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'''Sosnowiec''' ({{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Sosnowiec-2.ogg|s|o|'|s|n|o|w|J|e|c}}) is an industrial [[city with powiat rights|city county]] in southern [[Poland]] in [[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]]. Located in the eastern part of the [[silesian Voivodeship]], it is one of the cities of the [[Katowice urban area]] &ndash; a 2.7-million-person conurbation. The population of the city is 220,450 (June 2009).<ref>Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2009, {{cite web |url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_L_ludnosc_stan_struktura_30_06_2009.pdf |title=Population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division, as of June 30, 2009 |accessdate=2009-12-31 |format=PDF}}</ref>
'''Sosnowiec''' (<small>''pronounced''</small> {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Sosnowiec-2.ogg|sɔˈsnɔvʲɛt͡s}}) is an industrial [[city with powiat rights|city county]] in the Dąbrowa Basin ([[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]]) of southern [[Poland]], which is also part of the [[Silesian Metropolis]] municipal association.<ref name="Ustawa">{{cite news |title=Silesian Metropolis. The bill has been passed. Why it matters? |trans-title=Metropolia śląska. Ustawa metropolitalna przyjęta. Czemu to ważne dla okolic Katowic? |publisher=[[Wyborcza]].pl |quote=W połowie marca parlament przegłosował ustawę metropolitalną dla konurbacji katowickiej. Nowy twór - metropolia śląska, nie ma jednego centrum; rolę takich centrów odgrywają Katowice, Gliwice i Sosnowiec. Topografia metropolii śląskiej (z Sosnowcem włącznie) jest pokazana na mapie. Zwróć się do poradni gdy masz kłopoty ze wzrokiem. |url=http://biqdata.wyborcza.pl/biqdata/7,159116,22156800,metropolia-slaska-ustawa-metropolitalna-przyjeta-czemu-to.html |author=Szymon Pifczyk |date=April 4, 2017}}<br>—— {{cite journal |journal=Dz.U. 2017 poz. 730 |publisher=Kancelaria Sejmu |pages=1–12 |date=2017-04-13 |title=USTAWA z dnia 9 marca 2017 r. o związku metropolitalnym w województwie śląskim, pod nazwą Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia. Pozytywna opinia Wojewody |url=http://www.gzm.org.pl/project/zdjeciaDodatkowe/opinia%20wojewoda.pdf}}</ref> Located in the eastern part of the [[Upper Silesian Industrial Region]], Sosnowiec is one of the cities of the [[Katowice urban area]], which is a [[conurbation]] with the overall population of 2.7 million people; as well as the greater [[Upper Silesian metropolitan area]] populated by about 5.3 million people.<ref>[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] (ESPON) [https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf Study on Urban Functions.] ESPON project 1.4.3; April 2007, pp. 93–94. "Upper Silesian polycentric metropolitan area. Inside the Katowice morphological area, the main municipalities are Katowice (338), Sosnowiec (240), Gliwice (208), Bytom (200), Zabrze (196), Ruda Slaska (153), Tychy (130), Dabrowa Gornicza (130), and Chorzow (120). Nine other municipalities have less than 100,000 inhabitants."</ref> The population of the city was 220,450 as of June 2009.<ref>Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2009, {{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215022024/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_L_ludnosc_stan_struktura_30_06_2009.pdf |title=Population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division, as of June 30, 2009 |accessdate=2009-12-31 |format=PDF |at=page 43 in current document; Table 7}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
⚫
It is believed that the name Sosnowiec originates from the Polish word ''[[wiktionary:sosna|sosna]]'', referring to the [[pine]] forests growing in the area prior to 1830. The village was originally known as ''Sosnowice''. Other variations of the name include ''Sosnowietz, Sosnowitz, Sosnovitz'' ([[Yiddish]]), ''Sosnovyts, Sosnowyts, Sosnovytz, Sosnowytz,'' and ''Sosnovetz''. There are five other smaller settlements in Poland also called Sosnowiec, located in the [[Kielce Voivodship]], [[Łódź Voivodship]], and [[Opole Voivodship]].
[[File:Górnośląski Związek Metropolitalny.svg|thumb|left|Sosnowiec within Silesian Metropolis]]
[[File:Górnośląski Związek Metropolitalny.svg|thumb|left|Sosnowiec within the [[Silesian Metropolis]], 2012.<ref name="Ustawa"/>]]
⚫
Sosnowiec is the centre of the [[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]] area within the historic [[Lesser Poland]] region near the border with [[Silesia]]. It is located about {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast to the downtown of [[Katowice]] and {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Kraków]], situated in the [[Silesian Upland]] on the rivers [[Brynica]] and [[Przemsza]], a tributary of the [[Vistula]]. The city is part of Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously (since 1945), it was part of [[Katowice Voivodeship]], and before [[World War II]], Sosnowiec belonged to [[Kielce Voivodeship]].


