List of California native plants: Difference between revisions

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Native wildflower blazing star (*Mentzelia lindleyi*)

California native plants are plants that existed in California prior to the arrival of European explorers and colonists in the late 18th century.^[1] California includes parts of at least three phytochoria. The largest is the California Floristic Province, a geographical area that covers most of California, portions of neighboring Oregon, Nevada, and Baja California, and is regarded as a "world hotspot" of biodiversity.^[2]^[3]

Introduction

In 1993 The Jepson Manual estimated that California was home to 4,693 native species and 1,169 native subspecies or varieties, including 1,416 endemic species. A 2001 study by the California Native Plant Society estimated 6,300 native plants. These estimates continue to change over time.^[2]

Of California's total plant population, 2,153 species, subspecies, and varieties are endemic and native to California alone, according to the 1993 Jepson Manual study.^[4] This botanical diversity stems not only from the size of the state, but also its diverse topographies, climates, and soils (e.g. serpentine outcrops). Numerous plant groupings exist in California, and botanists work to structure them into identifiable ecoregions, plant communities, vegetation types, and habitats, and taxonomies.^[4]^[5]

California native plants include some that have widespread horticultural use. Sometimes the appreciation began outside of California—lupines, California fuchsias, and California poppies were first cultivated in British and European gardens for over a century.^[6]

Selected trees

Coniferous trees

Sequoias and redwoods

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) - in the fog-shrouded coast ranges.
Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) - in the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

Pine trees

Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) - coastal species - gardens.
Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri)
Gray pine - digger pine (Pinus sabiniana)
Knobcone pine (Pinus attenuata)
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) - well known in mountains
Lodgepole pine (Pinus_contorta) - use for early construction of buildings and other structures
Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) - naturally limited endemic - widely planted horticulturally around the world.
Limber pine (Pinus flexilis)
Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi)
Parry pinyon (Pinus quadrifolia)
Shore pine (Pinus contorta)
Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana)
Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana)
Western white pine (Pinus monticola)
Single-leaf pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla)
Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) - the 'Methuselah' - 4,700 years old.
Foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) - Californian endemic; 2,000-year-old specimens.

Other conifers

Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa)
Santa Lucia fir (Abies bracteata) and seven other native Abies species.
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
Bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) - Central Coast and Santa Susana Mountains.
California nutmeg (Torreya californica)
Incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens)
Port Orford cedar-Lawson cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)
White fir (Abies concolor) - at high elevations
Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana)
Red fir (Abies magnifica)

Oak trees

California is home to many deciduous and evergreen oaks, often occurring in oak woodlands:

Valley oak (Quercus lobata) - the giant.
Leather oak (Quercus durata) - the shrubby one
Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) - in the Central Valley foothills and Coast Ranges
California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) - in the higher hills mountains
Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) - in the higher hills
Interior live oak (Quercus wislizenii) in the Central Valley region.
Island oak (Quercus tomentella) - endemic with distinctive large evergreen leaves.
Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmanni) - shade giving with a cool blue-gray cast to the foliage.
Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) is found in the Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, and along the coast's hills and adjacent interior valleys, and many other habitats and gardens.^[7]^[8]

Riparian trees

In riparian areas (streamside and moist habitats) some of the trees include:

California sycamore (Platanus racemosa)
White alder (Alnus rhombifolia)
Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii)
Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa).
Arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis).^[9]

Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus)
California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)
Madrone (Arbutus menziesii)
Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)
Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)
Western blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) is found throughout the state, an important host for birds, butterflies, pollinators, and beneficial insects (integrated pest management).
California Buckeye (Aesculus californica)
Western redbud (Cercis occidentalis)
California black walnut (Juglans californica)
California hazelnut (Corylus cornuta)

Selected shrubs

Chamise or greasewood (Adenostoma fasciculatum)
Service-berry (Amelanchier alnifolia)
Manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.)
California sagebrush (Artemisia californica)
Coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis)
Calliandra (Calliandra spp.)
California lilacs (Ceanothus spp.)
Desert willow (Chilopsis linearis)
Flannelbush (Fremontodendron spp.)
Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)
Lupines (Lupinus spp.)
Snowberry (Symphoricarpos mollis & spp.),
Huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum & spp.)
Coffeeberry (Rhamnus spp.)
Lemonade berry (Rhus integrifolia)
Sugarbush (Rhus ovata)
Gooseberries and currants (Ribes spp.)
Sages (Salvia spp.)^[10]^[11]

