List of female cabinet ministers of the Republic of Ireland: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Mary Harney cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Mary Harney]], the first woman [[Tánaiste]]|alt=Mary Harney.]] |
[[File:Mary Harney cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Mary Harney]], the first woman [[Tánaiste]]|alt=Mary Harney.]] |
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Only three ministerial offices are specifically identified in the constitution: Taoiseach, Tánaiste and [[Minister for Finance (Ireland)|Minister for Finance]].<ref name="ministers-dail-seanad" /> No woman has ever been elected as Taoiseach or appointed as Minister for Finance. |
Only three ministerial offices are specifically identified in the constitution: Taoiseach, Tánaiste and [[Minister for Finance (Ireland)|Minister for Finance]].<ref name="ministers-dail-seanad" /> No woman has ever been elected as Taoiseach or appointed as Minister for Finance.<ref name="finance-ministers" /> However, four women have served as Tánaiste.{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} The first woman Tánaiste was [[Mary Harney]] (1997–2006), who in 1993 had become the first woman to lead a political party in the Dáil.{{sfn|McNamara|Mooney|2000|p=121}} Harney was followed by [[Mary Coughlan (politician)|Mary Coughlan]] (2008–2011),{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} [[Joan Burton]] (2014–2016),{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} and [[Frances Fitzgerald (politician)|Frances Fitzgerald]] (2016–2017).{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} |
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Political scientists Yvonne Galligan and Fiona Buckley note that women have been grossly under-represented in Irish politics,{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} with men making up 91% of all cabinet appointments between 1919 and June 2017.{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} They also found that women in the Irish cabinet are twice as likely to hold a social portfolio (48%) than an economic portfolio (24%).{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} By contrast, only 17% of men held social portfolios, and 52% held an economic or foreign affairs portfolio.{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} |
Political scientists Yvonne Galligan and Fiona Buckley note that women have been grossly under-represented in Irish politics,{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} with men making up 91% of all cabinet appointments between 1919 and June 2017.{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} They also found that women in the Irish cabinet are twice as likely to hold a social portfolio (48%) than an economic portfolio (24%).{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} By contrast, only 17% of men held social portfolios, and 52% held an economic or foreign affairs portfolio.{{sfn|Galligan|Buckley|2017}} |
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<ref name="finance-ministers">{{cite web |
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|url = http://www.finance.gov.ie/who-we-are/history/former-finance-ministers/ |
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|title = Former Finance Ministers |
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|website = [Department of Finance (Ireland)|Department of Finance]] |
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|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180207125158/http://www.finance.gov.ie/who-we-are/history/former-finance-ministers/ |
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|archivedate = 7 February 2018 |
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Revision as of 16:28, 10 April 2018
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The Government of Ireland (Irish: Rialtas na hÉireann) is the cabinet that exercises executive authority in the Republic of Ireland. Its ministers are collectively responsible for the Departments of State administered by the members of the Government.[1]
As of April 2018[update], nineteen women have served as cabinet ministers in governments of the Republic of Ireland and its predecessors the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and the Irish Republic (1919–1922).[2] After a 58-year gap between the first and second women ministers,[3] there has been at least one woman in all cabinets since December 1982. No woman has ever been Taoiseach (prime minister), but four women have served as Tánaiste (deputy prime minister).[4] Other women have served outside the cabinet as junior ministers, known until 1978 as Parliamentary Secretaries, and since then as Ministers of State. For example, three of the nineteen Ministers of State appointed In June 2017 were women.[5]
The 31st Government of Ireland was formed in 2017. As of April 2018[update] it includes four women as ministers in the cabinet of Taoiseach Leo Varadkar: Heather Humphreys, Katherine Zappone, Regina Doherty and Josepha Madigan.[6] No more than four women have served simultaneously in any cabinet, and a 2014 pledge by the then-Taoiseach Enda Kenny to create a gender-balanced cabinet remains unfulfilled.[7][8] Criticism of the imbalance is defended by pointing to male dominance of the Oireachtas (parliament) from which ministers are appointed.[9]
Constitution
The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the government to consist of between seven and fifteen members,[10] including the Taoiseach (prime minister). The Taoiseach is elected by Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas),[11] and chooses the other ministers[11] including the Tánaiste (deputy prime minister).[12]
Since the formation of the 12th Government of Ireland in 1966,[13] all Irish cabinets have been formed with the constitutional maximum of fifteen ministers. The total sometimes falls below this number for brief periods following the resignation of individual ministers or the withdrawal of a party from a coalition. For example, six ministers resigned in January 2011 from the 28th Government of Ireland, and were not replaced until March, when the 29th Government was formed after the general election in February.[14][15][16]
Each minister must be a member of the Oireachtas (the national parliament),[17] whose eligiblity criteria for membership are defined as being "without distinction of sex".[18] Up to two members of the Government may be members of Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas,[19] but the only three senators ever appointed as ministers were men.[20] All women in Irish cabinets have been Teachtaí Dála (TDs), i.e. members of Dáil Éireann.