⚫
Sosnowiec serves as one of the administrative centres of the geographical and historical area of southern Poland known as the [[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]] (the Dąbrowa Basin). It lays within the historic [[Lesser Poland]] region near the border with [[Silesia]]. It is located about {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-east to the centre of [[Katowice]] and {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-west of [[Kraków]], situated in the [[Silesian Upland]] on the rivers [[Brynica]] and [[Przemsza]], a tributary of the [[Vistula]]. The full list of rivers includes [[Biała Przemsza]] as well as Czarna Przemsza, [[Brynica]], Bobrek, and Potok Zagórski creek. The city is part of the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously (since 1945), it was part of [[Katowice Voivodeship]], and before [[World War II]], Sosnowiec belonged to [[Kielce Voivodeship]].
⚫
Allegedly its name comes from Polish word ''[[wiktionary:sosna|sosna]]'', referring to the [[pine]] forests which were common prior to 1830. It was originally known as ''Sosnowice''. Other variations of the name include ''Sosnowietz, Sosnowitz, Sosnovitz'' ([[Yiddish]]), ''Sosnovyts, Sosnowyts, Sosnovytz, Sosnowytz,'' and ''Sosnovetz''. There are five other smaller towns in Poland also called Sosnowiec, located in the [[Kielce Voivodship]], [[Łódź Voivodship]], and [[Opole Voivodship]].


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Zamek Sielecki.jpg|thumb|left|Sielecki Castle]]
[[File:Zamek Sielecki.jpg|thumb|left|Sielecki Castle]]
The history of Sosnowiec in the proper sense begins in 1902 when it was granted [[town privileges|city rights]] by merging a number of settlements often several centuries old.


However, the history of the village of Sosnowiec dates back to the year 1227, when it was mentioned for the first time. It then was a small settlement in the Polish [[Seniorate Province|Duchy of Kraków]], located in close vicinity of much larger and better developed villages of Sielce and [[Zagórze, Sosnowiec|Zagórze]] (both are now districts of the city). Other districts are even older. Milowice was first mentioned in 1123 as ''Miley''. Documents from 1228 already mention Milowice, Klimontów, and [[Zagórze, Sosnowiec|Zagórze]]. Furthermore, Milowice was placed on a 1561 map.
The history of the city in its proper sense begins in 1902 when it was granted [[town privileges|city rights]] by merging a number of settlements often several centuries old. However, the history of the village of Sosnowiec dates back to the year 1227, when it was mentioned for the first time. It then was a small settlement in the Polish [[Seniorate Province|Duchy of Kraków]], located in close vicinity of much larger and better developed villages of Sielce and [[Zagórze, Sosnowiec|Zagórze]] (both are now districts of the city). Other districts are even older. Milowice was first mentioned in 1123 as ''Miley''. Documents from 1228 already mention Milowice, Klimontów, and [[Zagórze, Sosnowiec|Zagórze]]. Furthermore, Milowice was placed on a 1561 map.


