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Undid revision 870203631 by Seraphim System (talk) WP:OR with the Schaller-Zimmerer source, and Jeremy Salt is a well known genocide denier who built a career off of Turkish connections
these sources are both Routledge; you need to take this shit to RS/N Undid revision 870206045 by EtienneDolet (talk)
Line 13: Line 13:
The '''Eastern Anatolia Region''' ({{lang-tr|Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi}}) is a [[Geographical regions of Turkey|geographical region]] of [[Turkey]].
The '''Eastern Anatolia Region''' ({{lang-tr|Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi}}) is a [[Geographical regions of Turkey|geographical region]] of [[Turkey]].


The region and the name "Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi" were defined at the [[First Geography Congress, Turkey|First Geography Congress]] in 1941. It has the highest average altitude, largest geographical area, and lowest population density of all regions of Turkey. [[Geographical name changes in Turkey|Prior to getting its current name from the Turkish state]], most of the region was part of the [[Six Armenian provinces]] in the region known as the [[Armenian Highland]]s.<ref>Lynch, H.F.B., "Armenia, Travels and Studies" London, 1901, vol2 p391. "The natural boundary between [[Armenia]] and [[Asia Minor]] is the course of the Western Euphrates between the town of Kemah, and its passage through Taurus below Keban-Maden."</ref><ref>Oswald, Felix "A Treatise on the Geology of Armenia", London, 1906.</ref> After the [[Armenian Genocide]], the geopolitical term "Eastern Anatolia" was coined to replace what had historically been known as [[Western Armenia]].<ref name="Sahakyan">{{cite book|last=Sahakyan|first=Lusine|title=Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey|year=2010|publisher=[[Arod Books]]|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0969987970}}</ref><ref name="Hovannisian3">{{cite book|last1=Hovannisian|first1=Richard|author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|date=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=1412835925|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC}}</ref><ref name="Cheterian">{{cite book|last1=Cheterian|first1=Vicken|title=Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford and New York City|isbn=1849044589|page=65|quote=As a result of policies such as these, the expression Armenian Plateau, which had been used for centuries to denote the mountainous highlands around Lake Van and Lake Sevan, was eliminated and replaced by the expression 'eastern Anatolia'.}}</ref><ref name="Galichian">{{cite book|last1=Galichian|first1=Rouben|author-link=Rouben Galichian|title=Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage|date=2004|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London and New York City|isbn=1860649793|page=8-9}}</ref><ref name="JSAS">{{cite book|title=Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies|date=2005|location=Los Angeles|volume=14-16|page=55|quote=Most of historical Armenia presently constitutes a part of Turkey (renamed "Eastern Anatolia"), which conducts a policy of minimizing the role of the Armenians in history}}</ref>
The region and the name "Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi" were defined at the [[First Geography Congress, Turkey|First Geography Congress]] in 1941. Eastern Anatolia has the highest average altitude, largest geographical area, and lowest population density of all regions of Turkey. Before the Turkish State [[Geographical name changes in Turkey|changed the region's name]], eastern Anatolia included part of the Ottoman era "[[Six Vilayets]]" which had been called {{lang|tr|Ermenistan}} (province of [[Armenia]]) until 1864-66. Some modern scholars call the region the [[Armenian highland]]s.<ref name=jurgen>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-317-99044-4| last1 = Schaller| first1 = Dominik J.| last2 = Zimmerer| first2 = Jürgen| title = Late Ottoman Genocides: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies| date = 2013-09-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSTdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107}}</ref><ref name=salt>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-135-19145-0| last = Salt| first = Jeremy| title = Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians, 1878-1896| date = 2013-10-31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54}}</ref><ref>Lynch, H.F.B., "Armenia, Travels and Studies" London, 1901, vol2 p391. "The natural boundary between Armenia and [[Asia Minor]] is the course of the Western Euphrates between the town of Kemah, and its passage through Taurus below Keban-Maden."</ref><ref>Oswald, Felix "A Treatise on the Geology of Armenia", London, 1906.</ref> After the [[Armenian genocide]], the geopolitical term "Eastern Anatolia" was coined to replace what had historically been known as [[Western Armenia]].<ref name="Sahakyan">{{cite book|last=Sahakyan|first=Lusine|title=Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey|year=2010|publisher=[[Arod Books]]|location=Montreal|isbn=978-0969987970}}</ref><ref name="Hovannisian3">{{cite book|last1=Hovannisian|first1=Richard|author-link=Richard G. Hovannisian|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|date=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=1412835925|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3monyE4CVQC}}</ref><ref name="Cheterian">{{cite book|last1=Cheterian|first1=Vicken|title=Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford and New York City|isbn=1849044589|page=65|quote=As a result of policies such as these, the expression Armenian Plateau, which had been used for centuries to denote the mountainous highlands around Lake Van and Lake Sevan, was eliminated and replaced by the expression 'eastern Anatolia'.}}</ref><ref name="Galichian">{{cite book|last1=Galichian|first1=Rouben|author-link=Rouben Galichian|title=Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage|date=2004|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London and New York City|isbn=1860649793|page=8-9}}</ref><ref name="JSAS">{{cite book|title=Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies|date=2005|location=Los Angeles|volume=14-16|page=55|quote=Most of historical Armenia presently constitutes a part of Turkey (renamed "Eastern Anatolia"), which conducts a policy of minimizing the role of the Armenians in history}}</ref>