History
The first woman cabinet minister in Ireland was Constance Markievicz,[21] who in April 1919 became Minister for Labour in the Second Ministry of the revolutionary First Dáil.[22] She was only[23][24] the second woman minister in the national government of any country, after Alexandra Kollontai's appointment in 1917 as People's Commissar in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.[25]
When the Second Dáil assembled in August 1921, Markievicz continued as Minister for Labour,[26] but her post was no longer at cabinet level in the Government of the Second Dáil.[21] Markievicz and other ministers opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty resigned from the Government on 9 January 1922.[21][26]
The general election in June 1922 saw only two women returned to the Third Dáil,[27] down from six at the 1921 election,[28] when 4.7% of TDs were women. The 1920s and 1930s were a conservative period in Ireland, in which women's rights were reversed,[29] and no women were members of the Executive Council of the 1922–1937 Irish Free State. From the 1930s to the 1960s most women TDs were widows or other relatives of deceased TDs,[30] and the 4.7% ratio achieved in 1921 was not equalled again until the 1981 general election returned 11 women, who comprised 6.6% of the 22nd Dáil.[31]
More than 58 years elapsed between Markievicz leaving office and the appointment in December 1979 of Máire Geoghegan-Quinn as the second woman in cabinet.[3] In 1977, Geoghegan-Quinn had become the first woman since Markievicz to serve as a junior minister in the Irish government,[32] when Jack Lynch appointed her as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry and Commerce.[33] Two years later, aged 29, she was "flabbergasted"[24] to become Minister for the Gaeltacht in the first cabinet of Taoiseach Charles Haughey.[33]
Since then, the only all-male Irish government was the March–December 1982 second government of Charles Haughey.[34] All cabinets since December 1982 have included at least one woman. The first time two women served as ministers simultaneously was in January 1993, when Taoiseach Albert Reynolds included both Máire Geoghegan-Quinn and Niamh Bhreathnach in his cabinet.[35] Bhreathnach was the first woman to be appointed as minister at the start of her first Dáil term,[36] and the only one until Katherine Zappone became Minister for Children and Youth Affairs in May 2016.[4]
Only three ministerial offices are specifically identified in the constitution: Taoiseach, Tánaiste and Minister for Finance.[17] No woman has ever been elected as Taoiseach or appointed as Minister for Finance.[37] However, four women have served as Tánaiste.[4] The first woman Tánaiste was Mary Harney (1997–2006), who in 1993 had become the first woman to lead a political party in the Dáil.[38] Harney was followed by Mary Coughlan (2008–2011),[4] Joan Burton (2014–2016),[4] and Frances Fitzgerald (2016–2017).[4]
Political scientists Yvonne Galligan and Fiona Buckley note that women have been grossly under-represented in Irish politics,[4] with men making up 91% of all cabinet appointments between 1919 and June 2017.[4] They also found that women in the Irish cabinet are twice as likely to hold a social portfolio (48%) than an economic portfolio (24%).[4] By contrast, only 17% of men held social portfolios, and 52% held an economic or foreign affairs portfolio.[4]
All but two of the women who have served as ministers since 1919 are still alive. The first Irish woman minister, Constance Markievicz, died in 1927,[39] and the third, Eileen Desmond, died in 2005.[40] Ireland's oldest living woman former minister is 87-year-old[41] Mary O'Rourke.