Selected desert plants

California fan palm (Washingtonia filifera)
Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia)
California juniper (Juniperus californica)
Blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida)
Yellow foothill palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla)
Single-leaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla)
Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii)
Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens)
Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)
Indian mallow (Abutilon palmeri)
Brittlebush (Encelia farinosa)
Desert agave (Agave deserti)
California barrel cactus (Ferocactus cylindraceus)
Banana yucca (Yucca baccata)
Mojave yucca (Yucca schidigera)
Rush milkweed (Asclepias subulata)
Purple desert sand-verbena (Abronia villosa)
Sacred datura (Datura wrightii)

Selected perennials

Sunny habitats

California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) are found in drier places. California poppies are also an annual in many places.
Douglas iris (Iris douglasiana) and 'Pacific Coast' hybrids
Monkeyflower e.g.: Mimulus aurantiacus, Mimulus guttatus, Mimulus cardinalis and cultivars.
Columbine (Aquilegia spp.)
Coyote mint (Monardella spp.)
Buckwheats (Eriogonum fasciculatum), (Eriogonum giganteum), (Eriogonum umbellatum)

Shady habitats

Western wild ginger (Asarum caudatum)
Pacific bleeding-heart (Dicentra formosa)
Island coral bells (Heuchera maxima)
Canyon coral bells (Heuchera hirsutissima)
Heucherella
Threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata)
Redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana)^[12]

Ferns

Polypody ferns (Polypodium), e.g.: Polypodium californicum
Native sword ferns (Polystichum), e.g.: Polystichum munitum
Giant chain fern (Woodwardia fimbriata)
Goldback ferns (Pteridium spp.)
Wood ferns (Dryopteris spp.), e.g.: Dryopteris arguta
Maidenhair ferns (Adiantum spp.) e.g.: Adiantum jordanii

Selected bulbs

*Brodiaea coronaria* (California hyacinth)

Ithuriel's spear (Triteleia spp.)
Meadow onion (Allium monticola)
Goldenstars (Bloomeria crocea)
Brodiaeas (Brodiaea spp.)
Blue dicks-ookow (Dichelostemma capitatum): one of the most common native bulb species throughout California; found in grassland and dry meadow habitats
Mariposa lilies (Calochortus spp.): available from reputable horticultural sources; taking from the wild is illegal and is resulting in significant declines of some species from over collecting.^{[citation needed]}

Selected annuals and wildflowers

Selected vines

Dutchman's pipe vine (Aristolochia spp.)
Morning glory (Calystegia spp.)
Chaparral clematis (Clematis lasiantha)
Western virgin's bower (Clematis ligusticifolia)
Calabazilla (Cucurbita foetidissima)
Wild cucumber-manroot (Marah fabaceus)
Cucamonga manroot-bigroot (Marah macrocarpus)
California wild grape (Vitis californica)
Desert wild grape (Vitis girdiana)

Selected grasses

Grasses:^[14]

Purple three-awn (Aristida purpurea)
Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis)
California fescue (Festuca californica)
Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis)
Red fescue (Festuca rubra)
Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha)
Giant wildrye (Leymus condensatus)
California melic (Melica californica)
Deer grass (Muhlenbergia rigens)
Purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra): The state grass of California
Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides)
Pine bluegrass (Poa secunda)

Grasslike:^[15]

Sedges — (Carex spp.) (taller 'bunch grass' specimens and lower meadow spreaders)
Rushes — (Juncus spp.)
Western blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium bellum) and yellow-eyed-grass (Sisyrinchium californicum).

Selected succulents

Dudleyas

Chalk lettuce (Dudleya pulverulenta) - garden-plant
Coast dudleya (Dudleya caespitosa) - [CA endemic]
Canyon live-forever (Dudleya cymosa) - garden-plant
Fingertips (Dudleya edulis) - garden-plant
Giant chalk dudleya, Britton's dudleya (Dudleya brittonii) - garden-plant
Lanceleaf liveforever (Dudleya lanceolata) - garden-plant

Sedums

Broadleaf stonecrop (Sedum spathulifolium) - San Bruno elfin butterfly host plant.
Coast sedum (Sedum oreganum)
Feather River stonecrop (Sedum albomarginatum) - [CA endemic, Sierras]
Red Mountain stonecrop (Sedum eastwoodiae) - [CA endemic, Mendocino]
Roseflower stonecrop (Sedum laxum)
Sierra stonecrop (Sedum obtusatum)

Environmental challenges

Some California native plants are in rapid decline in their native habitat due to urban sprawl, agriculture, overgrazing, recreational impacts, pollution, and invasive non-native species (invasive exotics) colonization pressures (animals and other kingdoms of life, as well as plants).^[16]

California also has 1,023 species of non-native plants, some now problematic invasive species such as yellow starthistle, that were introduced during the Spanish colonization, the California Gold Rush, and subsequent immigrations and import trading of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.