As part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], Sosnowiec belonged to [[Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)|Kraków Voivodeship]], one of three voivodeships of Lesser Poland. It became a [[border town]] after the neighbouring [[Duchy of Silesia|Duchies of Silesia]] passed to the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]] in 1335. In result of the [[Third partition of Poland]] in 1795, however, it was seized by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and was included into the newly established province of [[New Silesia]]. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], it became part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] in 1807 and later, of [[Congress Poland]] ruled by the [[Namiestnik of Poland|namiestniks]] of the [[Russian Empire]]. Located at the borders with the [[German Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]], Sosnowiec became famous for the [[Three Emperors' Corner]] tripoint, which was located within current limits of the city.
As part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], Sosnowiec belonged to [[Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)|Kraków Voivodeship]], one of three voivodeships of Lesser Poland. It became a [[border town]] after the neighbouring [[Duchy of Silesia|Duchies of Silesia]] passed to the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Bohemian Crown]] in 1335. In result of the [[Third partition of Poland]] in 1795, however, it was seized by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] and was included into the newly established province of [[New Silesia]]. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], it became part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] in 1807 and later, of [[Congress Poland]] ruled by the [[Namiestnik of Poland|namiestniks]] of the [[Russian Empire]]. Located at the borders with the [[German Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]], Sosnowiec became famous for the [[Three Emperors' Corner]] tripoint, which was located within current limits of the city.
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===City rights===
===City rights===
[[File:KościółJoachim.JPG|thumb|St. Joachim's Church]]
[[File:KościółJoachim.JPG|thumb|St. Joachim's Church]]

With effect from 10 June 1902, by the order of Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia]], Sosnowiec was legally named a city with the area of {{convert|19|km²|0|abbr=out}} and with 60,000 inhabitants. Obtaining the city rights helped the dynamic economic and cultural development of the town. Apart from steelworks and coal-mines and many enterprises of heavy and light industry, new cultural and social establishments were opened as well. The newly established town consisted of the districts of Sosnowiec, Pogoń, Ostra Górka, Sielec, Kuźnica and Radocha, all of which had been separate villages before. The very fact that Russian authorities waited for so long to grant Sosnowiec town rights is seen as a consequence of the Polish [[January Uprising]] 1863/64, after which numerous towns had seen their status reduced to a village. Sosnowiec was first post-1860s location in Congress Poland to have received town charter, second was [[Puławy]] in 1906.
With effect from 10 June 1902, by the order of Emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia]], Sosnowiec was legally named a city with the area of {{convert|19|km²|0|abbr=out}} and with 60,000 inhabitants. Obtaining the city rights helped the dynamic economic and cultural development of the town. Apart from steelworks and coal-mines and many enterprises of heavy and light industry, new cultural and social establishments were opened as well. The newly established town consisted of the districts of Sosnowiec, Pogoń, Ostra Górka, Sielec, Kuźnica and Radocha, all of which had been separate villages before. The very fact that Russian authorities waited for so long to grant Sosnowiec town rights is seen as a consequence of the Polish [[January Uprising]] 1863/64, after which numerous towns had seen their status reduced to a village. Sosnowiec was first post-1860s location in Congress Poland to have received town charter, second was [[Puławy]] in 1906.
Natural resources and the good geographical location had an important influence on the development of Sosnowiec. The opening of a branch line of the [[Warsaw-Vienna Railway]] in 1859 was vitally important for the growth of the town. Development of industry with the new factory of rope and wire, rolling mill, steelworks, iron foundry, steam boilers factory, and later spinning mill, dye-house and paper mill sealed the new image of the town as entirely urban. The ''Summer Theatre'' and, in 1887, the ''Winter Theatre ''were founded, the second of which was called City Theatre from 1924 in [[Second Polish Republic|independent Poland]], and later the ''Theatre of Zagłębie''. In 1914, the village of [[Środula]] was incorporated into Sosnowiec.
Natural resources and the good geographical location had an important influence on the development of Sosnowiec. The opening of a branch line of the [[Warsaw-Vienna Railway]] in 1859 was vitally important for the growth of the town. Development of industry with the new factory of rope and wire, rolling mill, steelworks, iron foundry, steam boilers factory, and later spinning mill, dye-house and paper mill sealed the new image of the town as entirely urban. The ''Summer Theatre'' and, in 1887, the ''Winter Theatre ''were founded, the second of which was called City Theatre from 1924 in [[Second Polish Republic|independent Poland]], and later the ''Theatre of Zagłębie''. In 1914, the village of [[Środula]] was incorporated into Sosnowiec.


===Second Polish Republic===
===Modern era===
In the [[Second Polish Republic]], it was part of [[Kielce Voivodeship]], and in 1934 the ''City County of Sosnowiec'' was established. Sosonowiec suffered war damages during both major military conflicts in the 20th century: [[World War I]], which caused mainly destruction to industry, and [[World War II]], which brought about the terror of executions.
In the [[Second Polish Republic]], Sosnowiec became part of the [[Kielce Voivodeship]], and in 1934 the ''City County of Sosnowiec'' was established. Sosonowiec suffered war damages during both major military conflicts in the 20th century: [[World War I]], which caused mainly destruction to industry, and [[World War II]], which brought about the terror of executions.