Calls for gender balance
The highest number of women ever in an Irish cabinet is four, a number first reached in 2004–2007, and again from 2014 to the present. However, this amounts to only 27% of the 15 ministers, and has been criticised by the National Women's Council of Ireland as "way off a gender balanced Cabinet".[42] In 2014, then Taoiseach Enda Kenny had pledged that if re-elected he would appoint a cabinet "50:50 on merit, of men and women".[7] When Kenny formed the 30th Government in May 2016 with four women ministers, he was criticised by women campaigners for the lack of increase.[8] Minister Regina Doherty defended Kenny, saying he had "probably done the best that he can do".[42] TheJournal.ie noted that the "proportion of senior ministers who are women is 27%, higher than the 22% of TDs".[8]
In June 2017, Kenny's successor Leo Varadkar appointed four women to his cabinet. He too was criticised for not including more women,[42] but replied that "your ministerial team generally reflects the composition of the Dáil".[9] Varadkar promised "to make sure we have many more women in our next parliamentary party so that I can promote many more women".[9]
In February 2018, Culture Minister Josepha Madigan launched a programme of commemoration of the centenary of women's enfranchisement. The Representation of the People Act 1918 gave limited voting rights for women. The right to stand for election was granted later in 1918, by the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act.[43][44] Madigan said the Irish State "failed women for far too long,"[45] and that it was time to "redouble our efforts" to provide equal opportunities.[43] Former Tánaiste Joan Burton called for the next government to consist of an equal number of men and women.[43]
List of women ministers
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Timeline
Number of women ministers in each Cabinet
Notes
- ^ This column has been labelled "Taoiseach" for brevity, but it is anachronistic in the case of Constance Markievicz's 1919–21 tenure as minister. Éamon de Valera's title as head of government in the First Dáil was Príomh Aire, or in English President of Dáil Éireann.[46] The 1922–1937 Irish Free State, which had no women cabinet ministers and no women Parliamentary Secretaries (junior ministers), used the title President of the Executive Council.[47] The title of Taoiseach for the head of government was introduced in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland.[47][48] The first woman to serve as a cabinet minister under a Taoiseach was Máire Geoghegan-Quinn, who was appointed in 1979 to Charles Haughey's first cabinet.
- ^ a b The Progressive Democrats dissolved in November 2009.[58] Mary Harney then sat as an independent TD[58] and continued to serve as a minister for the remainder of the 30th Dáil[60] until she retired from politics at the 2011 general election.
- ^ a b The Fourth Ministry and First Provisional Government held office simultaneously for many months.[71] The membership of both was merged when the Second Provisional Government came to office after the 1922 general election.[72]
References
- ^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 4.2
- ^ McQuinn, Cormac (3 December 2017). "'I think what's putting women off politics is this hostile environment'". Irish Independent. Dublin. ISSN 0021-1222. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
The 47-year-old mother-of-two is only the 19th woman to be appointed as a senior minister in the history of the State
- ^ a b McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Galligan & Buckley 2017.
- ^ McGee, Harry; Minihan, Mary (21 June 2017). "Only three out of 19 new Ministers of State are women". The Irish Times. Dublin. ISSN 1393-3515. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "List of Ministers and Ministers of State". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Collins, Stephen (19 December 2014). "Enda Kenny pledges to appoint women to half of cabinet posts". The Irish Times. Dublin. ISSN 1393-3515. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c MacGuil, Dan (7 May 2016). "Despite a pledge by Enda Kenny, no increase in the number of female ministers". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Downing, John; O'Connor, Niall; Collins, Sarah (24 June 2017). "Leo: 'Diversity is not just about picking women'". Irish Independent. Dublin. ISSN 0021-1222. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 1
- ^ a b Constitution of Ireland, Article 13, Section 1
- ^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 6
- ^ "History of Government – Eighteenth Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The worst week for the worst Taoiseach in the State's history". Irish Independent. Dublin. 23 January 2011. ISSN 0021-1222. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "History of Government – Thirtieth Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Election date set after day of political drama". RTÉ News. 20 January 2011. OCLC 891147862. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- ^ a b Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 7
- ^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 26, Section 1 and Article 18, Section 2
- ^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 2, Subsection 2.
