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[[General Ignacio Pesqueira Garcia International Airport]] provides domestic and international service to the [[United States]].
[[General Ignacio Pesqueira Garcia International Airport]] provides domestic and international service to the [[United States]].
==The municipality==
==The municipality==
[[File:Hillocerrpal.JPG|thumb|left]]
As municipal seat, the city of Hermosillo is the local government of over 3,800 other localities,<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |title=INEGI Census 2005 |language=Spanish |accessdate=January 13, 2010 }}</ref> with a combined territory of 14880.2km2.<ref name="encmuc"/> Most important communities outside the city include Miguel Alemán, San Pedro el Saucito, Bahía Kino, Kino Nuevo, La Victoria and La Manga. The municipality borders the municipalities of [[Carbó]], [[San Miguel de Horcasitas]], [[Ures]], [[Mazatán, Sonora|Mazatán]], [[La Colorada]], Guaymas and [[Pitiquito]], with the [[Gulf of California]] to the southwest.<ref name="encmuc"/>
As municipal seat, the city of Hermosillo is the local government of over 3,800 other localities,<ref name="INEGI">{{cite web |url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |title=INEGI Census 2005 |language=Spanish |accessdate=January 13, 2010 }}</ref> with a combined territory of 14880.2km2.<ref name="encmuc"/> Most important communities outside the city include Miguel Alemán, San Pedro el Saucito, Bahía Kino, Kino Nuevo, La Victoria and La Manga. The municipality borders the municipalities of [[Carbó]], [[San Miguel de Horcasitas]], [[Ures]], [[Mazatán, Sonora|Mazatán]], [[La Colorada]], Guaymas and [[Pitiquito]], with the [[Gulf of California]] to the southwest.<ref name="encmuc"/>


Revision as of 23:31, 14 September 2010

Hermosillo
City & Municipality
File:Tur-hermodenoche.jpg
Official seal of Hermosillo
Seal
Country Mexico
StateSonora
Founded1700
Municipal Status1825
Government
 • Municipal PresidentJavier Gándara Magaña
(Template:PAN party)
Area
 • Municipality14,880.2 km2 (5,745.3 sq mi)
Elevation
of seat
210 m (690 ft)
Population
 (2005)
 • Municipality701,838
 • Seat
641,791
Time zoneUTC-6 (CST)
Postal code (of seat)
83000
Area code662
WebsiteTemplate:Es icon /Official site

Hermosillo (Spanish pronunciation: [eɾmoˈsiʎo]) is a city and municipality located centrally in the northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. It is the capital and main economic center for the state and region.[1] It contains almost all of the state’s manufacturing and has thirty percent of its population.[2] The major manufacturing sector is automobiles, which was begun in the 1980s when Ford built a plant there.[3] The municipality is large, encompassing over 3,800 other communities and reaching to the shores of the Gulf of California.[1] Here, Bahía Kino or Kino Bay is a major tourism draw for the municipality with plans to expand its tourism infrastructure.

History

Evidence of the area’s first inhabitants date back 35,000 years, much of which are from a site called the San Dieguito Complex, located in the El Pinacate Zone. Evidence of agriculture dates back 2,500 years.[3] In the pre-Hispanic era, this area was inhabited by the Seri, Tepoca and Pima peoples.[1][3]

The first encounter between the Spanish and natives occurred in the middle of the 16th century, when explorers were sent here in search of gold, which did not exist. The first missionaries arrived in the state of Sonora around 1614, and Eusebio Francisco Kino arrived in 1687, founding a mission in nearby Cucurpe. What is now the states of Sonora and Sinaloa was loosely organized as the provinces of Sonora, Ostimura and Sinaloa.[3]

In 1700, three small Spanish villages were founded in what is now the municipality of Hermosillo, Nuestra Señora del Pópulo, Nuestra Señora de Los Angeles y la Santísima Trinidad del Pitic. The native peoples here soon became hostile to the Spanish and managed to drive them out several times in the early 18th century. In 1716, the Spanish offered irrigated lands for farmers to natives who agreed to abide by Spanish law. Around 1726, a fort named the Presidio of Pitic was constructed to stop the domination of this area by the natives, especially the Seri. However, the situation did not settle soon so that the first church was not built until 1787 and the first formal parish was not established until 1822.[1][3]