After the 1939 [[Invasion of Poland]], the city county was subordinated to [[Nazi Germany|German]] occupation by [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|Wehrmacht]] forces and renamed ''Sosnowitz''. Initially under [[Military Administration in Poland|military administration]] and part of the [[General Government]], it was [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|annexed]] and incorporated into the [[Province of Silesia]] on 20 November 1939. In June 1943 thousands of Jews were deported from [[Sosnowiec Ghetto]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. The ghetto was liquidated two months later and almost all remaining Jews (around 15,000) were also deported to Auschwitz. Previously there had been considerable underground activity among them. The [[Vistula–Oder Offensive]] of the [[Red Army]] in January 1945 brought about the liberation of the city, which gave it a chance for gradual rebuilding and further development.
After the 1939 [[Invasion of Poland]], the city was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] and renamed ''Sosnowitz''. Initially under [[Military Administration in Poland|military administration]] set up as part of the [[General Government]], Sosnowiec was [[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany|annexed by Germany]] and incorporated into the [[Province of Silesia]] on 20 November 1939. In June 1943 thousands of Jews were deported from [[Sosnowiec Ghetto]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]. The ghetto was liquidated two months later and almost all remaining Jews (around 15,000) were also deported to Auschwitz. Previously there had been considerable underground activity among them. The [[Vistula–Oder Offensive]] of the [[Red Army]] in January 1945 brought about the liberation of the city, which gave it a chance for gradual rebuilding and further development.


===Post-war===
===Post-war===
After World War II, Sosnowiec further developed. On June 1, 1975, the city was expanded, when such locations, as Zagórze, Kazimierz Górniczy, Porąbka, Klimontów and Maczki became its districts. Due to this fact, by 1977 the population of the city reached 200,000. Further growth was accelerated by the construction of [[Katowice Steelworks]], and in 1981, the population of Sosnowiec was 250,000, reaching its peak in 1987, when it was 259,000. Since then, the population has been declining. In 1992, the city became seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sosnowiec]].
After World War II, Sosnowiec further developed. On June 1, 1975, the metropolitan area was expanded when the neighbouring locations of Zagórze, Kazimierz Górniczy, Porąbka, Klimontów, and Maczki, became its districts. By 1977 the population of the city reached 200,000. Further growth was accelerated by the construction of [[Katowice Steelworks]], and in 1981, the population of Sosnowiec was 250,000, reaching its peak in 1987, when it was 259,000. Since then, the population has been declining. In 1992, the city became seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sosnowiec]].
== Culture ==


=== Parks and squares ===
=== Parks and gardens ===
Sosnowiec has more than 2,250 ha of green areas occurring as parks, squares, protection zones, lot gardens and forests. In the area of the city preserved many parks established at the residence of industrialists, and also created a lot of new. Many of them present historical and natural value. Main parks and green areas include the Sielecki Park, which is a historical park at the castle with many natural monuments; the historical Dietel Park; the Park-Palace Complex of Schöen with two palaces; the Millennium Park, the Środula Park with a sport complex; the nature park "Szopienice-Borki"; as well as the peatbog "Bory" protected area, part of [[Natura 2000]].
Sosnowiec has more than 2,250 ha of green areas occurring as parks, squares, protection zones, lot gardens and forests. In the area of the city preserved many parks established at the residence of industrialists, and also created a lot of new. Many of them present historical and natural value. Main parks and green areas include the Sielecki Park, which is a historical park at the castle with many natural monuments; the historical Dietel Park; the Park-Palace Complex of Schöen with two palaces; the Millennium Park, the Środula Park with a sport complex; the nature park "Szopienice-Borki"; as well as the peatbog "Bory" protected area, part of [[Natura 2000]].


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
[[File:Budynek Wydziału Nauk O Ziemi UŚ.JPG|thumb|Faculty of Earth Science, [[University of Silesia]]]]
[[File:Budynek Wydziału Nauk O Ziemi UŚ.JPG|thumb|Faculty of Earth Science, [[University of Silesia]]]]
Sosnowiec is characterised by its urban dynamics, economic activity, and care for both, its cultural heritage and natural environment. In recent years, Sosnowiec was further transformed from an industrial center with mainly mining and heavy industries into a hub of trade and services. Nevertheless, it still operates several important coal mines, steel factories and other heavy industrial plants.