References

^ "What is a native plant?". California Native Plant Society. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
^ ^a ^b Ornduff, Robert; Faber, Phyllis M.; Keeler-Wolf, Todd (2003). Introduction to California Plant Life. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23704-9. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "California Floristic Province". Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation International. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
^ ^a ^b Hickman, J.C., ed. (1993). "Appendix I". The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. p. 1315.
^ Munz, Philip Alexander; Keck, David Daniels (1 June 1973). A California Flora. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02405-2. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Bornstein, Carol; Fross, David; O'Brien, Bart (1 December 2005). California native plants for the garden. Cachuma Press. ISBN 978-0-9628505-8-5. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Pavlik, Bruce M.; Muick, Pamela; Johnson, Sharon (1993). Oaks of California. Cachuma Press. ISBN 978-0962850516.
^ Jepson Manual Quercus agrifolia
^ Jepson Manual Salix lasiolepsis
^ Keator, Glenn (1 March 1994). Complete Garden Guide to the Native Shrubs of California. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0402-8. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Fross, David; Wilken, Dieter (1 February 2006). Ceanothus. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-762-7. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Keator, Glenn (1990). Complete Garden Guide to the Native Perennials of California. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-87701-699-1. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ "Theodore Payne Foundation for Wildflowers and Native Plants".
^ "California Native Grasslands Association". Retrieved 9 June 2010.
^ Crampton, Beecher (1974). Grasses in California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02507-3. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Alden, Peter; Heath, Fred (26 May 1998). Field Guide to California. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44678-1. Retrieved 28 January 2013. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)

External links

CNPS—California Native Plant Society website
CalFlora Database — extensive searchable database of California native plants.
Jepson Manual 'Flora Interchange' — extensive database of California native plants
U.C. CalPhotos: Flora homepage — searchable images database
Theodore Payne Foundation for Wildflowers and Native Plants — including horticultural information
California Native Grasslands Association — including bunchgrass species and habitats

[1] "What is a native plant?". California Native Plant Society. Retrieved 2009-06-02.

[OrnduffFaber2003-2] Ornduff, Robert; Faber, Phyllis M.; Keeler-Wolf, Todd (2003). Introduction to California Plant Life. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23704-9. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[3] "California Floristic Province". Biodiversity Hotspots. Conservation International. Retrieved 2009-06-02.

[JM93-4] Hickman, J.C., ed. (1993). "Appendix I". The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. p. 1315.

[MunzKeck1973-5] Munz, Philip Alexander; Keck, David Daniels (1 June 1973). A California Flora. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02405-2. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[BornsteinFross2005-6] Bornstein, Carol; Fross, David; O'Brien, Bart (1 December 2005). California native plants for the garden. Cachuma Press. ISBN 978-0-9628505-8-5. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[7] Pavlik, Bruce M.; Muick, Pamela; Johnson, Sharon (1993). Oaks of California. Cachuma Press. ISBN 978-0962850516.

[8] Jepson Manual Quercus agrifolia

[9] Jepson Manual Salix lasiolepsis

[Keator1994-10] Keator, Glenn (1 March 1994). Complete Garden Guide to the Native Shrubs of California. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0402-8. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[FrossWilken2006-11] Fross, David; Wilken, Dieter (1 February 2006). Ceanothus. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-762-7. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[Keator1990-12] Keator, Glenn (1990). Complete Garden Guide to the Native Perennials of California. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-87701-699-1. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[13] "Theodore Payne Foundation for Wildflowers and Native Plants".

[14] "California Native Grasslands Association". Retrieved 9 June 2010.

[Crampton1974-15] Crampton, Beecher (1974). Grasses in California. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02507-3. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[16] Alden, Peter; Heath, Fred (26 May 1998). Field Guide to California. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44678-1. Retrieved 28 January 2013. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)

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