During the Mexican War of Independence, Sonora and the town of Pitic stayed loyal to the Spanish Crown. In fact, a general from this area, Alejo García Conde, defeated insurgent José María González Hermosillo, who had been sent here by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.[3] In 1825, the village of Pitic was made the seat of the department of the same name. In 1828, the settlement changed its name to Hermosillo to honor José María González de Hermosillo.[1] A battle between imperial and republican forces occurred here in 1866 during the French Intervention in Mexico. In 1879, the capital of the state of Sonora was moved from Arizpe to Hermosillo. In 1881 the railroad linking Hermosillo with Guaymas and Nogales was finished, allowing for economic expansion in the area by bringing in mining equipment and modern agricultural equipment. Since then, the city has been an economic center for northwest Mexico.[1] During the Mexican Revolution, forces loyal to Pancho Villa were repulsed by General Manuel M. Diéguez.[1] After the assassination of Francisco I. Madero in 1913, Venustiano Carranza, then governor of Coahuila, sought refuge in Hermosillo. Here Carranza began the Constitutionalist Movement, and because of this, Hermosillo has the nickname of the “revolutionary capital of the country.”[3]

From the late 19th century and through the first two decades of the 20th, Chinese immigrants came into Sonora state. One of the places in which a significant number settled was the city of Hermosillo. Some of these immigrants had capital and used it to establish businesses, especially shoe manufacturing and clothing. Some of the most successful Chinese-owned businesses in Sonora were based in Hermosillo and sold their merchandise to other parts of the country.[4] However, by the 1920s anti-Chinese sentiment had become strong in Sonora state, with many Chinese leaving for Mexico City or the United States.[5]

In the 1980s, Ford built a plant here, which had a great impact on the city’s and state’s economy.[3]

Hermosillo is the site of the tragic fire at the ABC child care center. According to the Procuraduría General de Justicia en el Estado (State Attorney General Office) of Sonora, 49 deaths attributed to the fire at the ABC child care center.[6] The fire apparently started at a car and tire depot then spread to the child care center. Most of the children died of asphyxiation. There were about 100 children inside the building and firefighters had to knock down walls to rescue the children, which ranged in age from six months to five years.[7]

The city

The city is located on a plain in the Sonoran Desert, surrounded by flat areas with grass, behind which are greener hills which are then framed by serrated peaks in the background.[8] The city is a common stopover for North Americans traveling by car toward the coast, and the only city in Mexico that purifies all drinking water before it goes to homes.[8] The city is the major economic center for the state, with about thirty percent of the state’s population living in the city.[2]

The center of the city is Plaza Zaragoza, built in 1865, in which there is a Moorish style kiosk which was brought from Florence, Italy in the early 20th century.[8][9] The plaza also has a flower garden and statues of General Ignacio Pesqueira and General García Morales.[1]

File:Lipal.JPG
Sonora State Government palace

The plaza is framed by the State Government Palace and the Cathedral.[8] The State Government Palace has a white Neoclassical facade, with a central body that extends slightly more in front than the rest. This central body is flanked by Ionic columns and is topped by a semicircular pediment and a clock tower. The side wings have an aligned series of windows on the first level and balconies on the second, which the corners having thick pilasters. The interior has one patio with a main staircase, decorated with murals done between 1982 and 1984 by Teresa Moran, Enrique Estrada and Héctor Martínez Arteche, depicting scenes from Sonora’s history. The building was officially inaugurated in 1906 and reflects elements of French style which was popular at the time.[9][10]

Catedral de Hermosillo

The cathedral, named the Catedral de la Asunción, was begun in the 18th century but was not finished until the beginning of the 20th.[9] Construction of the cathedral began in 1861 and is a mix of predominantly Neoclassical architecture with Neogothic decorative elements. The main entrance is flanked by paired columns on pedestals and the smaller side doors are topped with semicircular pediments. Above the main doors are two ogival or pointed windows, over which is a crest with a balustrade. The church’s towers have three levels with a dome-like top and are decorated with crosses from Caravaca de la Cruz. The interior of the church is of very austere Neoclassical design.[11]