Its Special Economic Zone, established in Sosnowiec thanks to the efforts of local authorities, plays a major role in attracting new businesses into the area. As a result, several companies with Polish and foreign capital opened their businesses in the city. Sosnowiec City Office was awarded the [[ISO 9001]] 2001 quality certificate for its management system for providing services for the local community.
Sosnowiec is characterised by its urban dynamics, economic activity, cultural heritage, and natural environment. In recent years, Sosnowiec was further developed from an industrial centre (with mainly mining and heavy industries) into a hub of trade and services. Nevertheless, it still operates several important coal mines, steel factories and other industrial plants. Its Special Economic Zone, established in Sosnowiec thanks to the efforts of local authorities, plays a major role in attracting new businesses into the area. As a result, several companies with Polish and foreign capital opened their businesses in the city. Sosnowiec City Office was awarded the [[ISO 9001]] 2001 quality certificate for its management system for providing services for the local community.


From 2006 a new trade center [[Expo Silesia]] began hosting numerous trade shows. Activities of Artistic and Literary Society of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie prove also that Sosnowiec as an industrial centre is not only a working class environment.
From 2006, a new trade centre [[Expo Silesia]] began hosting numerous trade shows. Activities of Artistic and Literary Society of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie prove also that Sosnowiec as an industrial centre is not only a working class environment.


==Districts==
==Districts==
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=== Points of interest ===
=== Points of interest ===
There are many relics of the industrial era, especially residences of industrialists. Most of them are located outside strict city center, on the [[Czarna Przemsza]] river bank. One of the oldest is a 17th-century castle known as the [[Sielecki Castle]]. Other main tourist attractions include:
There are many relics of the industrial era, especially residences of industrialists. Most of them are located outside strict city center, on the Czarna [[Przemsza]] river bank. One of the oldest is a 17th-century castle known as the [[Sielecki Castle]]. Other main tourist attractions include:

{{Div col}}
{{Div col}}
* [[The Dietel Palace]]
* [[The Dietel Palace]]
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* Old Jewish cemetery
* Old Jewish cemetery
* [[Three Emperors' Corner]]
* [[Three Emperors' Corner]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


== Education and Science ==
== Education and Science ==
[[File:US wiinom.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[University of Silesia|University of Silesia in Katowice]] - Faculty of Computer and Materials Science]]
[[File:US wiinom.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[University of Silesia|University of Silesia in Katowice]] - Faculty of Computer and Materials Science]]
⚫
Sosnowiec is an academic centre with well-developed research and educational infrastructure on top of industry, services and trade. Its own institutions of higher learning include:


⚫
Sosnowiec is an academic centre with well-developed research and educational infrastructure on top of industry, services and trade. Its own institutions of higher learning include:
* The [[University of Silesia in Katowice]] (schools of modern languages, natural science, technology and a language teacher training college)
* The [[University of Silesia in Katowice]] (schools of modern languages, natural science, technology and a language teacher training college)
** Faculty of Earth Science
** Faculty of Earth Science
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* [[KP Polska Energia Sosnowiec]] - men's [[Volleyball in Poland|volleyball]] team playing in [[Polish Volleyball League]] (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS), 5th place in season 2003/2004.
* [[KP Polska Energia Sosnowiec]] - men's [[Volleyball in Poland|volleyball]] team playing in [[Polish Volleyball League]] (Polska Liga Siatkówki, PLS), 5th place in season 2003/2004.
* kks czarni sosnowiec (Ekstraliga).
* kks czarni sosnowiec (Ekstraliga).

