

This article is about the Gambier Islands located in Polynesia. For the Island in Canada, see Gambier Island. For the Islands in South Australia, see Gambier Islands (South Australia).

Gambier Islands

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Location of the Gambier Islands in the Pacific Ocean

Gambier Islands

Geography
Location	Pacific Ocean
Archipelago	Polynesia
Administration
France
Demographics
Population	1,641

The Gambier Islands or Mangareva Islands (French: Îles Gambier or [Archipel des Gambier] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) are a populated (1641 people) small (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) group of islands, namely remnants of a caldera along with islets on the surrounding fringing reef, in French Polynesia, located at the southeast terminus of the Tuamotu archipelago. They are generally considered a separate island group from Tuamotu both because their culture and language (Mangarevan) are much more closely related to those of the Marquesas Islands, and because, while the Tuamotus comprise several chains of coral atolls, the Gambiers are of volcanic origin with central high islands. Because of their proximity, the Acteon Group, and the nearby atolls of Maria Est, Morane, Marutea Sud and Temoe (23°20′46″S 134°28′28″W) are sometimes included among the Gambiers.

Administration

The commune of Gambier is made up of the Gambier Islands (with uninhabited Temoe Atoll 40 km southeast of the main Gambier group), the uninhabited Acteon Group to the northwest (Matureivavao, Tenararo, Tenarunga, Vahanga), and the also uninhabited atolls of Marutea Sud, Maria Est and Morane. This group of islands and atolls covers an area of 35 km².

Although these archipelagos are administered as a single municipality (commune), the main village is Rikitea, on the largest island of Mangareva.

The Gambier Islands comprises:

• Gambier Group: Papuri, Teauaone, Tepapuri, Puaumu, Vaiatekeue, Teauotu, Apou, Tuaeu, Totegegie, Tarauru Roa, Gaioio, Tenoko, Rumarei, Mangareva, Aukena, Tokorua, Taravai, Tepu Nui, Angakauitai, Motu-O-Ari, Makapu, Akamaru, Mekiro, Teohootepohatu, Atumata, Tauna, Tekava, Kouaku, Motu Teiku, Makaroa, Manui, Kamaka Island

• Acteon Group: Tenararo, Vahanga, Tenarunga, Matureivavao

Apart from the above groups, it also includes Marutea Sud, Maria Est, Morane and Temoe islands.

Together with the Tuamotus, the Gambier Islands form Îles Tuamotu-Gambier (French: (les) (Îles) Tuamotu-Gambier or officially la subdivision administrative des (Îles) Tuamotu-Gambier), one of the five primary administrative divisions (subdivisions administratives) of French Polynesia.

The Gambier Islands (Gambier), together with the islands in the eastern part of the Tuamotus (Anaa, Fangatau, Hao, Hikueru, Makemo, Napuka, Nukutavake, Puka-Puka, Reao, Tatakoto and Tureia), form Îles Gambier et Tuamotu Est, one of the 6 electoral districts (circonscriptions électorales) for the Assembly of French Polynesia (Assemblée de la Polynésie française).

Geography

Gambier Islands (Mangareva)

The Gambier Islands proper have an enclosing coral reef which is broken by only three passages to the open sea. Besides Mangareva, the other notable high islands of the group are Akamaru, Angakauitai, Aukena, Kamaka, Kouaku, Makapu, Makaroa, Manui, Mekiro and Taravai. These are primary of volcanic origin. A number of others are actually coral islands, hence of secondary volcanic origin, including Papuri, Puaumu, Totengengie and the Tokorua group.

The islands proper are located at 23°09′S 134°58′W and are approximately 31 km² (12 mi²) in area. The total population in 2007 was 1,641. The primary town is Rikitea, located on Mangareva, as is the highest point in the Gambiers, Mt. Duff, rising to 441 metres (1,447 ft) along that island's south coast.

The more distant atolls of the Gambiers in the broad sense are all uninhabited.

Akamaru

History

French commune of Gambier
A ship from Gambier
The Gambier Islands form the easternmost part of French Polynesia
Location of French commune of Gambier
Country	France
Overseas collectivity	French Polynesia
Subdivision	Îles Tuamotu-Gambier
Government
• Mayor (2008–2014)	Monique Labbeyi-Richeton
Area 1	46 km2 (18 sq mi)
Population  (2007)	1,641
• Density	36/km2 (92/sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	98719 /98755
Elevation	0–441 m (0–1,447 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Approximately from the 10th to the 15th centuries, the Gambiers hosted a population of several thousand people and traded with other island groups including the Marquesas, the Society Islands and Pitcairn Islands. However, excessive logging by the islanders resulted in almost complete deforestation on Mangareva, with disastrous results for the islands' environment and economy. The folklore of the islands records a slide into civil war and even cannibalism as trade links with the outside world broke down, and archaeological studies have confirmed this tragic story. Today, the islands can support a population of only a few hundred.

In 1834, the French Picpus priests Honoré Laval and François Caret with their assistant Columba Murphy founded a Roman Catholic mission in the Gambiers. After their success here, they moved to Tahiti in 1836.

Effects of French nuclear testing on the Gambiers

The Gambiers served as a logistical staging base for French nuclear testing activity in Mururoa. During this time, the French military dragged a chain through some of the coral reef beds to cut a wider and deeper channel for deep draft vessels. Higher rate of intoxications by ciguatera were subsequently recorded.

French military vessels visited the area (as of 1993) every six months collecting specimens of water, food, human hair and other material, as well as taking detailed accounts of births, deaths and other demographic events, presumably for on-going research into the effects of the nuclear testing.

According to French Polynesian doctors who have worked in the area, considerably higher than normal incidences of cancer and thyroid problems are found amongst Polynesians who live near the Moruroa atoll.

Gallery

• 
  Mangareva
• 
  Aukena
• 
  Mangareva
• 
  St Michael's Cathedral in Rikitea, the largest church in the South Pacific built to seat 1200.
• 
  Arch at the old Rouru's convent
• 
  Tomb of King Maputeoa

See also

• List of non-marine molluscs of the Gambier Islands
• List of monarchs of Mangareva

References

• Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (2005), Ch. 3

External links

• Atoll list (in French)
• Death of a People. A look at the decline of Mangareva and the missionary influence on the people of the Gambiers.