The Regional Museum was opened in 1960, with only one small hall which exhibited archeological finds from the region. Today, there are two large halls, one dedicated to anthropology and the other to history. The anthropology hall display archeological finds such as tools, utensils, textiles, stone objects and more from both the pre-Hispanic and colonial periods. The second focuses on the colonial period and contains items such as documents, maps, tools, coins and more.[12]

File:Centgob.JPG
Government Center

Just outside of the city proper on the highway to Guaymas is the Centro Ecológico de Sonora (Ecological Center of Sonora). The Center has more than 300 species of plants and 200 species of animals from both Sonora and other parts of the world. All of the animals live in recreated natural habitats.[9] The Sonoran collection is part of one of CES’s main functions, which is to preserve the flora and fauna of the state.[1] The collection contains representations of animals and plants from the four main habitats of the state: mountains, grassland, desert and sea. Some of the species are in danger of extinction such as the bighorn sheep, the white-tailed deer as well as a number of bird and reptile species.[13]

The Dr. Alfonso Ortiz Tirado Festival has been an annual event since 1985 and is the most important cultural event in northwest Mexico. It takes place in Hermosillo and a number of other municipalities in the state. Representatives from various Mexican states and countries such as Spain, the United States, Brazil, Germany and others send artists to perform and exhibit their work. The event is organized by the Sonoran state government and the Instituto Sonorense de Cultura.[14]

In the Coloso neighborhood of Hermosillo, and other locations in Sonora, the Yaqui people are known for their celebrations of Holy Week, which mix Catholic and indigenous religious practices.[1][15] In Hermosillo, the main brotherhood that sponsors this event is called the Fariseos. Rites performed during this week are intended to combat evil and sickness, calling upon both saints and “temastians” or medicine men to use magic to expel evil spirits. During this time participants dress in traditional Yaqui clothing and perform native dances such as El Coyote (The Coyote), Matachines, Los Pascolas and especially the Danza del Venado (Deer Dance), animal sacred to the Yaqui as a symbol of good.[15]

Two other major festivals here include the Fiesta de la Vendimia (Grape Harvest Festival) in July and the Feria Exposición Ganadera e Industrial (Livestock and Industry Exposition and Fair) in May.[1]

The economy

Most of the municipality’s population lives in the city proper, with most jobs located in the manufacturing and commerce sectors here. About 250,000 hectares are under cultivation in the municipality, most of which is near the coast. Crops include wheat, grapes, flowers, chickpeas, alfalfa and walnuts. Livestock has been traditionally important here, especially beef cattle. Pigs, sheep, goats, horses, domestic fowl and bees are also raised here as well. Fishing is practiced along with coast with shrimp being the most important catch.[1]

Industry and manufacturing has been the most dynamic sector of the economy. Much of this began in the 1980s with the establishment of the automobile industry. Today, there are twenty six major manufacturers which generate about 8,300 jobs, employing about thirty percent of the population. Other than cars, products manufactured here include food processing, textiles, wood products, printing, chemicals, petroleum products and plastics. The municipality has twelve industrial parks which house over one hundred smaller manufacturing enterprises.[1] There has been slowing of this sector especially the automobile industry because of the global economic downturn which began in 2008.[2]

Commerce employs more than half of the population. While locally owned business still predominate this sector, international brands such as Costco, Wal Mart, Sams Club, Cinemark, McDonald's, BlockBuster Video, Domino’s Pizza, Pizza Hut, Jack in the Box, Subway, Carl’s Junior and others figure prominently. Tourism is mostly limited to the coastal communities of Bahia de Kino, Kino Nuevo and Punta Chueca, where there are cave paintings and a recreational park named La Sauceda.[1] In 2009, Standard and Poor’s rated the municipality of Hermosillo as (mxA/Estable/-) based on its administrative practices, financial flexibility and limited financial risks. Financial management of the municipality has been prudent, with adequate documentation of practices. Debt levels have also been prudent at about 33% of gross income, which might decline in 2010. However, the municipality has limited liquid capital.[2]

Higher education

Sports

The city has a professional baseball team called the Naranjeros (Orange Growers) that plays in the Estadio Héctor Espino. Baseball had always been popular in this city since the late 1800s. The club has its beginnings in the 1950s when the Liga Invernal de Sonora (Winter League of Sonora) was founded as a complement to the already existing Liga de la Costa del Pacifico (League of the Pacific Coast). The Naranjeros were officially organized in 1958. Since then, the team has won championships in the Pacific Coast League and the Serie del Caribe.[32]

Transportation

The main highway serving Hermosillo is Mexican Federal Highway 15. Another important route is Sonora State Highway 100. General Ignacio Pesqueira Garcia International Airport provides domestic and international service to the United States.