===Rivers===
⚫
{{Div col}}
*[[Czarna Przemsza]]
*[[Biała Przemsza]]
*[[Brynica]]
*[[Bobrek (river)|Bobrek]]
*[[Potok Zagórski]]
⚫
{{Div end}}


==International relations==
==International relations==
{{Refimprove section|date=October 2015}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}


===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Sosnowiec is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
Sosnowiec is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
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== Notable residents==
== Notable residents==
⚫
{{Div col}}
<!-- Please note, random names without articles are subject to removal by Wikipedia verifiability policy guideline -->
* [[Paula Kania]]
* [[Paula Kania]]
* [[Edward Gierek]]
* [[Edward Gierek]]
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* [[Ignaz von Szyszylowicz]]
* [[Ignaz von Szyszylowicz]]
* [[Joanna Krupa]]
* [[Joanna Krupa]]
⚫
{{Div col end}}

⚫
==Notes==
⚫
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==References==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin|2}}
*[http://www.sosnowiec.pl/ Official web site of Sosnowiec]
*[http://www.sosnowiec.pl/ Official web site of Sosnowiec]
*[http://starysosnowiec.art.pl/ Sosnowiec on an old photography] (in Polish)
*[http://starysosnowiec.art.pl/ Sosnowiec on an old photography] (in Polish)
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* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/sosnowiec/ Jewish Community in Sosnowiec] on Virtual Shtetl
* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/sosnowiec/ Jewish Community in Sosnowiec] on Virtual Shtetl
*[http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Sosnowiec/Sosnowiec.html#Soc Yizkor book of Sosnowiec]
*[http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/Sosnowiec/Sosnowiec.html#Soc Yizkor book of Sosnowiec]
*[http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/Hebrew/music/news/Pages/hefer.aspx] about Haim Hefer (1925-2012)(in Hebrew)
*[http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/Hebrew/music/news/Pages/hefer.aspx Note about Haim Hefer (1925–2012)] (in Hebrew)
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
⚫
;Notes
{{Commons|Sosnowiec}}
{{Commons|Sosnowiec}}
⚫
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


{{Silesian Voivodeship}}
{{Silesian Voivodeship}}

Revision as of 06:01, 23 January 2018

For other places with the same name, see Sosnowiec.
Sosnowiec
Sosnowiec train station
Sosnowiec train station
Flag of Sosnowiec
Flag
Coat of arms of Sosnowiec
Coat of arms
Sosnowiec is located in Poland
Sosnowiec
Sosnowiec
Coordinates: 50°18′N 19°10′E / 50.300°N 19.167°E / 50.300; 19.167
CountryPoland
VoivodeshipSilesian
Countycity county
Town rights1902
Government
 • MayorArkadiusz Chęciński
Area
 • City91.06 km2 (35.16 sq mi)
Elevation
250 m (820 ft)
Population
 (2013)
 • City214,488
 • Density2,400/km2 (6,100/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,746,000
 • Metro
4,620,624
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
41-200 to 41-225
Area code+48 32
Car platesSO
Websitehttp://www.sosnowiec.pl

Sosnowiec (pronounced [sɔˈsnɔvʲɛt͡s] ⓘ) is an industrial city county in the Dąbrowa Basin (Zagłębie Dąbrowskie) of southern Poland, which is also part of the Silesian Metropolis municipal association.[1] Located in the eastern part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Sosnowiec is one of the cities of the Katowice urban area, which is a conurbation with the overall population of 2.7 million people; as well as the greater Upper Silesian metropolitan area populated by about 5.3 million people.[2] The population of the city was 220,450 as of June 2009.[3]

Geography

It is believed that the name Sosnowiec originates from the Polish word sosna, referring to the pine forests growing in the area prior to 1830. The village was originally known as Sosnowice. Other variations of the name include Sosnowietz, Sosnowitz, Sosnovitz (Yiddish), Sosnovyts, Sosnowyts, Sosnovytz, Sosnowytz, and Sosnovetz. There are five other smaller settlements in Poland also called Sosnowiec, located in the Kielce Voivodship, Łódź Voivodship, and Opole Voivodship.

Sosnowiec within the Silesian Metropolis, 2012.[1]

Sosnowiec serves as one of the administrative centres of the geographical and historical area of southern Poland known as the Zagłębie Dąbrowskie (the Dąbrowa Basin). It lays within the historic Lesser Poland region near the border with Silesia. It is located about 10 km (6.2 mi) north-east to the centre of Katowice and 65 km (40 mi) north-west of Kraków, situated in the Silesian Upland on the rivers Brynica and Przemsza, a tributary of the Vistula. The full list of rivers includes Biała Przemsza as well as Czarna Przemsza, Brynica, Bobrek, and Potok Zagórski creek. The city is part of the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously (since 1945), it was part of Katowice Voivodeship, and before World War II, Sosnowiec belonged to Kielce Voivodeship.