== Substitution with Armenia ==
== Substitution with Armenia ==
{{further|Geographical name changes in Turkey}}
{{further|Geographical name changes in Turkey}}
[[File:Armenian Highlands.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Following the [[Armenian Genocide]] and [[History of the Republic of Turkey|establishment of the Republic of Turkey]], the Armenian Highlands (or [[Western Armenia]]) were renamed "Eastern Anatolia" by the Turkish government.<ref name="Sahakyan"/><ref name="Hovannisian3"/><ref name="Cheterian"/>]]
[[File:Armenian Highlands.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Following the [[Armenian Genocide]] and [[History of the Republic of Turkey|establishment of the Republic of Turkey]], the Armenian Highlands (or [[Western Armenia]]) were renamed "Eastern Anatolia" by the Turkish government.<ref name="Sahakyan"/><ref name="Hovannisian3"/><ref name="Cheterian"/>]]

Before the Turkish State [[Geographical name changes in Turkey|changed the region's name]], eastern Anatolia included part of the Ottoman era "[[Six Vilayets]]" which had been called {{lang|tr|Ermenistan}} (province of [[Armenia]]) until 1864-66. Some modern scholars call the region the [[Armenian highland]]s.<ref name=jurgen>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-317-99044-4| last1 = Schaller| first1 = Dominik J.| last2 = Zimmerer| first2 = Jürgen| title = Late Ottoman Genocides: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies| date = 2013-09-13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSTdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT107}}</ref><ref name=salt>{{Cite book| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-135-19145-0| last = Salt| first = Jeremy| title = Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians, 1878-1896| date = 2013-10-31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQ7fAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54}}</ref>


Beginning in 1880, the name [[Armenia]] was forbidden to be used in official Ottoman documents, in an attempt to censor the history of Armenians in their own homeland.<ref name="Cheterian"/><ref name="Galichian"/><ref name="JSAS"/> The government of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] replaced the name Armenia with such terms as "Kurdistan" or "Anatolia". The [[Sublime Porte]] believed there would be no [[Armenian Question]] if there was no Armenia. The process of “nationalization” of toponyms was continued by the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]], who were the ideological successors of the [[Young Turks]], and gained momentum during the Republican period. Starting from 1923 the entire territory of [[Western Armenia]] was officially renamed “Eastern Anatolia” (literally ''The Eastern East'').<ref name="Sahakyan"/><ref name="Hovannisian3"/><ref name="Cheterian"/><ref name="JSAS"/>
Beginning in 1880, the name [[Armenia]] was forbidden to be used in official Ottoman documents, in an attempt to censor the history of Armenians in their own homeland.<ref name="Cheterian"/><ref name="Galichian"/><ref name="JSAS"/> The government of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] replaced the name Armenia with such terms as "Kurdistan" or "Anatolia". The [[Sublime Porte]] believed there would be no [[Armenian Question]] if there was no Armenia. The process of “nationalization” of toponyms was continued by the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]], who were the ideological successors of the [[Young Turks]], and gained momentum during the Republican period. Starting from 1923 the entire territory of [[Western Armenia]] was officially renamed “Eastern Anatolia” (literally ''The Eastern East'').<ref name="Sahakyan"/><ref name="Hovannisian3"/><ref name="Cheterian"/><ref name="JSAS"/>

Revision as of 05:17, 23 November 2018

Eastern Anatolia Region
Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi
Region of Turkey
Location of Eastern Anatolia Region
CountryTurkey
Area
 • Total165,436 km2 (63,875 sq mi)

The Eastern Anatolia Region (Turkish: Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey.