The municipality

File:Hillocerrpal.JPG

As municipal seat, the city of Hermosillo is the local government of over 3,800 other localities,[33] with a combined territory of 14880.2km2.[1] Most important communities outside the city include Miguel Alemán, San Pedro el Saucito, Bahía Kino, Kino Nuevo, La Victoria and La Manga. The municipality borders the municipalities of Carbó, San Miguel de Horcasitas, Ures, Mazatán, La Colorada, Guaymas and Pitiquito, with the Gulf of California to the southwest.[1]

The municipality is mostly flat with sloping towards the sea. There are isolated mountain peaks which reach to only 300 meters above sea level and include Tepoaca, Bacoachito, Lopez, Tonuco, Seri, Batamote, Goguz, Bronces, SantaTeresa, La Palma, Siete Cerros and la Campana. These are located mostly in the eastern section of the municipality. The two most important rivers are the Sonora and the San Miguel. Both of these are used for irrigation purposes with the Abelardo L. Rodriguez dam located on the San Miguel River.[1] The population increase of the municipality, currently at 2.5% annually puts pressure on the infrastructure of the city, especially its water supply.[2] Decades of overpumping of ground water has led to the aquifer levels being lower than sea levels, and sea water creeping in as an “artificial recharge.”[34]

The municipality is with two arid climate regions. The first is that next to the sea which is desert with fairly cold winters and hot summers. The rest of the municipality is very dry desert with larger temperature variations than the coastal area. Temperatures can range from as low as freezing in January and February to 48C in July and August. Rains for both climates falls mostly between June and September, with annual precipitation between 75 and 300 millimeters, depending on location. Most of the vegetation here consists of mesquite trees as well as trees such as the desert ironwood, palo verde and the huisache. Dune vegetation exists at Bahia de Kino. Desert animals such as the desert tortoise, rattlesnakes, bighorn sheep and lynx are the most notable species.[1]

Climate data for Hermosillo
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 99
(37) 		104
(40) 		109
(43) 		117
(47) 		109
(43) 		115
(46) 		118
(48) 		113
(45) 		109
(43) 		108
(42) 		104
(40) 		102
(39) 		118
(48)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 75
(24) 		79
(26) 		82
(28) 		90
(32) 		97
(36) 		104
(40) 		108
(42) 		106
(41) 		99
(37) 		93
(34) 		82
(28) 		77
(25) 		91
(33)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 48
(9) 		52
(11) 		54
(12) 		59
(15) 		64
(18) 		73
(23) 		82
(28) 		82
(28) 		75
(24) 		66
(19) 		55
(13) 		50
(10) 		63
(17)
Record low °C (°F) 30
(−1) 		34
(1) 		32
(0) 		41
(5) 		45
(7) 		50
(10) 		61
(16) 		57
(14) 		54
(12) 		50
(10) 		48
(9) 		32
(0) 		27
(−3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.4
(10) 		0.4
(9) 		0.1
(3) 		0.0
(1) 		0.0
(1) 		0.1
(2) 		2.0
(50) 		2.1
(53) 		1.2
(30) 		0.4
(11) 		0.3
(8) 		0.6
(14) 		7.6
(192)
Source: Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[35]

Bahia Kino or Kino Bay is on the coast of the municipality and named after Father Eusebio Kino. The waters of the bay have little wave action or undertow and are warm year-round. Activities practiced here include swimming, scuba diving, snorkeling, fishing a variety of species, boating and sailing. In summer it is possible to catch marlin, sailfish, dorado (mahi-mahi) and tuna. In front of the shoreline is Isla Tiburón which is a declared ecological zone and is inhabited by wild sheep and deer. Kino Bay is the home of the Seri Museum, which was founded to preserve the Seri language and culture.[9] State and federal officials are looking to develop Bahia Kino into a major tourist resort, called a Zona Turística Prioriaria (Priority Tourism Zone). This would include government investment and the attraction of private investment through tax breaks.[36]