History

Sielecki Castle

The history of the city in its proper sense begins in 1902 when it was granted city rights by merging a number of settlements often several centuries old. However, the history of the village of Sosnowiec dates back to the year 1227, when it was mentioned for the first time. It then was a small settlement in the Polish Duchy of Kraków, located in close vicinity of much larger and better developed villages of Sielce and Zagórze (both are now districts of the city). Other districts are even older. Milowice was first mentioned in 1123 as Miley. Documents from 1228 already mention Milowice, Klimontów, and Zagórze. Furthermore, Milowice was placed on a 1561 map.

As part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sosnowiec belonged to Kraków Voivodeship, one of three voivodeships of Lesser Poland. It became a border town after the neighbouring Duchies of Silesia passed to the Bohemian Crown in 1335. In result of the Third partition of Poland in 1795, however, it was seized by the Kingdom of Prussia and was included into the newly established province of New Silesia. During the Napoleonic Wars, it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 and later, of Congress Poland ruled by the namiestniks of the Russian Empire. Located at the borders with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, Sosnowiec became famous for the Three Emperors' Corner tripoint, which was located within current limits of the city.

City rights

St. Joachim's Church

With effect from 10 June 1902, by the order of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, Sosnowiec was legally named a city with the area of 19 square kilometres (7 sq mi) and with 60,000 inhabitants. Obtaining the city rights helped the dynamic economic and cultural development of the town. Apart from steelworks and coal-mines and many enterprises of heavy and light industry, new cultural and social establishments were opened as well. The newly established town consisted of the districts of Sosnowiec, Pogoń, Ostra Górka, Sielec, Kuźnica and Radocha, all of which had been separate villages before. The very fact that Russian authorities waited for so long to grant Sosnowiec town rights is seen as a consequence of the Polish January Uprising 1863/64, after which numerous towns had seen their status reduced to a village. Sosnowiec was first post-1860s location in Congress Poland to have received town charter, second was Puławy in 1906.

Natural resources and the good geographical location had an important influence on the development of Sosnowiec. The opening of a branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna Railway in 1859 was vitally important for the growth of the town. Development of industry with the new factory of rope and wire, rolling mill, steelworks, iron foundry, steam boilers factory, and later spinning mill, dye-house and paper mill sealed the new image of the town as entirely urban. The Summer Theatre and, in 1887, the Winter Theatre were founded, the second of which was called City Theatre from 1924 in independent Poland, and later the Theatre of Zagłębie. In 1914, the village of Środula was incorporated into Sosnowiec.

Modern era

In the Second Polish Republic, Sosnowiec became part of the Kielce Voivodeship, and in 1934 the City County of Sosnowiec was established. Sosonowiec suffered war damages during both major military conflicts in the 20th century: World War I, which caused mainly destruction to industry, and World War II, which brought about the terror of executions.

After the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the city was occupied by Nazi Germany and renamed Sosnowitz. Initially under military administration set up as part of the General Government, Sosnowiec was annexed by Germany and incorporated into the Province of Silesia on 20 November 1939. In June 1943 thousands of Jews were deported from Sosnowiec Ghetto to Auschwitz concentration camp. The ghetto was liquidated two months later and almost all remaining Jews (around 15,000) were also deported to Auschwitz. Previously there had been considerable underground activity among them. The Vistula–Oder Offensive of the Red Army in January 1945 brought about the liberation of the city, which gave it a chance for gradual rebuilding and further development.

Post-war

After World War II, Sosnowiec further developed. On June 1, 1975, the metropolitan area was expanded when the neighbouring locations of Zagórze, Kazimierz Górniczy, Porąbka, Klimontów, and Maczki, became its districts. By 1977 the population of the city reached 200,000. Further growth was accelerated by the construction of Katowice Steelworks, and in 1981, the population of Sosnowiec was 250,000, reaching its peak in 1987, when it was 259,000. Since then, the population has been declining. In 1992, the city became seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sosnowiec.

Parks and gardens

Sosnowiec has more than 2,250 ha of green areas occurring as parks, squares, protection zones, lot gardens and forests. In the area of the city preserved many parks established at the residence of industrialists, and also created a lot of new. Many of them present historical and natural value. Main parks and green areas include the Sielecki Park, which is a historical park at the castle with many natural monuments; the historical Dietel Park; the Park-Palace Complex of Schöen with two palaces; the Millennium Park, the Środula Park with a sport complex; the nature park "Szopienice-Borki"; as well as the peatbog "Bory" protected area, part of Natura 2000.