The region and the name "Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi" were defined at the First Geography Congress in 1941. Eastern Anatolia has the highest average altitude, largest geographical area, and lowest population density of all regions of Turkey. Before the Turkish State changed the region's name, eastern Anatolia included part of the Ottoman era "Six Vilayets" which had been called Ermenistan (province of Armenia) until 1864-66. Some modern scholars call the region the Armenian highlands.[1][2][3][4] After the Armenian genocide, the geopolitical term "Eastern Anatolia" was coined to replace what had historically been known as Western Armenia.[5][6][7][8][9]

Substitution with Armenia

Further information: Geographical name changes in Turkey
Following the Armenian Genocide and establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the Armenian Highlands (or Western Armenia) were renamed "Eastern Anatolia" by the Turkish government.[5][6][7]

Before the Turkish State changed the region's name, eastern Anatolia included part of the Ottoman era "Six Vilayets" which had been called Ermenistan (province of Armenia) until 1864-66. Some modern scholars call the region the Armenian highlands.[1][2]

Beginning in 1880, the name Armenia was forbidden to be used in official Ottoman documents, in an attempt to censor the history of Armenians in their own homeland.[7][8][9] The government of Sultan Abdul Hamid II replaced the name Armenia with such terms as "Kurdistan" or "Anatolia". The Sublime Porte believed there would be no Armenian Question if there was no Armenia. The process of “nationalization” of toponyms was continued by the Kemalists, who were the ideological successors of the Young Turks, and gained momentum during the Republican period. Starting from 1923 the entire territory of Western Armenia was officially renamed “Eastern Anatolia” (literally The Eastern East).[5][6][7][9]

1895 map making a clear distinction between Armenia and Anatolia

The word Anatolia means “sunrise” or “east” in Greek. This name was given to the Asia Minor peninsula approximately in the 5th or 4th centuries B.C. During the Ottoman era, the term Anadolou included the north-eastern vilayets of Asia Minor with Kyotahia as its center. The numerous European, Ottoman, Armenian, Russian, Persian, Arabic and other primary sources did not confuse the term Armenia with Anatolia. This testifies, inter alia, to the fact that even after the loss of its statehood the Armenian nation still constituted a majority in its homeland, which was recognized by Ottoman occupiers as well.[5]

Historically the Armenian Highlands have been situated to the east of Anatolia, with the border between them located near Sivas (Sebastia) and Kayseri (Caesarea). Therefore, it is incorrect to refer to Armenia as part of "Eastern Anatolia".[8]

In the 17th century, when the Armenian Question was not yet included into the international diplomacy agenda, the terms "Anatolia" or "Eastern Anatolia" were never used to indicate Armenia. Furthermore, the "Islamic World Map" of the 16th century and other Ottoman maps of the 18th and 19th centuries have clearly indicated Armenia (Ermenistan) on a specific territory as well as its cities.[5]

Armenia, together with its boundaries, was unequivocally mentioned in the works of earlier Ottoman historians and chroniclers until the end of the 19th century. Kâtip Çelebi, a famous Ottoman chronicler of the 17th century, had a special chapter titled “About the Country Called Armenia” in his book Jihan Numa. However, when this book was republished in 1957, its modern Turkish editor H. Selen changed this title into “Eastern Anatolia”. Osman Nuri, a historian of the second half of the 19th century, mentions Armenia repeatedly in his three-volume Abdul Hamid and the Period of His Reign.[5]

In the 1960s, the Swiss airline Swissair removed the nomenclature 'plateau arménien' from the maps provided by their planes at the request of the Turkish ambassador in Bern.[7]

Subdivision

  • Upper Euphrates Section (Turkish: Yukarı Fırat Bölümü)
  • Erzurum - Kars Section (Turkish: Erzurum - Kars Bölümü)
  • Upper Murat - Van Section (Turkish: Yukarı Murat - Van Bölümü)
    • Upper Murat Area (Turkish: Yukarı Murat Yöresi)
    • Van Area (Turkish: Van Yöresi)
  • Hakkari Section (Turkish: Hakkari Bölümü)

Provinces

Provinces that are entirely in the Eastern Anatolia Region:

Provinces that are mostly in the Eastern Anatolia Region:

Location and borders

The Eastern Anatolia Region is located in the easternmost part of Turkey. It is bounded by Turkey's Central Anatolia Region to the west; Turkey's Black Sea Region to the north; Turkey's Southeast Anatolia Region and Iraq to the south; and Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia to the east, where Eastern Anatolia overlaps and converges with the South Caucasus region and Lesser Caucasus mountain plateau.