- ^ O'Toole & Dooney 2009, p. 9.
- ^ a b c McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 74.
- ^ a b c d "History of Government – First Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Coleman 2013, p. 47.
- ^ a b Siggins, Ger (13 December 2015). "Flashback 1979: Máire Geoghegan-Quinn becomes first Irish female minister". Sunday Independent. Dublin. ISSN 0021-1222. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Offen 2000, p. 341.
- ^ a b "History of Government – Second Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 83.
- ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 75.
- ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 16.
- ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, pp. 16, 64.
- ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 115.
- ^ Galligan & Buckley 2017, Box 9.1 Firsts for women in politics.
- ^ a b c d e "History of Government – Twenty-First Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "History of Government – Twenty-Third Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "History of Government – Twenty-Seventh Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 139.
- ^ "Former Finance Ministers". [Department of Finance (Ireland). Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Text "Department of Finance]]" ignored (help) - ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 121.
- ^ a b "Countess Constance Georgina de Markievicz". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Mrs. Eileen Desmond". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Ms. Mary O'Rourke". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Gallagher, Páraic (15 June 2017). "Criticisms leveled at Leo Varadkar's new Cabinet". Newstalk. Dublin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c McEnroe, Juno (7 February 2018). "TDs call for gender equality in cabinet". Irish Examiner. Cork. ISSN 1393-9564. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ McNamara & Mooney 2000, p. 15.
- ^ McGreevy, Ronan (7 February 2018). "Minister says conservative Irish State let women down for 'far too long'". The Irish Times. Dublin. ISSN 1393-3515. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Coogan, Tim Pat (2015) [1993]. De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow (2nd ed.). London: Arrow Books. p. 132. ISBN 9781784753276 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Coakley & Gallagher 2017, p. 474.
- ^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28
- ^ "Mrs. Máire Geoghegan-Quinn". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i "History of Government – Twenty-Sixth Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "History of Government – Twenty-Second Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Mrs. Gemma Hussey". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i "History of Government – Twenty-Fourth Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "History of Government – Twenty-Fifth Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "History of Government – Twenty-Eight Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Mrs. Niamh Bhreathnach". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Mrs. Nora Owen". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c "Ms. Mary Harney". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "History of Government – Twenty Ninth Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "History of Government – Thirtieth Dáil - Twenty Eighth Government". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Síle de Valera". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Mary Coughlan". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Mary Hanafin". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Joan Burton". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "History of Government – Thirty-First Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Frances Fitzgerald". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Jan O'Sullivan". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Check|archiveurl=value (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Mary Mitchell O'Connor". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Dr. Katherine Zappone". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Ms. Regina Doherty". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Mansergh, Nicholas (1991). The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and Its Undoing, 1912–72. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0300050691 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Coakley & Gallagher 2017, p. 19.
Bibliography
- Coakley, John; Gallagher, Michael, eds. (2017). Politics in the Republic of Ireland (6th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1138119451.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Coleman, Marie (2013). The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 9781408279106 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Galligan, Yvonne; Buckley, Fiona (2017). "Chapter 9: Women in Politics". In Coakley, John; Gallagher, Michael (eds.). Politics in the Republic of Ireland (6th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1138119451.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - McNamara, Maedhbh; Mooney, Paschal (2000). Women in Parliament: Ireland 1918–2000. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. ISBN 0-86327-759-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - O'Toole, John; Dooney, Sean (24 July 2009). Irish Government Today. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN 9780717145522. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Offen, Karen M. [in French] (2000). European Feminisms, 1700–1950. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3420-8 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
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