Economy

Faculty of Earth Science, University of Silesia

Sosnowiec is characterised by its urban dynamics, economic activity, cultural heritage, and natural environment. In recent years, Sosnowiec was further developed from an industrial centre (with mainly mining and heavy industries) into a hub of trade and services. Nevertheless, it still operates several important coal mines, steel factories and other industrial plants. Its Special Economic Zone, established in Sosnowiec thanks to the efforts of local authorities, plays a major role in attracting new businesses into the area. As a result, several companies with Polish and foreign capital opened their businesses in the city. Sosnowiec City Office was awarded the ISO 9001 2001 quality certificate for its management system for providing services for the local community.

From 2006, a new trade centre Expo Silesia began hosting numerous trade shows. Activities of Artistic and Literary Society of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie prove also that Sosnowiec as an industrial centre is not only a working class environment.

Districts

For Sosnowiec's 100th birthday, the downtown area was thoroughly rebuilt, to harmonise its architectural layout and give the city a more modern image. In 2004 Sosnowiec authorities and designers were awarded the Grand Prix for the rebuilding of the downtown area in a competition for the best public space in the Śląskie Provinces. This investment had been accompanied by a program designed to improve the esthetic qualities of the city, under which a comprehensive program for unifying the colors of the elevations, and advertisements entitled “rainbow city” were introduced. Among the city districts there are:

Points of interest

There are many relics of the industrial era, especially residences of industrialists. Most of them are located outside strict city center, on the Czarna Przemsza river bank. One of the oldest is a 17th-century castle known as the Sielecki Castle. Other main tourist attractions include:

Education and Science

University of Silesia in Katowice - Faculty of Computer and Materials Science

Sosnowiec is an academic centre with well-developed research and educational infrastructure on top of industry, services and trade. Its own institutions of higher learning include:

Among general secondary level schools in Sosnowiec there are high-schools such as the II Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Emilii Plater, III Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Bolesława Prusa, and IV Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Stanisława Staszica.

Sports

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Sosnowiec is twinned with:

Notable residents

Notes

  1. ^ a b Szymon Pifczyk (April 4, 2017). "Silesian Metropolis. The bill has been passed. Why it matters?" [Metropolia śląska. Ustawa metropolitalna przyjęta. Czemu to ważne dla okolic Katowic?]. Wyborcza.pl. W połowie marca parlament przegłosował ustawę metropolitalną dla konurbacji katowickiej. Nowy twór - metropolia śląska, nie ma jednego centrum; rolę takich centrów odgrywają Katowice, Gliwice i Sosnowiec. Topografia metropolii śląskiej (z Sosnowcem włącznie) jest pokazana na mapie. Zwróć się do poradni gdy masz kłopoty ze wzrokiem.
    —— "USTAWA z dnia 9 marca 2017 r. o związku metropolitalnym w województwie śląskim, pod nazwą Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowska Metropolia. Pozytywna opinia Wojewody" (PDF). Dz.U. 2017 poz. 730. Kancelaria Sejmu: 1–12. 2017-04-13.
  2. ^ European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON) Study on Urban Functions. ESPON project 1.4.3; April 2007, pp. 93–94. "Upper Silesian polycentric metropolitan area. Inside the Katowice morphological area, the main municipalities are Katowice (338), Sosnowiec (240), Gliwice (208), Bytom (200), Zabrze (196), Ruda Slaska (153), Tychy (130), Dabrowa Gornicza (130), and Chorzow (120). Nine other municipalities have less than 100,000 inhabitants."
  3. ^ Central Statistical Office, Warsaw 2009, "Population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division, as of June 30, 2009" (PDF). page 43 in current document; Table 7. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  4. ^ Tannenbaum, Rabbi Gershon (7 April 2009). "Radomsker Rebbe's Yahrzeit". The Jewish Press. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  5. ^ Gashury, Me'ir Shymon (1974). The Book of Sosnowiec and the Surrounding Region in Zaglebie. Vol. 1. Tel Aviv: Sosnowiec Societies in Israel and the United States, France and other countries. p. 142.

References

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