The area of the region is 146,330 km², which comprises 18.7% of the total area of Turkey.

Population

The total population of the region is 6,100,000 (2000 census) and 5,906,565 (2014 estimate). The region has the second most rural population of Turkey after the Black Sea region. The migration level (to the other regions, especially to Marmara Region) is high and population density (40 person/km²) is lower than the average for Turkey (98 person/km²). The migration toward other Turkey's regions and toward foreign countries is higher than the natural population increase, a fact which is leading to a slight decline of the Region's population.

Geography

The average altitude is 2,200 m. Major geographic features include plains, plateaus and massifs. There is some volcanic activity today.

Massifs and mountains

Plateaus and plains

Lakes

Rivers

Climate and nature

Erzurum
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
20
 
 
−4
−15
 
 
24
 
 
−3
−14
 
 
33
 
 
3
−7
 
 
58
 
 
12
0
 
 
70
 
 
17
4
 
 
43
 
 
22
7
 
 
27
 
 
27
10
 
 
16
 
 
28
10
 
 
21
 
 
23
5
 
 
49
 
 
15
1
 
 
33
 
 
7
−5
 
 
22
 
 
−1
−11
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Turkish State Meteorology[10]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.8
 
 
25
5
 
 
0.9
 
 
27
7
 
 
1.3
 
 
37
19
 
 
2.3
 
 
54
32
 
 
2.8
 
 
63
39
 
 
1.7
 
 
72
45
 
 
1.1
 
 
81
50
 
 
0.6
 
 
82
50
 
 
0.8
 
 
73
41
 
 
1.9
 
 
59
34
 
 
1.3
 
 
45
23
 
 
0.9
 
 
30
12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Since most of the region is far from the sea, and has high altitude, it has a harsh continental climate with long winters and short summers. During the winter, it is very cold and snowy, during summer the weather is cool in the highlands and warm in the lowlands. The region has the lowest average temperature of all Turkish regions, with -25 °C. Although it can get below -40 °C. The summer average is about 20 °C.

The region's annual temperature difference is the highest in Turkey. Some areas in the region have different microclimates. As an example, Iğdır (near Mount Ararat) has a milder climate.

The region contains 11% percent of the total forested area of Turkey, and it is rich in native plants and animals. Oak and yellow pine trees form the majority of the forests.

The region has high potential for hydroelectric power.[citation needed]

Endnotes

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Eastern Anatolia.
  1. ^ a b Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2013-09-13). Late Ottoman Genocides: The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-99044-4.
  2. ^ a b Salt, Jeremy (2013-10-31). Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians, 1878-1896. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-19145-0.
  3. ^ Lynch, H.F.B., "Armenia, Travels and Studies" London, 1901, vol2 p391. "The natural boundary between Armenia and Asia Minor is the course of the Western Euphrates between the town of Kemah, and its passage through Taurus below Keban-Maden."
  4. ^ Oswald, Felix "A Treatise on the Geology of Armenia", London, 1906.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Sahakyan, Lusine (2010). Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Montreal: Arod Books. ISBN 978-0969987970.
  6. ^ a b c Hovannisian, Richard (2007). The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 1412835925.
  7. ^ a b c d e Cheterian, Vicken (2015). Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide. Oxford and New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 65. ISBN 1849044589. As a result of policies such as these, the expression Armenian Plateau, which had been used for centuries to denote the mountainous highlands around Lake Van and Lake Sevan, was eliminated and replaced by the expression 'eastern Anatolia'.
  8. ^ a b c Galichian, Rouben (2004). Historic Maps of Armenia: The Cartographic Heritage. London and New York City: I.B. Tauris. p. 8-9. ISBN 1860649793.
  9. ^ a b c Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies. Vol. 14–16. Los Angeles. 2005. p. 55. Most of historical Armenia presently constitutes a part of Turkey (renamed "Eastern Anatolia"), which conducts a policy of minimizing the role of the Armenians in history{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2011-05-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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