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Revision as of 03:43, 12 October 2016

Kurdish separatism in Turkey or the Kurdish–Turkish conflict[note] is an ongoing, long running, separatist dispute between the Kurdish opposition in Southeastern Turkey and the governments of Turkey, lasting since the emergence of Koçgiri Rebellion 1920.

Background

The Kurdish–Turkish conflict is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups,[1] which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,[2][3] or to have autonomy[4][5] and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.[6] The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party[7] or PKK (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan). Although insurgents have carried out attacks in many regions of Turkey,[8] the insurgency is mainly in southeastern Turkey.[9] The PKK's military presence in Iraq's Kurdistan Region, from which it also launches attacks on Turkey, has resulted in the Turkish military carrying out frequent ground incursions and air and artillery strikes in the region, despite the fact that the United States and Iraq have warned Turkey.[10][11] The PKK insurgency is an armed conflict between the Republic of Turkey and various Kurdish insurgent groups,[12][13] which have demanded separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdistan,[14][3] or to have autonomy[15][16] and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds inside the Republic of Turkey.[17] The main rebel group is the Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK,[13] which was founded on November 27, 1978,[18] and started a full-scale insurgency on August 15, 1984 when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising.[19] The first insurgency lasted until September 1, 1999,[3][20] when the PKK declared a unilateral cease-fire after the capture of its leader Abdullah Öcalan. The armed conflict was later resumed on June 1, 2004, when the PKK declared an end to its cease-fire.[21][22]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ: http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html
  2. ^ Brandon, James. "The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  3. ^ a b c d "Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 23 July 2013. Cite error: The named reference "security" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ "'PKK ready to swap arms for autonomy'". Press TV. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand". Ekurd.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  6. ^ David O'Byrne (21 July 2010). "PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'". BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  7. ^ Bloomberg Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party, 23 May 2010
  8. ^ Jenkins, Gareth. "PKK Expanding Urban Bombing Campaign in Western Turkey". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  9. ^ Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council. "The Kurdish conflict (1984–2006)". Internal-displacement.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ http://www.basnews.com/en/news/2015/07/25/barzani-calls-on-turkey-to-stop-attacks-on-pkk/
  11. ^ "Iraq warns Turkey over incursion". BBC News. 23 February 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  12. ^ TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 14, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ a b "Sex Scandal Shake-Up Reinvigorates Turkish Opposition Party". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. May 23, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  14. ^ "The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK". The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  15. ^ Press TV 'PKK ready to swap arms for autonomy'
  16. ^ "Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand". Ekurd.net. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  17. ^ David O'Byrne (July 21, 2010). "PKK 'would disarm for Kurdish rights in Turkey'". BBC. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  18. ^ "Abdullah Öcalan en de ontwikkeling van de PKK". Xs4all.nl. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  19. ^ "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  20. ^ "PKK has repeatedly asked for a ceasefire of peace since their establishment in the past 17 years". Aknews.com. November 6, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  21. ^ Jenkins, Gareth. "PKK Changes Battlefield Tactics to Force Turkey into Negotiations". Jamestown.org. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  22. ^ "PKK/KONGRA-GEL and Terrorism". Ataa.org. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  23. ^ "Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey". Asiantribune.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  24. ^ "The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy". Amazon.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  25. ^ "Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict". Middle-east-online.com. 28 September 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  26. ^ "Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict". Euronews.net. 16 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  27. ^ Head, Jonathan (13 November 2009). "Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds". BBC News. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  28. ^ Kinzer, Stephen (3 January 2011). "Nudging Turkey toward peace at home". London: Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  29. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120205220532/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2012. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help), 5 February 2011
  30. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081210050323/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2011. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Birch, Nicholas (20 October 2009). "Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out — War in Context". Warincontext.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  32. ^ "The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future". Thewashingtonnote.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  33. ^ BBC News Turkey may ban Kurdish DTP party
  34. ^ "Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter". CNN.com. 7 March 1999. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  35. ^ "Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars". Reuters. 6 January 2012.
  36. ^ "Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion". Highbeam.com. 1 November 1992. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  37. ^ "Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion". Thenational.ae. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  38. ^ "Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion". Kuna.net.kw. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  39. ^ Tore Kjeilen. "Kurds". Looklex.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  40. ^ "MINA Breaking News – Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion". Macedoniaonline.eu. 15 August 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  41. ^ "Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict". Retrieved 26 October 2014.
  42. ^ "TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM" (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  43. ^ "A Report on the PKK and Terrorism". Fas.org. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  44. ^ McDowall, David. A modern History of the Kurds. London 2005, pp 439 ff
  45. ^ Viviano, Frank (23 February 1996). "Inside Turkey's Civil War, Fear and Geopolitics / For all sides, Kurd insurgency is risky business". Articles.sfgate.com. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  46. ^ "The Kurdish Question In Turkish Politics". Cacianalyst.org. 16 February 1999. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  47. ^ "Israeli military aid used by Turkish in civil war against Kurds". Ivarfjeld.wordpress.com. 25 June 2010. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  48. ^ "Thousands of Kurds protest to support jailed Abdullah Ocalan in Strasbourg". Ekurd.net. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  49. ^ Helena Smith in Athens (11 April 2003). "Turkey told US will remove Kurd forces from city". Guardian. London. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
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