La Pintada is an archeological zone located 60 km south of the city and was a refuge area for the Seri and Pima Indians.[1][9] The site is important because of its caves which were used as dwellings, burial spaces and religious centers.[9] The caves shelter paintings that contain numerous animals such as deer, birds and lizards as well as human figures. The human figures are stylized and some appear to be adorned with skins and/or horns, other are throwing spears and some appear to be dancing, wearing body paint. In addition there are geometric figures such as squares, triangles, circles, straight and wavy lines, all of which combine in one way or another to form complicated designs. In some areas of the caves, there is evidence of paintings on top of paintings, testifying to the length of time the area was inhabited. The paintings have been attributed to the Comca’ac or Seri culture.[37]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Sonora Hermosillo" (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Fundamento: Hermosillo, Sonora (Municipio de)" (in Spanish). Standard & Poor’s. 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Félix Gastélum, José Rómulo. "Hermsillo, Sonora Destinos de Sonora" (in Spanish). Hermosillo, Sonora: Government of Sonora. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Lee, Robert G., ed. (2005). Displacements and Diasporas : Asians in the Americas. Wanni Wibulswasdi Anderson (Editor). New Brunswick, NJ, USA: Rutgers University Press. pp. 91–92. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  5. ^ Campos Rico, Ivonne Virgina (2003). La Formación de la Comunidad China en México: políticas, migración, antichinismo y relaciones socioculturales (thesis) (in Spanish). Mexico City: Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH-SEP). p. 91.
  6. ^ Ponce, José (7 June 2009). "Lista oficial de infantes fallecidos en incendio". El Imparcial (in Spanish). Hermosillo, Sonora. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Deadly fire hits day care center in Mexico". Associated Press. San Francisco, CA: San Francisco Chronicle. 6 June 2009. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  8. ^ a b c d Brooke, Bob (1 September 2004). "Sonora - Mexico's wild west". MexConnect. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Fin de semana en Hermosillo (Sonora)" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Palacio de Gobierno (Sonora)" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "Catedral de La Asunción (Hermosillo, Sonora)" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Museo Regional de la Universidad de Sonora" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Centro Ecológico de Sonora" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Bienvenidos al FOAT Internacional de Sonora para el Mundo" (in Spanish). Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ a b Diazmunoz, Ricardo; Maryell Ortiz de Zarate (12 November 2000). "Encuentrso con Mexico/ Por el Valle del Yaqui". Reforma (in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 13. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM), Campus Sonora Norte
  17. ^ Universidad de Hermosillo
  18. ^ Instituto Tecnológico de Hermosillo
  19. ^ Universidad Tecnológica de Hermosillo
  20. ^ Centro de Estudios Tecnológicos
  21. ^ Instituto de Ciencias y Educación Superior
  22. ^ Universidad Kino
  23. ^ Centro de Estudios Superiores del Estado de Sonora
  24. ^ El Colegio de Sonora
  25. ^ Centro de Investigación en Alimentos y Desarrollo
  26. ^ Instituto de Capacitación para el Trabajo de Sonora
  27. ^ Nacional de Capacitación Intensiva
  28. ^ Senda 2000
  29. ^ Universidad del Desarrollo Profesional
  30. ^ Escuela Normal del Estado
  31. ^ Colegio Nacional de Educación Profesional Técnica
  32. ^ "Historia del Club" (in Spanish). Hermosillo: Naranjeros Baseball Club. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "INEGI Census 2005" (in Spanish). Retrieved January 13, 2010.
  34. ^ Rangel Medina, Miguel. Importance of hydrogeological modeling in the management of groundwater, a case study: the coast of Hermosillo Aquifer, Sonora, Mexico. Spain: SINEX (conference paper). Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. "Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Valores normales de 1971-2000 para Hermosillo, Sonora" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2008-06-08.
  36. ^ "Diputados del estado de Sonora buscan convertir a Bahía Kino en Zona Turística Prioritaria" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "La Pintada" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Retrieved January 13, 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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